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[1800] Vochysia densiflora Spruce ex Warm. (Fig. 60D) Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13 (2): 101 [1 Mar. 1875] (Warming 1875 ). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Ka: tapilen kuwalɨ• Wp: kwalɨpilã, kwalɨ pɨtã • Wn: kanawaimë • Nt: wana kwali • Cr: kwali. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 8 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier et al. 6272. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 20 trees in 7 plots; Fmax = 1.4 %; dbhinv = 112.7 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 724, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1808] Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 95: 439 (Stafleu 194 8). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Ka: wosiwosi • Wp: malakapuli’ɨ • Nt: mutende kwali • Cr: kwali • Fr: couali. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 17 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & M.-F. Prévost 2942. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 29 trees in 14 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1799] Vochysia cayennensis Warm. Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13 (2): 80 [1 Mar. 1875] (Warming 1875 ). NOTE. — Known only from French Guiana. VERNACULAR NAMES. — Wp: kwalɨsĩ, malakapuli’ɨ• Nt: wana kwali • Fr: grignon sainte marie. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 13 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: J. Martin s.n. (original material B[B - W 00038 -01 0], BM[BM000566734], E[E00285635], F[V0074840F, V0074841F], K[K000566091], NY[00001041],P[P00733830,P00733831, P00733832], US [00108791]). SIZE. — Up to 80 cm dbh (Marcano-Berti 1998)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 724, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1810] Vochysia tomentosa (G.Mey.) DC. Prodr. [ A. P. de Candolle] 3: 26 [mid Mar. 1828] (Candolle 1828). — Cucullaria tomentosa G.Mey., Prim.Fl.Esseq. 13 [Nov.1818](Meyer 1818). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Ka: kuwali, kwalɨ, walapa kuwalilɨ, wosiwosi tamunen • Wp: kwalɨ, kwalɨ e’e, kwalɨ pilã, kwalɨ pɨtã • Nt: wana kwali • Cr: kwali • Fr: couali • Br: quaruba. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 36 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: L.C. Richard s.n. (original material P[P00733963, P00733965]). INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 74 trees in 28 plots; Fmax = 2.1 %; dbhinv = 133 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["MEYER G. F. W. 1818. - Primitiae florae Essequeboensis adjectis descriptionibus centum circiter stirpium novarum, observationibusque criticis. H. Dieterich, Gottingen, 316 p."]}

[1811] Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13 (2): 99 [1 Mar. 1875] (Warming 1875), “ vismiaefolia ”. NOTE. — Hyperdominant in Amazonia (ter Steege et al. 2020). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Br: quaruba-vermelha. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 2 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: J.-J. de Granville 5550. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 10 trees in 5 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["TER STEEGE H., PRADO P. I., LIMA R. A. F. DE, POS E., DE SOUZA COELHO L., DE ANDRADE LIMA FILHO D., SALOMAO R. P., AMARAL I. L., DE ALMEIDA MATOS F. D., CASTILHO C. V., PHILLIPS O. L., GUEVARA J. E., DE JESUS VEIGA CARIM M., CARDENAS LOPEZ D., MAGNUSSON W. E., WITTMANN F., MARTINS M. P., SABATIER D., IRUME M. V., DA SILVA GUI- MARAES J. R., MOLINO J. - F., BANKI O. S., PIEDADE M. T. F., PITMAN N. C. A., RAMOS J. F., MONTEAGUDO MENDOZA A., VENTICINQUE E. M., LUIZE B. G., NUNEZ VARGAS P., SILVA T. S. F., DE LEAO NOVO E. M. M., REIS N. F. C., TERBORGH J., MANZATTO A. G., CASULA K. R., HONORIO CORONADO E. N., MONTERO J. C., DUQUE A., COSTA F. R. C., CASTANO ARBOLEDA N., SCHONGART J., ZARTMAN C. E., KILLEEN T. J., MARIMON B. S., MARIMON- JUNIOR B. H., VASQUEZ R., MOSTACEDO B., DEMARCHI L. O., FELDPAUSCH T. R., ENGEL J., PETRONELLI P., BARALOTO C., ASSIS R. L., CASTELLANOS H., SIMON M. F., DE MEDEIROS M. B., QUARESMA A., LAUR- ANCE S. G. W., RINCON L. M., ANDRADE A., SOUSA T. R., CAMARGO J. L., SCHIETTI J., LAURANCE W. F., DE QUEIROZ H. L., NASCIMENTO H. E. M., LOPES M. A., DE SOUSA FARIAS E., MAGALHAES J. L. L., BRIENEN R., AYMARD C. G. A., RE- VILLA J. D. C., VIEIRA I. C. G., CINTRA B. B. L., STEVENSON P. R., FEITOSA Y. O., DUIVENVOORDEN J. F., MOGOLLON H. F., ARAUJO- MURAKAMI A., FERREIRA L. V., LOZADA J. R., COMISKEY J. A., DE TOLEDO J. J., DAMASCO G., DAVILA N., LOPES A., GARCIA- VILLACORTA R., DRAPER F., VICENTINI A., CORNEJO VALVERDE F., LLOYD J., GOMES V. H. F., NEILL D., ALONSO A., DALLMEIER F., DE SOUZA F. C., GRIBEL R., AR- ROYO L., CARVALHO F. A., DE AGUIAR D. P. P., DO AMARAL D. D., PANSONATO M. P., FEELEY K. J., BERENGUER E., FINE P. V. A., GUEDES M. C., BARLOW J., FERREIRA J., VILLA B., PENUELA MORA M. C., JIMENEZ E. M., LICONA J. C., CERON C., THOMAS R., MAAS P., SILVEIRA M., HENKEL T. W., STROPP J., PAREDES M. R., DEXTER K. G., DALY D., BAKER T. R., HUAMANTUPA- CHUQUIMACO I., MILLIKEN W., PENNINGTON T., TELLO J. S., PENA J. L. M., PERES C. A., KLITGAARD B., FUENTES A., SILMAN M. R., DI FIORE A., VON HILDEBRAND P., CHAVE J., VAN ANDEL T. R., HILARIO R. R., PHILLIPS J. F., RIVAS- TORRES G., NORONHA J. C., PRIETO A., GONZALES T., DE SA CARPANEDO R., GONZALES G. P. G., GOMEZ R. Z., DE JESUS RODRIGUES D., ZENT E. L., RUSCHEL A. R., VOS V. A., FONTY E., JUNQUEIRA A. B., DOZA H. P. D., HOFFMAN B., ZENT S., BARBOSA E. M., MALHI Y., DE MATOS BONATES L. C., DE ANDRADE MIRANDA I. P., SILVA N., BARBOSA F. R., VELA C. I. A., PINTO L. F. M., RUDAS A., ALBUQUERQUE B. W., UMANA M. N., CARRERO MARQUEZ Y. A., VAN DER HEI- JDEN G., YOUNG K. R., TIRADO M., CORREA D. F., SIERRA R., COSTA J. B. P., ROCHA M., VILANOVA TORRE E., WANG O., OLIVEIRA A. A., KALAMANDEEN M., VRIESENDORP C., RAMIREZ- ANGULO H., HOLMGREN M., NASCIMENTO M. T., GALBRAITH D., FLORES B. M., SCUDELLER V. V., CANO A., AHUITE REATEGUI M. A., MESONES I., BAIDER C., MENDOZA C., ZAGT R., URREGO GIRALDO L. E., FERREIRA C., VILLARROEL D., LINARES- PALOMINO R., FARFAN- RIOS W., FARFAN- RIOS W., CASAS L. F., CARDENAS S., BALSLEV H., TORRES- LEZAMA A., ALEXIADES M. N., GARCIA- CABRERA K., VALENZUELA GAMARRA L., VALDERRAMA SANDOVAL E. H., RAMIREZ AREVALO F., HER- NANDEZ L., SAMPAIO A. F., PANSINI S., PALACIOS CUENCA W., DE OLIVEIRA E. A., PAULETTO D., LEVESLEY A., MELGACO K. & PICKAVANCE G. 2020. - Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora. Scientific Reports 10 (1): 10130. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 020 - 66686 - 3"]}

