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Aims This article explores the care British nurses provided to victims of typhus during the Second World War. Background Typhus is associated with poverty and overcrowding. During wars in the pre-antibiotic era, civilians were particularly susceptible to epidemics, which military governments feared would spread to their troops. Design This discussion paper draws on archival data from three typhus epidemics in the Second World War to examine the expert work of British nurses in caring for victims during these potential public health disasters. Data Sources The published sources for the paper include material from nursing and medical journals published between 1940-1947. Archival sources come from the National Archives in Kew, the Wellcome Library and the Army Medical Services Museum, between 1943-1945. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Dame Katharine Jones from nurses on active service overseas. Implications for Nursing Whilst epidemics of typhus are now rare, nurses in the present day may be required to care for the public in environments of extreme poverty and overcrowding, where life-threatening infectious diseases are prevalent. This article has demonstrated that it is possible for expert and compassionate nursing to alleviate suffering and prevent death, even when medical technologies are unavailable. Conclusion Expert and compassionate care, adequate nutrition and hydration and attention to hygiene needs are crucial when there are limited pharmacological treatments and medical technologies available to treat infectious diseases. The appreciation of this could have implications for nurses working in current global conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows the potential of the Council of Europe's Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters and Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters through Visual Media to develop quality education in the (foreign) language classroom in Higher Education. Whereas the literature focuses on their contributions to fostering intercultural awareness and reflection as one step to develop intercultural communicative competence in language education, the purpose of this paper is to show that they have a broader significance in terms of the development of three capacities leading to quality education according to Nussbaum, namely critical thinking, imaginative understanding and world citizenship.pro

A notable feature of the war was the alacrity with which the vast majority of the population became supportive of Britain’s engagement in the conflict. Most church leaders acted similarly and the Church played an important role in promoting the moral case for the declaration of war. A primary cause was the belief that Britain, whose political and ecclesiastical leaders were all children of Victorian self-confidence and optimism, had a special role in God’s purposes for humanity. Once war was declared, this led to Britain being seen as the new Israel, with God indubitably on her side. Physical and spiritual war were conflated, and the singing of ‘Soldiers of Christ, arise’ and similar hymns reflected this. As the number of casualties grew, the identification of the conflict as a ‘Holy War’ was exemplified by the representation of the fallen as martyrs. The Edwardian ideals of chivalry, fair-play, justice, and sacrifice which undergirded support for the conflict all had a Christian ethical basis. Drawing largely on primary sources from the counties of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, it is shown that the nationalism of the First World War cannot properly be understood without taking very seriously its religious dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author takes a full view of the panorama of events that arose in Europe after the Boer War. The Entente Cordiale was regarded by many Europeans as a pitiful confession of Great Britain's weakness. However, it should not be considered an agreement shaped by the administrations. For, in France King Edward VII was acclaimed the author of it. This the author may assert without fear of contradiction, for much of his life at the beginning of the century was spent among men of great influence in the political parties of Great Britain and France. In 1900 the author became stage director of the Royal Opera, which position gave me many chances of hearing what was said in high social circles about the politics of the day. It is true many of these people knew the author was labeled a pro-Boer, but somehow, in my case, that did not seem to Concern them much, for they were chiefly interested in my work behind the curtain and the part the author played in the then promising movement for a national opera.

The article reports that isolated for centuries between two oceans, the American people are now abruptly compelled to find their way in a new and strange world shaken by social and economic revolution. Leftward trends in Europe and Asia make evident the impossibility of return to pre-war conditions; while, more particularly, the marked reaction in Great Britain against the ancient regime of Toryism suggests that the Anglo-Saxon peoples are not likely to cooperate in restoring the economic patterns of the past. But the economic relation between Britain and America is more intimate than the relation of either to any third power; and therefore the American people must now readjust themselves to conditions obtaining in the mothercountry. The pressure for a new orientation is the more compelling in view of the financial assistance which Great Britain obviously needs. No academic argument should stand in the way of such aid. The long-drawn-out socialist program is intended to give the general public a title to all the industrial equipment of Britain. And since "industrial equipment" is only another term for productive machinery, the central issue between socialists and their opponents appears to be the simple question whether machines ought to be owned by private individuals or by the State.