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Ход Афганской войны (1979 г. по 1989г г.) на сегодняшний день знаком далеко не каждому жителю Российской Федерации, а так же иных стран бывшего Советского Союза. В конце прошлого века из-за яростных политических реформ и экономических кризисов афганская кампания была вытеснена из общественного сознания, но сегодня, когда проделана значительная работа историков, возникла возможность беспристрастно взглянуть на события минувших военных лет.

Africa’s population is young and growing at twice the pace of other continents. A youth bulge presents a series of development policy opportunities and challenges. In this context, simplistic linkages between the youth bulge, high unemployment, and fragility have gained traction and given rise to a youth policy agenda that targets urban male youth as the problem and emphasizes formal sector development as the solution. This paper questions some of the core assumptions that underpin mainstream perceptions of the linkages between youth, employment, and fragility in West Africa, and presents an alternative analysis. The study will use the language of livelihoods to reflect on youth employment experiences, as livelihoods take into account the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources), and activities required for a means of living beyond traditional ideas of employment, and thus enable a deeper, more sophisticated understanding of the realities of many young West Africans. The paper argues that a nuanced understanding of specific groups of young people and their livelihood activities in their specific social, cultural, political, and economic context is necessary to understand how young peoples’ lives intersect with fragility dynamics. The paper aims to highlight that the relationship between youth, unemployment, underemployment, livelihoods, and fragility is far more complex than is often recognized and should not be exaggerated or taken out of context.

This paper describes forced displacement in the Europe and Central Asia Region (ECA) and the vulnerabilities associated with being a displaced person. It analyzes the development challenges of forced displacement particularly protracted displacement in the region and the prospects for durable solutions. Displaced persons face challenges related to recovery of or access to housing and land, employment and livelihoods, access to services and public goods including health, education, and infrastructure, and accountable and responsive governance.

This issue includes the following headings: integrated health systems: Lesothos pioneering model; access to healthcare for the poor: lessons from Ghana, India, and Mexico; and cost efficiency: Singapores secret to healthcare.

Summary: Two main UN reports (Brandt and Palme) include the satisfaction of human needs in the research of disarmament and peace. However, there are not a lot of analyses concentrated on humanitarian actions. Some actions of force are developed in order to fight against organized and systematic violations of the humanitarian right on the territory of another State. It implies the usage of the force and the other coercive means in order to stop the violent neglects in the humanitarian right (right to interfere). However, the integrity of the sovereign power of States stays the main foundations of the international law. The “duty to interfere” intervention must not be mixed up with the humanitarian intervention, which is peaceful, restful on the assistance to the victims of armed conflicts or natural disasters. There is two " political economies of the humanitarian ", expressed in the civil domain or by a military intervention., Résumé : Deux rapports principaux des Nations unies (Brandt et Palme) traitent de la satisfaction des besoins humains dans la recherche du désarmement et de la paix. Cependant, il n'y a pas beaucoup d'analyses concentrées sur les actions humanitaires. Certaines actions de force sont développées afin de lutter contre les violations organisées et systématiques du droit humanitaire sur le territoire d'un autre Etat. Cela implique l'utilisation de la force et d'autres moyens coercitifs afin de mettre fin aux négligences violentes du droit humanitaire (droit d'ingérence). Cependant, l'intégrité du pouvoir souverain des États reste le fondement principal du droit international. Le "devoir d'ingérence" ne doit pas être confondu avec l'intervention humanitaire, qui est pacifique, reposant sur l'assistance aux victimes de conflits armés ou de catastrophes naturelles. Il existe deux "économies politiques de l'humanitaire", qui s'expriment dans le domaine civil ou par une intervention militaire.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been described by one senior African diplomat at the United Nations as a 'state in the making; it is not yet a state.' Further, this 'state in the making' also is a state that, with few exceptions, has been in decline since the early 1970s. The colonial era, from 1885 until 1958, was a period of nearly uninterrupted state construction; the hegemony of the Belgian colonial apparatus steadily deepened. In its final two years, the colonial edifice progressively lost control over civil society to a tumultuous and fragmented nationalist movement, which was unable to capture intact the colonial infrastructure. The result was five years of turbulent state deflation, generally known as the 'Congo crisis.' The Mobutu coup of 1965 inaugurated a new cycle, with eight years in which a rising tide of state ascendancy seemed to dominate the political process. After 1974 currents of decline again began to flow strongly, progressively eroding the superstructure of hegemony. The actual purpose of the Zairian government under Mobutu was not to fulfill basic state functions; rather, the government existed as a structure for individual enrichment and patronage. Officials at the highest levels stole large amounts of money, usually from mineral or customs revenues, sometimes through extremely straightforward strategies, such as literally pocketing gem diamonds and having them sold for personal gain in Antwerp or elsewhere.

There is broad recognition, across the political spectrum and in both 'northern' and 'southern' countries, that justice reform, and more generally the promotion of the 'rule of law', are central to development policy, particularly in conflict-affected, fragile and violent contexts. More recently an increased focus on global security and the interaction between security and development as put a renewed emphasis on such efforts. However, while legal, regulatory and 'justice' institutions are now seen as key part of the 'solution' to problems of conflict, fragility and development, this recognition is not matched by a correspondingly clear sense of what should be done, how it should be done, by whom, in what order, or how 'success' may be determined. There often tends to be a clear misunderstanding of both the nature of the problem and (thus) of the solution. In this paper, the author seek to provide some insight into these questions and sketch out a practical conception of effective justice reform in situations of conflict and fragility that may provide the basis for effective programming.

As gains in basic health care increase life expectancy, more people live past the age of 65, a time when the risk of dementia and other degenerative diseases is higher and people are more likely to require long-term care (LTC) services. Whether at home or in an institution, such care is an important way to protect the lives and dignity of a country's elderly citizens. Unfortunately, the cost of LTC, especially in institutions, can be catastrophic for families. Without public social protection systems many people cannot afford the care they need or the high cost of care sends them and their families into poverty. Thus, LTC is not only a health issue, but also a fiscal issue and as the European population ages, it is crucial for states to develop comprehensive LTC systems that address this interrelated issue. The next section explores the demographic background of the Bulgarian population, which is one of the fastest aging in Europe. This is followed by s short-description of the macro-economic and fiscal framework in post-crisis Bulgaria. Next, an overview of LTC service provisions is given, followed by a section on financing of LTC services. The last section concludes by introducing some guiding principles for future policy reforms.

The aim of this study is to convince national and multilateral policy makers of the importance of the public sphere concept for democratic governance and strategic post-conflict assistance planning with the objective of positive and sustainable change in current post-conflict assistance policy and practice. The study introduces the conceptual thinking underlying the public sphere framework and, citing evidence from different countries, highlights its relevance and calls for its application in post-conflict environments. For practitioners the study provides a public sphere assessment toolkit and a toolbox for interventions. It also offers concrete examples and recommendations on how to address the specific governance challenges identified through a public sphere analysis in three countries: Timor-Leste, Liberia and Burundi.