[1806] Vochysia sofiae Marc.-Berti & Poncy Pittieria 40: 176 (Marcano-Berti & Poncy 2016 ). NOTE. — Known only from French Guiana. VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: ã-seiminio-purubumna • Cr: kwali • Br: quaruba. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 4 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: O. Tostain et al. 2725 (holo-, P [P04776153]; iso-, CAY [CAY101513, CAY101514, CAY101515], P [P04776154]), 35 m., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1801] Vochysia glaberrima Warm. Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13 (2): 78 [1 Mar. 1875] (Warming 1875 ). Vochysia lucida Klotzsch ex M.R.Schomb., Reis. Br. - Guiana [Ri. Schomburgk] 3: 1099 [“1848” publ. 7-10 Mar. 1849] (Schomburgk 1849), nom. illeg. hom., non C.Presl (1834). HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 2 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & J.-F. Molino 5136. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 1 tree, dbh = 111.4 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 724, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1807] Vochysia speciosa Warm. Fl. Bras. [Martius] 13 (2): 79 [1 Mar. 1875] (Warming 1875 ). HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 5 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: P.A. Poiteau s.n. (original material G[G00343253, G00343255], K[K000565944], M[M0239555], P[P00733917, P00733918]). SIZE. — Up to 45 m tall (Marcano-Berti 1998)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1805] Vochysia sabatieri Marc.-Berti (Fig. 60E) Pittieria 18: 9 (Marcano-Berti 1989 ). NOTE. — Known only from French Guiana. VERNACULAR NAMES. — Nt: kopi kwali. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 13 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier 1170 (original material CAY[CAY024988, CAY024989], NY[00927585]). INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 3 trees in 2 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 725, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

Vochysia sobralii G.H.Shimizu & D.J.P.Gonç., spec. nov. (Figures 1–3) Vochysia sobralii is characterized by presenting opposite leaves or in 3-merous whorls, petioles longer than 1 cm, leaf blades longer than 13 cm, elliptic, with cuspidate apex and cuneate base. Type: — BRAZIL. Pará: Altamira, Serra do Cachimbo, December 2005, fl., M. Sobral & A. G. Oliveira 10876 (holotype HUEFS108806! [mounted on two sheets], isotype MBM barcode 312865!). Trees, 15–20 m tall. Branchlets quadrangular or subterete, ferrugineous tomentellous, cortex not exfoliating. Leaves opposite or in 3-merous whorls; stipules ca. 0.5 cm long, deltoid, tomentellous, caducous; petiole 1.1–1.7 cm long, pilose; leaf blade 13.5–19 × 4–6.2 cm, elliptic, chartaceous; adaxial surface glabrous, shiny, midrib impressed and secondary veins prominulous; abaxial surface tomentellous, midrib and secondary veins prominent, intersecondary veins less prominent, tertiary veins reticulate, also less prominent, marginal vein about 0.5–1 mm from the leaf margin, undulate; apex cuspidate, base cuneate, margin flat to subrevolute. Inflorescence a thyrse of cincinni, terminal, 19–25 cm long, tomentellous; cincinni 1-florous, peduncle ca. 0.3 cm long and pedicel ca. 1 cm long; bracts caducous. Flower bud ca. 2 × 0.2 cm, sub-incurved, falcate, apex acute, puberulous; spur 4–8 × 1 mm, recurved, cylindrical, apex rounded; spurred sepal 24–35 mm long; remaining 4 smaller calyx lobes 1.5–2.5 × 2–3 mm, deltoid to ovate, apex obtuse. Petals absent. Stamen 1, filament 2–3 mm long, anther 16–19 mm long, densely villose on the back and between the thecae on the inner side; staminodes 2, 1– 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Ovary 2 × 1.5–2 mm, conical, tomentose; style 17–18 mm long, cylindrical but with the upper half slightly clavate, straight to incurved, glabrous except for the base; stigma capitate, terminal. Capsule and seeds unknown. Distribution and habitat: —This species was collected in a forest border, in the southern part of the municipality of Altamira, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará state, Brazil (Figure 3). This region, north of Mato Grosso state and south of Pará, is a transition area between Amazon rainforests and cerrados from Central Brazil (MMA 2009). Phenology: —The only known gathering was collected in flowers in December. Conservation status: —The lack of additional collections of Vochysia sobralii prevents the assessment of extinction risk, rendering it as data deficient (DD) for now, following IUCN Red List guidelines (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2016). The species was collected during one of the flora surveys for the creation of the “Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo” Biological Reserve, which is a conservation unit with significant environmental importance, as it protects hundreds of perennial springs, forming important rivers in the Xingu and Tapajós basins, and also because of its heterogeneity and environmental peculiarity (MMA 2009). However, despite being a conservation unit, the region endures threats such as deforestation for grazing and fires, which were intensified in 2021 (ISA 2021). Etymology: —The specific epithet honors the plant taxonomist and Myrtaceae specialist Prof. Marcos Eduardo Guerra Sobral, who collected the species during the floristic survey for the “Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo” Biological Reserve’s management plan (MMA 2009). Discussion: —Within Vochysia sect. Pachyantha, Vochysia sobralii is more similar to V. sofiae, due to the long petioles, large leaves, and cuspidate leaf apex. But it differs in the cuneate leaf base (vs. obtuse or rounded in V. sofiae) and acute flower bud apex (vs. obtuse). Also, V. sobralii occurs in southern Pará, Brazil, ca. 1,500 km apart from Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock, French Guiana, where V. sofiae was collected. A dichotomous key and a link to a multi-access interactive key for all ten species of the section Pachyantha are presented below., Published as part of Shimizu, Gustavo Hiroaki & Gonçalves, Deise Josely Pereira, 2022, Vochysia sobralii (Vochysiaceae), a new species from Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Brazil, and updated keys for Vochysia sect. Pachyantha, pp. 207-213 in Phytotaxa 542 (2) on pages 208-209, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6417871, {"references":["MMA [Ministerio do Meio Ambiente] (2009) Plano de Manejo da Reserva Biologica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo, MMA, Brasilia, pp. Available from: http: // www. gov. br / icmbio / pt-br / assuntos / biodiversidade / unidade-de-conservacao / unidades-de-biomas / amazonia / lista-de-ucs / rebio-dnascentes-da-serra-do-cachimbo / arquivos / rebio _ nascentes _ da _ serra _ do _ cachimbo. pdf (accessed 10 September 2021)","IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2016) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 12. Cambridge UK. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed 10 September 2021)","ISA [Instituto Socioambiental] (2021) Instituto Socioambiental. Available from: http: // www. socioambiental. org / pt-br / noticiassocioambientais / destruicao-no-xingu-e-recorde-em-area-de-influencia-da-rodovia-da-soja (accessed 10 September 2021)"]}

Key to the genera of Vochysiaceae 1. Trees with unilocular inferior ovary, samaroid fruits.........................................................................................................................2 - Trees, shrubs or subshrubs with trilocular superior ovary, capsular fruits (Neotropics)...................................................................4 2. Flowers with five petals, fruits with five wings (West Africa)...........................................................................................................3 - Flowers with a single petal, fruits with four wings (Neotropics)............................................................................................. Erisma 3. Calyx with three petaloid sepals and two non-petaloid.............................................................................................. Korupodendron - Calyx with five non-petaloid sepals............................................................................................................................. Erismadelphus 4. Petals 5, branches with 5–9 leaves per node......................................................................................................................... Salvertia - Petals absent, 1 or 3, branches with 2–5(8) leaves per node..............................................................................................................5 5. Petals usually 3, less often absent or 1.................................................................................................................................. Vochysia - Petals 1................................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Stipules transformed into glands, fruit without a central column......................................................................................................7 - Stipules obsolete, not transformed into glands, fruit with a thick and persistent central column......................................................8 7. Unspurred sepal lobes appressed to the spurred sepal and much shorter than it; anther with unilaterally ciliated theca............................................................................................................................................................................................................... Ruizterania - Unspurred sepal lobes not appressed to the spurred sepal, generally of similar length; anther glabrous or hairy only on back........................................................................................................................................................................................................... Qualea 8. Inflorescences in cincinnus with 1–5 flowers, unguiculate petal, fruits with brittle exocarp that separates unevenly from the endocarp, circularly winged seeds..................................................................................................................................... Callisthene - Inflorescences in compound dichasia with more than 16 flowers, sessile petal, fruits with exocarp soft, not brittle, not separated from the endocarp, unilaterally winged seeds.......................................................................................................... Mahechadendron, Published as part of Ariza-Cortés, William, Cortés-B, Rocio & Fernández-Alonso, José Luis, 2022, Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia, pp. 89-112 in Phytotaxa 541 (2) on page 108, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.541.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6388623

Vochysia tepuiandina is here described and illustrated. It occurs in southern Ecuador and northern Peru, and is associated with the disjunct “Andean Tepuis” forests found within the Andean piedmont and of the Amazonian forests. This species is placed in the Vochysia section Ciliantha subsection Ferrugineae. It is compared with the similar species V. angustifolia and V. sprucei.

Embryological data provides insights into the taxonomy and evolution of angiosperms. Vochysiaceae is a mostly Neotropical family whose phylogenetic position was greatly influenced by reconstructions based on molecular data, and despite its monosymmetric and oligostemonous flowers, was included as a sister group of polysymmetric and polystemonous Myrtaceae. However, molecular data has yet to resolve the relationships between the genera inside the family. We analysed the early embryology of some species of five out of the six generally accepted Neotropical genera using sequential histological analyses to compare the microsporogenesis and gametogenesis and megasporogenesis and gametogenesis between clades and with the embryology of the well-studied Myrtales. We observed some marked differences in timing and developmental stages, which somewhat corroborate the clades defined from molecular data. Multiple archesporium and embryo sacs, as well as megagametophyte maturation and fertilization long after anthesis, characterized the Qualea-Ruizteranea-Callisthene (QRC) clade, while single embryo sac mature at anthesis characterized the Vochysia-Salvertia (VS) clade. Tri-cellular pollen only occurred in Salvertia convallariodora. Seven of the eight main embryological features supported the Myrtales as present in Vochysiaceae and the remaining one, inner integument with two layers of cells, was observed in some Qualea. Thus, the studied Vochysiaceae embryology conforms very well within the order and only their strongly monosymmetric and oligostemonous flowers are less common among Myrtales.

O Pantanal e considerado uma das maiores areas umidas no interior do continente Sul-Americano e, ao passar por ciclos anuais de inundacao, sua extensa area e colonizada por especies adaptadas aos diversos ambientes, que variam desde terrestres, sazonalmente alagados e aquaticos. Considerando que as variaveis pedologicas, geomorfologicas e o regime hidrico influenciam diretamente no desenvolvimento da comunidade vegetal, este estudo investigou os primeiros 20 cm do solo como fator de diferenciacao de fitofisionomias nas unidades da paisagem do Pantanal do Abobral, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras simples (0-20 cm) de solo, com cinco repeticoes, em cada unidade de paisagem (Geoambientes), realizando-se analises fisicas e quimicas. Na Cordilheira, ambiente levemente elevado e livre de inundacao, ha presenca de solo naturalmente fertil e basico, que suporta o estabelecimento de floresta semidecidua com sub-bosque. Na planicie de inundacao, no Corixo, ha presenca de mata ciliar sobre solo com caracteristicas redutoras; na Lagoa Intermitente a constante saturacao hidrica favorece vegetacao tolerante a inundacao e macrofitas aquaticas; enquanto o Campo com Cambara, porcao sazonalmente alagada, apresentou a menor fertilidade natural, sendo recoberto por gramineas e processo inicial de colonizacao por Vochysia divergens (Myrtales, Vochysiaceae). O estudo demonstrou que as descontinuidades da paisagem e nas formacoes vegetais sao correlacionadas as caracteristicas fisicas e quimicas dos solos, provando serem um dos principais estratificadores do ambiente, ao lado do nivel do lencol freatico, sempre proximo a superficie, caracteristica marcante do Pantanal. EDAPHIC GRADIENT AND PHYTOPHYSIOGNOMIES OF PANTANAL DO ABOBRAL, BRAZIL. Pantanal is considered one of the largest wetlands inside South America continent. Through the seasonally flood cycles, Pantanal landscape changes in terrestrial, seasonally flooded and aquatic environments, and is colonized by aquatic and terrestrial species. Pedological and geomorphological factors, as well as the water table fluctuation, directly determine plants communities. Thus, this paper investigated the upper soil layer (depth 0-20 cm) as a phytophysiognomies differentiation factor inside Pantanal do Abobral, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Soil samples were collected (0-20 cm), in replicates of five, in each of four different landscape units (here called Geoenvironments) and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. At Cordilheira, slightly higher landscape unit and non-flooded area, occurs natural fertile and basic soil, which supports semi deciduous forest with scrub woodland. At seasonally flooded Geoenvironments, Corixo (periodic river channel) reported riparian forest over soil with reduction characteristics; Lagoa Intermitente (periodic lake) is frequently flooded and colonized by flood tolerant vegetation and macrophytes; and Campo com Cambara, natural grassland periodically waterlogged, had lower fertility and initial colonization by Vochysia divergens (Myrtales, Vochysiaceae). The present study showed that the Pantanal do Abobral discontinuous landscape and vegetation are correlated to superficial edaphic characteristics, proving that soil, is one of the main environmental stratification factors, together with water table, always close to the surface, a striking feature of Pantanal.

Vochysia carol-scottii from the pluvial forests of “Choco biogeografico,” a megadiverse region between the Pacific Ocean and the slopes of the Colombian Western Cordillera, Valle del Cauca department, is described and illustrated, and its morphological relationships with other similar Vochysia species are discussed. This new species is a small tree of 12 m tall and shares features with five species (V. artantha, V. assua, V. calamana, V. cayennensis, and V. tomentosa) of section Ciliantha. Morphologically, it is closest to V. artantha, but it differs in its leaves, inflorescences, spurred sepal, petals, and stamen size. A key and synopsis of the 44 species of Vochysia found in Colombia is provided. A brief note on the ethnobotany of Vochysia in the Amazon basin is presented in an appendix.

Chemical investigation into the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Corynespora olivacea (V18) associated with Vochysia divergens identified compounds 1 and 2. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods including NMR (1D and 2D) and HRMS. The cytotoxicity of the crude extract and the isolated compounds against normal human lung fibroblast cells, lineage GM07492A, was evaluated by the XTT assay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first chemical and biological screening of the cytotoxicity of C. olivacea derived from V. divergens.

With five neotropical genera and ca. 220 species, Vochysieae is the largest tribe of Vochysiaceae, comprising more than 90 % of its species. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses with matK sequence data indicated that Vochysieae may be paraphyletic, separated into the clades QRC (Qualea, Ruizterania and Callisthene) and VS (Vochysia, Salvertia). Whether the genera and the infrageneric taxa are artificial is still controversial. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of chromosome numbers in mitotic or meiotic cells among 20 species belonging to the genera Callisthene, Qualea, Salvertia, and Vochysia, that are native and common in Central and Southeast Brazilian forests or savannas. Species of Callisthene and Qualea possessed 2n = 22, while species of Salvertia and Vochysia had 2n = 24 (or n = 12). These chromosome numbers corroborate the recognition of two groups, and also suggest that chromosome evolution based on numerical variation is conservative in these lineages.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Assessment of host infection and distribution patterns are crucial to understand the underling mechanisms that shape parasitic plant spread in natural ecosystems. However, such data remain scarce for mistletoes inhabiting Brazilian campo rupestre vegetation, old-growth montane fire-prone grasslands. We evaluated the host range and distribution patterns of the mistletoe Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae) at seven 1-ha plots located at in Serra do Cipo, southeastern Brazil. We investigate if the frequency of parasitism by P. robustus is directly related to the relative abundance of host tree species in the community, and how prevalence and intensity of infection vary among different host tree species. Average mistletoe density was 120 individuals ha(-1), which parasitized eight host species, including trees and shrubs in five families. Four tree species, Vochysia thyrsoidea, Qualea cordata (Vochysiaceae), Trembleya laniflora and Miconia ferruginata (Melastomataceae), comprised 95% of infected individuals. Twenty two percent of 1,108 trees sampled were parasitized by P. robustus, with host specificity within species in Myrtales Clade. Prevalence increased with host height for all tree species, with a highly aggregated distribution in few taller host trees within rocky outcrop patches in campo rupestre. The unveiling patterns of host infection and mistletoe distribution, support future studies addressing plant-plant, bird-plant and fire-plant interactions that might shape infection dynamics of this widespread mistletoe species in campo rupestre. (c) 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Programa Posgrad Ecol, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Bot, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zool, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Biol Anim, CP 6109, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zool, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2007/59444-4

The total phenol concentration present in Vochysia divergens Pohl. (Vochysiaceae) leaves in the Pantanal was analyzed. Work was carried out between September/2012 and June/2013 which is made up by the dry season (September/2012), the beginning of the rising water (December/2012), the high water (March/2013) followed by the receding water period (June/2013). For the purpose of the research fifteen trees were selected, five from each sample area. The phenolic content in the leaves was obtained from the samples which were dried, steeped with ethanol: water and centrifuged. The extract was used to determine the concentration of total phenols using the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrometric method. There was no difference among the sampling areas; however the values were different in relation to seasonal periods. The lowest concentration was recorded in the dry season (young leaves) increasing gradually at the beginning of the rising water, with higher levels at the end of high water and receding water season. The highest concentration of phenols occurred during the receding water period (end of the life cycle of V. divergens leaves), followed by high and rising water periods. The increase in phenol concentration is associated with the Pantanal flood cycle, and related to the phenology of the V. divergens leaves.

O fogo exerce um papel importante como modelador dos ecossistemas de diversas formacoes vegetais, especialmente o Cerrado. Sua acao induz a brotacao em diversas especies, muitas vezes formando folhas mais vigorosas e fisiologicamente mais ativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investigou o desempenho fotossintetico de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) em resposta a acao do fogo natural sobre uma area de cerrado rupestre da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, comparando-se; (1) folhas jovens de area queimada e nao queimada e (2) folhas jovens e maduras de um mesmo individuo. Foram analisadas folhas maduras de individuos de area nao queimada cuja brotacao ocorreu anterior a queimada, e folhas jovens de individuos de areas queimadas e nao queimadas cuja brotacao ocorreu apos a passagem do fogo. Foram coletados e analisados dados relativos as taxas fotossinteticas, rendimento quântico potencial e efetivo, taxa relativa de transporte de eletrons, assimilacao liquida de CO 2 , condutância estomatica, transpiracao e teores de clorofila. Nao houve diferencas significativas entre as folhas jovens da area queimada e da area nao queimada em relacao aos processos fisiologicos testados. Desta forma nao ha nenhum tipo de resposta rapida em relacao a passagem do fogo. Entretanto, foram encontradas diferencas significativas quando comparadas folhas jovens e maduras. E fato que folhas jovens de V. cinnamomea sao estruturalmente distintas de folhas maduras, sao mais suculentas e pilosas enquanto as folhas maduras sao mais coriaceas, glabras e com cuticula evidente. Estas diferencas estruturais e os estagios fisiologicos de maturacao distintos se refletem nas caracteristicas fisiologicas estudadas nestas folhas que, quando maduras apresentam-se com menor grau de fotoinibicao, maior teor de clorofilas e maior assimilacao liquida de CO 2 .

Floral nectaries are linked with animal pollinators and floral specialization, characterizing some plant groups, such as the mostly Neotropical Vochysiaceae. The phylogeny of these plants has been revised based on molecular data, but their conspicuous spurs were mostly neglected. The appendicular or receptacular origin of these spurs has been discussed but without ontogenetic or anatomical study, and the association between spur structure and pollination systems was never assessed. We studied the spurs of species of four genera of Cerrado Vochysiaceae (tribe Vochysieae), documenting their vascularization and comparing their structure to previously described pollination systems. The spur structure was roughly similar among species, and vascularization confirmed their appendicular origin. Subepidermic secretory tissue surrounded the lumen of the spur and nectar was secreted through nectarostomata. Besides differences in size and cuticle striation, no other association between spur structure and pollination system was observed. However, the structure is somewhat distinct in Qualea parviflora, which sports a pluriseriate internal epidermis padding the spur lumen, which may provide protection against damage by the large bees that visit these relatively small flowers. The conservative histology and vasculature somewhat confirmed the monophyly of the tribe Vochysieae and the appendicular origin of the spur in the Cerrado Vochysiaceae.

Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae) is considered an invasive species in the wetlands of the Brazilian Pantanal, which hinders the cultivation of agricultural species. In this study, we evaluated the chemical profile by HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector) of leaves extracts from V. divergens seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi isolated from V. divergens roots. These fungi were collected on dry (D) and wet (W) seasons in the Pantanal. The presence of tannin hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)-galloyl-glucose and flavone 3',5'-dimethoxy-luteolin were predominant in the seedlings inoculated with endophytic fungi W experiments at 100 and 80%, respectively. Likewise, flavone 3',5-dimethoxy-luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside showed a similar representation in the two evaluated periods, compared with 5-methoxy-luteolin, which was detected only in seedlings inoculated with W endophytic fungi. This approach is new to V. divergens, which has no scientific data on its in vitro elicitation, in the search for a better understanding of the ecological relationships of this species.

The Gomeira (Vochysia pyramidalis Mart.), belonging to the family Vochysiaceae, is a plant species from the Brazilian cerrado used in folk medicine because of its reputedly anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-bacterial properties. However, scientific data concerning this species are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct an anatomical and histochemical assessment of this plant species and characterize the chemical composition of its essential oil. For the anatomical evaluation, the leaves, stems and petals were fixed and subjected to common plant anatomy techniques. For the histochemical tests, fresh samples of the stems, leaves and petals were sectioned using a microtome and stained with different dyes to identify the chemical components. The essential oil was obtained from fresh flowers and both dry and fresh leaves using hydrodistillation and was characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The anatomical analysis showed several xeromorphic characteristics, which suggest that the mucilaginous channeland idioblasts are the only secretory structures present in this species. The histochemical tests revealed the presence of secondary metabolites belonging to two different chemical classes: the phenolic compounds and terpenes. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and hexadecanol; pentacosane and farnesol were identified as its main components. Key words: Brazilian cerrado in Goias state, secretory structures, farnesol, secondary metabolites, terpenes.

Resumo No Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, localizado a sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais, foram encontradas 11 especies de quatro generos da familia Vochysiaceae: Vochysia, com cinco especies ( V. cinnamomea Pohl, V. elliptica Mart., V. sessilifolia Warm., V. thyrsoidea Pohl e V. tucanorum Mart.), Qualea com quatro especies ( Q. cordata Spreng., Q. grandiflora Mart., Q. multiflora Mart. e Q. parviflora Mart.) e Callisthene e Salvertia com uma especie cada, C. major Mart. e S. convallariodora A.St.-Hil. O presente artigo fornece chave de identificacao e descricoes das especies, dados de distribuicao geografica, comentarios taxonomicos e ilustracoes dos caracteres diagnosticos. Vochysiaceae from Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil Abstract In Serra da Canastra National Park, located in southwestern Minas Gerais state, we found 11 species belonging to four Vochysiaceae genera: Vochysia with five species ( V. cinnamomea Pohl, V. elliptica Mart., V. sessilifolia Warm., V. thyrsoidea Pohl and V. tucanorum Mart.), Qualea with four species ( Q. cordata Spreng., Q. grandiflora Mart., Q. multiflora Mart. and Q. parviflora Mart.), and Callisthene and Salvertia with one species each, C. major Mart. and S. convallariodora A.St.-Hil. This article provides a species identification key, species descriptions with geographic data, taxonomic remarks and illustration of diagnostic characters.

The Pantanal is the largest wetland in the world with extremely high plant and animal diversity, but large areas have been invaded by Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae), a tree that is native to the Amazon Basin, and Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae), a tree that is native to the Brazilian savanna (cerrado). V. divergens is reportedly floodadapted, thus its ability to invade the Pantanal may not be surprising, but the invasion of C. americana is counterintuitive, because this species is adapted to the well-drained soils of the cerrado. Thus, we were interested in comparing the photosynthetic capacity, in terms of CO2 conductance, carboxylation, and electron transport of these species over a seasonal flooding cycle. Given that V. divergens is reportedly flood-adapted, we predicted that this species would have a higher photosynthetic capacity than C. americana, especially under flooding. To test this hypothesis we measured the photosynthetic CO2 response (PN/Cc) of V. divergens and C. americana within 1 year to determine, if photosynthetic capacity varied systematically over time and between species. Contrary to our hypothesis, V. divergens did not always have a higher photosynthetic capacity than C. americana. Rather, species differences were influenced by temporal variations in flooding and the leaf age. Leaf CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic capacity of both species were lower during the flood period, but the differences were not statistically significant. The physiological performance of both species was strongly related to leaf N and P concentrations, but P limitation appeared to be more important than N limitation for these species and ecosystem. Photosynthetic capacity was higher and more stable for V. divergens, but such an advantage did not result in a statistically significant increase in PN. Our results suggest that both species are tolerant to flooding even though they are adapted to very different hydrological conditions. Such physiological plasticity, especially for C. americana, might be a key feature for the ability to survive and persist in the seasonally flooded Pantanal.

This study describes the composition and temporal variation of the spider assemblage (Arachnida: Araneae) associated with canopies of Vochysia divergens Pohl. (Vochysiaceae) in the northern region of the Brazilian Pantanal. Three V. divergens plants were sampled in 2004, at each seasonal period of the northern Pantanal (high water, receding water, dry season and rising water), using thermonebulization of the canopies with insecticide, totaling 396 m2 of sampled canopies. Analysis of abundance and richness of spider families were based on Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Variance Analysis (ANOVA and MANOVA). A total of 7,193 spiders were collected (6,330 immatures; 88.0%; 863 adults, 12.0%) distributed in 30 families. Araneidae (1,676 individuals), Anyphaenidae (1,631 individuals), Salticidae (1,542 individuals) and Pisauridae (906 individuals), were predominant, representing 80.0% of the sample. Ten different guilds were registered: aerial hunters, orb-weavers, nocturnal aerial runners and diurnal space web weavers dominated, sharing most ecological niches. The spider assemblage is affected by changes in the habitat structure, especially by the seasonal hydrological regime and variations in the phenology of V. divergens . The assemblage is composed of different groups of spiders. The dominant taxa and behavioral guilds differ in the different seasonal periods. Spiders were more abundant during the dry and rising water seasons, most likely reflecting a greater supply of potential prey, associated with new foliage and flowering at the canopy. The displacement of soil dwelling spiders to the trunks and canopies before and during the seasonal floods can change the structure and composition of the canopy assemblages. Oonopidae, Gnaphosidae and Caponiidae, were more frequent during the rising and high water seasons, which indicates that these taxa use the canopies of V. divergens as a refuge during the seasonal flooding in the Pantanal.

Se describe Vochysia sofiae recolectada en la región de st. georges, guayana Francesa. constituye la novena especie de la sección Pachyantha Stafleu (Vochysiaceae). Vochysia sofiae es bastante parecida a V. pinkusii, pero se pueden diferenciar por el tamaño de las hojas, el número de venas laterales primarias, las vénulas por el envés, el ápice de las yemas florales adultas, la pubescencia del estambre y de los estaminodios. Vochysia sofiae, collected in st. georges region, French guiana, is described and illustrated. it is the ninth species of section Pachyantha Stafleu (Vochysiaceae). Vochysia sofiae is quite similar to V. pinkusii a. c. sm., but they can be distinguished by the size of the leaves, the number of main lateral veins, the veinlets on the lower side, the apex of adult flower buds and the pubescence of the stamen and staminodes. 174 - 180 lmarcanoberti@gmail.com poncy@mnhn.fr Anual

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:26:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 Leaf area (LA) is commonly used to evaluate plant traits such as leaf development and plant growth, which depend on sunlight interception. However, methods for obtaining LA are destructive and require many leaf samples that might not be available. The use of linear equations to estimate LA without destructive procedures has been successfully used in crops and weeds studied in the field and in potted-plant experiments. In the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), many studies still depend on destructive leaf sampling because equations would be specific for each species. We developed a non-destructive model to estimate LA of five Vochysiaceae species from the cerrado, as this family exclusively comprised Al-accumulating species. In this study, LA versus leaf length (L) and leaf width (W) was regressed, and the best-fitted model (LA = −2.133 + 0.719 LW, R2 = 0.99) was validated to estimate LA in Qualea cordata Spreng., Qualea grandiflora Mart., Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil., Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl., and Vochysia tucanorum Mart. with precise accuracy. This model may help scientists with distinct interests in plants from this family. Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515 Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515

Many Vochysiaceae species, in special Qualea and Vochysia genera, are widely used in folk medicine to treat several diseases. This review describes some aspects of their ethnopharmacology potential, biological activity and the secondary metabolites reported so far for Vochysiaceae. The chemical constituents of this family include triterpenoids, steroids and polyphenols like flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives.

We investigated the pattern of aluminum (Al) accumulation in leaf tissues of native hyperaccumulator Vochysiaceae species Qualea grandiflora, Callisthene major, and Vochysia pyramidalis, from the Brazilian Cerrado. Non-accumulator Sclerolobium paniculatum was used as a control species. We expected a strong compartmentalization of Al in non-active leaf cell compartments such as cell walls and vacuoles in Al-accumulating species and the absence of Al in critical metabolic sites such as the chloroplasts. Plant leaves were harvested in the field and cut in small segments for histological analysis; hematoxylin dye was used for Al localization in tissues. Results of soil analysis of the three sites and the concentration of Al in leaves indicated that there is no direct relationship between Al availability in soils and Al hyperaccumulation among the Vochysiaceae species evaluated. The cross-sections of leaf tissues showed hematoxylin color in the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells (chloroplast) of Q. grandiflora and C. major. The vascular system of Q grandiflora was not colored, but some cells from the xylem region of C. major were stained. In contrast, the adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells of V. pyramidalis were colored by hematoxylin, as were some cells from the vascular bundle, but color formation was not observed in the cells of palisade parenchyma. Al was not detected in leaves of S. paniculatum. We concluded that, although hyperaccumulation of Al is a common trait in the Vochysiaceae family, the processes of storage and detoxification in leaf tissues differ among the species. Two of the three hyperaccumulator species use chloroplasts as a sink for Al, with no apparent signs of toxicity. Therefore, the physiological role of Al in plant tissues remains to be elucidated. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Distribution of parasitic plants is directly linked with the distribution of host species and behavioral patterns of seed dispersers. Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae) is a neotropical hemiparasite that mainly colonizes species of the family Vochysiaceae. Vochysia thyrsoidea is the main host of P. robustus and is commonly found in areas of cerrado rupestre (rocky savanna), an abundant vegetation in our study site. We conducted the study in the ecological park Parque Ecologico Quedas do Rio Bonito (PEQRB), over an area of 2.82 ha of cerrado rupestre . The objective of this work was to investigate population structure, parasitic behavior (mistletoe grip height and circumference of host branch), and spatial distribution of Psittacanthus robustus on a population of Vochysia thyrsoidea . We sampled 267 V. thyrsoidea individuals and found that the population had a random distribution pattern. Seventy-nine individuals (29.6% of the sample population) hosted the hemiparasite, to a total of 193 P. robustus individuals. The number of mistletoe individuals per host plant ranged between 1 and 12. The V. thyrsoidea individuals most infested with mistletoes were those reaching greater heights. The correlation between height of host plant and preferred grip height was highly significant, with the preferred grip height being the uppermost portions of host plants. The crown size of P. robustus individuals ranged between 10 and 230 cm. The main disperser of P. robustus fruit was found to be swallow-tanager Tersina viridis viridis . Its activities led to a clumped pattern of spatial distribution of the hemiparasite along with higher infestation in larger trees.

Vochysia condorensis is described and illustrated as a new species from the Cordillera del Cóndor region of southeastern Ecuador, where it occurs exclusively on plateaus of quartzitic sandstone of the Hollín Formation and adjacent slopes. The species is placed in Vochysia section Ciliantha subsection Megalanthae and is compared with its most closely related congeners within the subsection: V. duquei and V. gigantea.

The polysaccharide (VTh) extracted with water from the gum exudate of the trunk Vochysia thyrsoidea gave a solution of high viscosity and was homogeneous, with M w 92.5 × 10 3 and d n /d c = 0.212. Partial hydrolysis gave a main chain of →4)-β- d -Glc p A-(1 → 2)-α- d -Man p -(1→ repeating groups. Since VTh contained 24% GlcA, neither its monosaccharide ratio (GC–MS of alditol acetates) nor methylation results were accurate. It was therefore carbodiimide-reduced to CR 3 VTh, which contained Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc in a molar ratio of 28:4:29:19:25: methylation analysis showed mainly nonreducing end-units of Ara f (25%), Ara p (8%), and Gal p (8%) and side-chain units of 3- O - (6%) and 3,4-di- O -subst. Gal p (12%). Main-chain units of Man p were 2,3-di- O -substituted (17%), showing that they were substituted at O-3 by side chains, but there was less side-chain substitution of Glc p units, which were mainly 4- O -substituted (12%). Most Ara f units in VTh and CR 3 VTh were single nonreducing end-units, and were present in groups of α- l -Ara f -(1 → 3)- d -Man p and α- l -Ara f -(1 → 3)-[α- l -Ara f -(1 → 4)]-β- d -Gal p -(1 → 3)-α- d -Man p . Other degradation products derived from VTh agreed with this structure. The degree of side-chain substitution of the same main chain was greatest with the gum exudate polysaccharide of V. tucanorum , and progressively less with those of V. thyrsoidea , and V. lehmannii . High-viscosity aqueous solutions were formed by the gum of V. thyrsoidea , in contrast with those of V. lehmannii and V. tucanorum .

Background: Vochysia divergens is native to the Amazon Basin and considered an invasive species in the Brazilian Pantanal. In this work, the ethanolic extract of V. divergens leaves was chemically investigated and evaluated in vitro against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms together with the isolated compounds. Methods: The samples were available at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM. The parasites were kept for 4 days and monitored every 24 h to evaluate their viability and motor activity comparing with the positive control praziquantel. The cell viability of isolated flavones as determined by XTT assays in V79 cells. Results: The flavones 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 5-methoxy luteolin and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin were isolated from V. divergens. Flavone 5-methoxy luteolin caused the death of 25% of male and female adult S. mansoni worms in 24 h at 100 μM and also reduced their motor activity. Flavones 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin were able to slightly reduce the motor activity to 25% within 24 h at 25 μg/mL and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively, but only in male worms. The results were compared with the flavone luteolin. For XTT assay in V79 cells the IC50 values were 1468.4 ± 10.5 μM, 5946.6 ± 25,1 μM, > 7960.8 μM and 270.6 ±9.3 μM for compounds 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, 5-methoxy luteolin, 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin and luteolin, respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, flavones 5-methoxy luteolin and 3′,5-dimethoxy luteolin are reported for the first time as constituents of V. divergens and the Vochysiaceae family.

Terrestrial arthropods from tree canopies in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study represents a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of arthropods associated to the canopy of Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae). Three trees individuals were sampled during two seasonal periods in this region: a) by spraying one tree canopy during high water (February); b) by fogging two tree canopies during low water (September/October). The 15,744 arthropods (183.2±38.9 individuals/m²) obtained from all three trees (86 m²) represented 20 taxonomic orders, 87.1% were Insecta, and 12.9% Arachnida. The dominant groups were Hymenoptera (48.5%; 88.9 individuals/m²), mostly Formicidae (44.5%; 81.4 individuals/m²), followed by Coleoptera (14.0%; 25.5 individuals/m²) and Araneae (10.2%; 19.5 individuals/m²), together representing 62.5% of the total catch. Fourteen (70%) of all orders occurred on three trees. Dermaptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera were collected from only one tree. Of the total, 2,197 adult Coleoptera collected (25.5±11.3 individuals/m²), 99% were assigned to 32 families and 256 morphospecies. Nitidulidae (17.9% of the total catch; 4.6 individuals/m²), Anobiidae (16.7%; 4.3 individuals/m²), Curculionidae (13.2%; 3.4 individuals/m²) and Meloidae (11.4%; 2.9 individuals/m²) dominated. The communitiy of adult Coleoptera on V. divergens indicated a dominance of herbivores (37.8% of the total catch, 127 spp.) and predators (35.2%, 82 spp.), followed by saprophages (16.2%, 32 spp.) and fungivores (10.8%, 15 spp.). The influence of the flood pulse on the community of arboreal arthropods in V. divergens is indicated by the seasonal variation in evaluated groups, causing changes in their structure and composition.Artrópodes terrestres associados a copas de árvores no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Este estudo representa uma contribuição ao conhecimento da diversidade de artrópodes associados à copa de Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae). Três indivíduos foram amostrados durante dois períodos sazonais, um durante a cheia (árvore A: fevereiro) utilizando-se o método de pulverização com inseticida e dois durante a seca (árvore B: setembro, C: outubro), empregando-se a termonebulização. Um total de 15744 artrópodes (183,2±38,9 individuos/m²) foram obtidos em 86m² de área representando 20 ordens taxonômicas, 87,1% Insecta e 12,9% Arachnida. O grupo dominante foi Hymenoptera (48,5%; 88,9 individuos/m²), a maioria Formicidae (44,5%; 81,4 individuos/m²), seguido por Coleoptera (14,0%; 25,5 individuos/m²) e Araneae (10,2%; 19,5 individuos/m²), que representaram 62,5% do total coletado. Com relação a freqüência, 14 de todas as ordens (70%) ocorreram nas tres árvores. Dermaptera, Isoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera e Trichoptera foram coletadas em uma única árvore. Foram obtidos 2197 Coleoptera adultos (25,5±11,3 indivíduos/m²), sendo 99% assinalados para 32 famílias e 256 morfoespécies. Nitidulidae (17,9%; 4,6 indivíduos/m²), Anobiidae (16,7%; 4,3 indivíduos/m²), Curculionidae (13,2%; 3,4 indivíduos/m²) e Meloidae (11,4%; 2,9 indivíduos/m²) foram dominantes. Os Coleoptera adultos associados à copa de V. divergens indicam dominancia de herbívoros (37,8% do total coletado, 127 spp.) e predadores (35,2%, 82 spp.), seguidos por saprófagos (16,2%, 32 spp.) e fungívoros (10,8%, 15 spp.). A influência do pulso de inundação sobre a comunidade de artrópodes arbóreos associados à V. divergens é indicada pela variação sazonal nos grupos avaliados, gerando mudanças em sua estrutura e composição ao longo dos períodos sazonais.

Cerambycidae coletados em Surumoni, Amazonas, Venezuela, com o auxílio de uma grua, por armadilha de interceptação de vôo e armadilha luminosa nas copas de Matayba guianensis Aubl e Vochysia sp. resultaram em novos registros para 14 espécies e descrição de quatro novas: Erythropterus urucuri sp. nov. (Heteropsini), Eriphus ruBELLus sp. nov. (Trachyderini), Lissonotus kuaiuba sp. nov. (Lissonotini) e Acyphoderes itaiuba sp. nov. (Rhinotragini).Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) collected in Venezuela at the canopy of Matayba (Sapindaceae) and Vochysia (Vochysiaceae). Cerambycidae collected in Surumoni, Amazonas, Venezuela, with help of a crane, made with interception and light traps in the canopy of Matayba guianensis Aubl and Vochysia sp. resulted in new records for 14 species and descriptions of four new species: Erythropterus urucuri sp. nov. (Heteropsini), Eriphus ruBELLus sp. nov. (Trachyderini), Lissonotus kuaiuba sp. nov. (Lissonotini) and Acyphoderes itaiuba sp. nov. (Rhinotragini).

The distribution of seed fatty acids of 16 species of Vochysiaceae native to Brazil, corresponding to the genera Callisthene , Qualea , Salvertia and Vochysia , and amounting to 57 samples, were studied. The methyl esters of the fatty acids were analyzed by GC–EIMS. For most species, fatty acid patterns are seemingly useful for species characterization. Intraspecific variability of samples of Salvertia grandiflora seems to have geographic significance. With one exception, palmitic and oleic acids predominate in the fatty acids distribution of Qualea and Callisthene . Q. grandiflora possesses exceptional amounts of lauric acid. Relatively high amounts of either C 20– C 22 (saturated or monounsaturated) or stearic acids characterize Salvertia and Vochysia . UPGMA analysis of fatty acids distribution based on Euclidean distances resulted in a cluster combining Callisthene and all samples of Qualea , except Q. grandiflora . Samples of Vochysia are combined into several clusters. The dendrogram is suggestive of taxonomic relationships, allowing the distinction of taxa down to the sub-sectional level. V. pyramidalis , from section Ciliantha , subsection Ferrugineae , has closer chemical affinities with species of section Vochysiella , subsection Decorticantes . Comparing with monomers of polysaccharide seed cell walls of Vochysiaceae, fatty acid patterns revealed lower intraspecific variability and higher taxonomic resolution.

Several leaf anatomical features are potentially systematically informative within both the family Vochysiaceae and the order Myrtales, notably tracheoidal idioblasts, mucilage cells and secretory canals. Tracheoids with spiral wall thickenings are present in the mesophyll of most species of Vochysia, and also occur in several other families of Myrtales. Mucilage cells are common in the leaf epidermis in some Vochysiaceae. Secretory ducts are present in the midrib in Salvertia and Vochysia, which are apparently closely related, although Salvertia also shares some leaf anatomical characters with Qualea and Callisthene. Anatomical data do not support the segregation of Ruizterania from Qualea; leaves of R. albiflora leaves are very similar to those of Q. paraensis in venation pattern, and leaf and stem anatomy. Different venation patterns are characteristic of sections within the genus Qualea, but within the large genus Vochysia, leaf anatomy is variable even within a subsection. Amongst other Myrtales, leaf anatomy of Vochysiaceae most closely resembles that of Combretaceae and Onagraceae. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 138, 339–364.

Vochysia peruviana is described and illustrated as a new species. It occurs in the Madre de Dios region of southern Peru, where is associated to flooded forests in the Amazonian lowlands. This species is placed in Vochysia section Ciliantha subsection Ferrugineae. It is compared with the most closely related species, V. ferruginea and V. floribunda.

Este estudo apresenta registro da associação entre três espécies de Cerambycidae e Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae), espécie vegetal típica da região norte do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, que além de formar adensamentos monodominantes é considerada uma invasora de campos e pastagens nativas nesta região. Neste estudo, galhos e troncos desta espécie vegetal foram coletados ao longo de um ano (julho/1999 a junho/2000) e monitorados em laboratório para avaliação da densidade e período de emergência dos cerambicídeos. Como resultado, foram amostrados 277 indivíduos, representando três espécies de Cerambycidae, Psapharochrus bivittis (White), Luscosmodicum beaveari Martins e Neoeme bouvieri Gounelle. Além do registro da associação, observou-se que o pico de emergência dos Cerambycidae coincide com o início do período de enchente e cheia na região norte do Pantanal, evidenciando o sincronismo entre o desenvolvimento biológico destas espécies e o ciclo hidrológico desta região. Cerambycidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) Associated with Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae) in the Northern Region of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, BrazilAbstract. This study aims the registration of the association between Cerambycidae and Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae), typical plant species of the northern region of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso that besides forming monodominant stands and is considered a weed of fields and pastures in this region. In this study, branches and trunks of this specie were collected over one year (July/1999 - June/2000) and lab monitored for density and emergency time evaluation of Cerambycidae. As results 277 individuals were sampled, representing three species of Cerambycidae, Psapharochrus bivittis (White), Luscosmodicum beaveari Martins and Neoeme bouvieri Gounelle. In addition to registration of the association, it was noted that the emergence peak of Cerambycidae coincides with the beginning of flood and high water period in northern Pantanal, showing the synchronization between the biological development of this species and the hydrological cycle in this region

Se propone y se describe la sección Apopetala Marc.-Berti, una nueva entidad infragénerica del género Vochysia Aublet. Las especies de esta nueva sección se caracterizan por tener las hojas opuestas hasta 5-verticiladas, glabras hasta pilosas, ausencia de pétalos, ovario glabro y estambre piloso en una o en ambas caras. Se presentan claves de las secciones conocidas, de las especies de la nueva sección, también descripciones con sus caracteres diagnósticos e ilustraciones de las nueve especies reconocidas: Vochysia apopetala Ule, V. bautistae Marc.-Berti, V. majuscula Pilg., V. megalophylla Stafleu, V. ortegae Marc.-Berti & Bautista, V. peñae Marc.-Berti, V. poncy-barrieri Marc.-Berti, V. punctata Spruce ex Warm. y V. tilletii Marc.-Berti. The section Apopetala is described and proposed as a new section of Vochysia Aublet. Species of the new section are morphologically distinct in having opposite leaves to 5-verticillate, blades glabrous to pilose, lacking petals, ovary glabrous and stamen pilose in one or both sides. This morphological revision of the new section is presented with keys of the all sections, the species of the section Apopetala, also descriptions with its diagnostic characters and illustrations of all nine recognised species: Vochysia apopetala Ule, V. bautistae Marc.-Berti, V. majuscula Pilg., V. megalophylla Stafleu, V. ortegae Marc.-Berti & Bautista, V. peñae Marc.-Berti, V. poncy-barrieri Marc.-Berti, V. punctata Spruce ex Warm. and V. tilletii Marc.-Berti. 15-42 lmarcanoberti@gmail.com Anual

In Amazonian rain forest trees of Vochysia vismiaefolia (Vochysiaceae), ants were found to induce twig structures that resembled classical ant domatia. This phenomenon is novel for ant-plants, which commonly develop domatia without the activity of ants. Eight species of ants were recorded inside the domatia of six individual trees, but domatia were most numerous and characteristic when induced and inhabited by an undescribed species of Pseudomyrmex on two trees. To investigate the mechanism of domatium growth, we drilled holes into young twigs: the expansion of the twig diameter surrounding the holes was significantly accelerated, comparable to domatia formation. Domatia induction is discussed as a putative step in the evolution of ant-plants.

The canopy of an invasive tree species in the Pantanal floodplains, Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae; height 12 m) was sprayed once with 5% synthetic pyrethrum during the dry, non-flooded season near Pocone, Mato Grosso. About 4200 arthropods collected (43.7 ind./m 2) represented 14 orders. The Hymenoptera dominated (21.4 ind./ 2 ; mostly ants), followed by Coleoptera, Araneae and Diptera (85% of the total catch). Of the 26 Coleoptera families (6.2 ind./ 2) the Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Elateridae and Dryopidae were most abundant (70% of the total catch), and on trophic level the herbivores dominated (42%). This is the first quantitative canopy study of a tree species in the northern Pantanal floodplains. The type of data needed on arthropods from tree canopies in future studies to aid in the management and conservation of Pantanal floodplains is discussed.

Vochysia palmirana is described and illustrated as a new species. It is a member of sect.Vochysiella subsect.Decorticantes. It grows in sandy Cerrados of the Central Brazilian Plateau and is similar toV. sessilifolia. A key to the species ofVochysia sect.Vochysiella subsect.Decorticantes is provided.

Several species of the genus Vochysia (Vochysiaceae) are used by traditional communities in South America to relieve ailments linked to inflammation, such as skin sores, asthma and pulmonary congestion. As the cAMP phosphodiesterase 4 isozyme (PDE4) is currently considered as an intracellular target for new antiinflammatory drugs, several constituents of Vochysia pacifica Cuatrec., an endemic tree from the Western coast of Colombia, were tested for their ability to inhibit PDE4. Purification of the methanol extract of the stem bark of this species led to the isolation of seven known triterpene derivatives: betulinic acid, sericic acid, 24-hydroxytormentic acid, trachelosperogenin B, 24-hydroxytormentic acid glucosyl ester, quadranoside I and niga-ichigoside F1. One triterpene glycoside, quadranoside I, and two triterpenes, betulinic and sericic acids, exhibited mild inhibitory activity on the isolated PDE4 isozyme.

The name Vochysia moskovitsiana Huamantupa (2012: 142) was not validly published due to errors in the citation of the holotype. In the type paragraph following the name citation, a single gathering but more than one specimen, E. Gudiño 1190 (QCNE, MO) was cited as the type. This is a defective citation according to the International Code for Nomenclature (ICN) Article 40.7 (McNeill et al. 2012) because a single specimen is not indicated as the holotype. Although a separate collection, Gudiño & Gualinga 1622 (MO), is cited in the caption to Figure 2 as the holotype, the same specimen also appears in the list of paratypes on page 147. Thus the citation of type is entirely ambiguous, and this work does not constitute valid publication.

Vochysia divergens Pohl (Vochysiaceae) is a tree commonly found in wet soils of ‘Pantanal’ of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and used in folk medicine against infections and asthma. We have studied different extracts and some isolated compounds from this plant for antibacterial activity. From the extracts of the stem bark β-sitosterol, betulinic acid and sericic acid were isolated. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus were: ethanolic extract (MIC = 1.5 mg/ml); ethyl acetate extract (MIC = 2.0 mg/ml); and sericic acid (MIC = 1.0 mg/ml). Escherichia coli was resistant until 5 mg/ml.