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V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali izračun površinskega odtoka s povirnega dela porečja Gradaščice. Hidrološko študijo porečja Gradaščice smo izdelali s pomočjo programskega orodja HEC-HMS. Prikazali smo pripravo potrebnih vhodnih podatkov za izdelavo hidrološkega modela porečja in predstavili nekatere zakonitosti, ki so pomembne za osnovno razumevanje formiranja površinskega odtoka. S prosto dostopnim programom SAGA-GIS, smo določili topografske značilnosti porečja, rabo tal, geološko in pedološko sestavo tal na obravnavanem območju. Na podlagi teh lastnosti smo ocenili parametre za izračun padavinskih izgub ter transformacije padavin v površinski odtok. Za ta namen smo uporabili teorijo hidrograma enote (HE). Poleg tega smo izvedli tudi terenske meritve pretokov na iztokih s podporečij, ki smo jih določili glede na šifrant padavinskih območij vodotokov. Izdelan hidrološki model smo umerili in preverili s pomočjo izbranih padavinskih dogodkov in merjenih pretokov. Z ročnim spreminjanjem parametrov smo poskušali določiti tisto kombinacijo parametrov, pri katerih bi dobili najboljše ujemanje med merjenimi in modeliranimi vrednostmi pretokov. Umerjanje in validacijo smo izvedli z upoštevanjem podatkov z vodomerne postaje Dvor. Za najustreznejšo se je izkazala Clarkova metoda HE, pri kateri je bilo prej omenjeno odstopanje najmanjše. Nekoliko slabše rezultate smo dobili pri uporabi Snyderjeve metode HE, medtem ko je metoda SCS HE dala najslabše rezultate. Za porečje Gradaščice se je umerjeni parameter CN gibal med 65 in 72 za tri podporečja, ki smo jih določili v procesu priprave podatkov za hidrološko modeliranje. Pri validaciji hidrološkega modela smo ugotovili, da ima na odstopanje med meritvami in modeliranimi vrednostmi pretokov vpliv tudi predhodna namočenost tal. Z uporabo umerjenega in validiranega hidrološkega modela smo določili tudi pretoke z 10-, 50- in100-letno povratno dobo. Kot vhodni podatek smo upoštevali sintetični histogram padavin, pri katerem smo upoštevali tudi porazdeljenost padavin znotraj padavinskega dogodka. Modelirane vrednosti konic pretokov smo primerjali tudi z rezultati verjetnostnih analiz. In this graduation thesis we discuss runoff modelling from the upper part of the Gradaščica river basin. Hydrological study was performed using hydrological model HEC-HMS. This thesis presents the preparation of required inputs for hydrologic model and some basic concepts of runoff modelling, which are important for understanding of the runoff characteristics. Using freely available computer program SAGA-GIS, we defined topographical characteristics, land use, geological and pedagogical soil structure of the upper Gradaščica river basin. This data helped us to evaluate parameters of precipitation loss and transformation precipitation runoff methods. Unit hydrograph (UH) theory was used for runoff modelling. Moreover, discharge measurements at river sub-basins which were defined by the watershed coding system were also performed in the scope of the thesis. The hydrological model was calibrated and validated using the measured rainfall and discharge data. Using manual calibration we tried to obtain the combination of parameters that gives the best correspondence between measurements and modelled discharge values. The calibration and validation process was performed using discharge data from the Dvor gauging station. Clark UH method yielded the best results and was selected as the most suitable method of unit hydrograph methodology. Snyder UH method yielded somewhat worse results. Furthermore, the SCS UH gave the worst correspondence between measured and modelled data. The CN parameter for the upper Gradaščica river basin was estimated to be from 65 to 72 for the three river sub-basins (calibrated values of the parameters), which we were defined in the process of hydrological modelling and data preparation. During validation process of the hydrological model we found that antecedent precipitation conditions have influence on the differences between measurements and modelled discharge values. Using calibrated and validated hydrological model we also defined hydrographs with 10-, 50- and 100-years return period. For the input data we used synthetic histogram precipitation and temporal precipitation distribution was also taken into account. Modelled peak discharge values were also compared with flood frequency analysis results.

Uporaba radioaktivnih snovi v znanstvene namene, industriji, medicini, ter za pridobivanje jedrske energije povzroča nastajanje radioaktivnih odpadkov. Pred njihovimi škodljivimi učinki se lahko zavarujemo tako, da poskrbimo za njihovo varno odlaganje. Razumevanje transportnih mehanizmov v porozni snovi je ključno, da zagotovimo dolgotrajno varnost odlagališč radioaktivnih odpadkov. S pomočjo matematičnih modelov lahko opišemo podzemne tokove ter možne transporte radionuklidov iz odlagaliča skozi geološke formacije. V teoretičnem delu naloge so opisane fizikalne osnove radioaktivnosti, sistem razvrščanja radioaktivnih odpadkov ter odlagalne možnosti za nizko in srednje radioaktivne odpadke, katerim sledijo podatki o vrstah in količinah radioaktivnih odpadkov v Sloveniji. V nadaljevanju sledijo teoretične osnove toka podzemne vode ter z njo povezani prenosni pojavi v porozni snovi. Eksperimentalni del obsega izdelavo modela odlagališča nizko in srednje radioaktivnih odpadkov. Izdelana sta bila model odlagališča NSRAO brez prekrova ter model odlagališča NSRAO s prekrovom, na podlagi katerih smo primerjali vpliv prekrova na tok vode skozi odlagališče in transport radionuklidov cezija (137Cs) in joda (129I). Modeli in izračuni so bili izdelani s pomočjo programskega paketa HYDRUS-1D. The usage of radioactive substances in science, industry, medicine and nuclear power plants is generating radioactive waste. The only way we can effectively protect ourselves from their deleterious effects is by appropriate waste disposal. In order to secure long-term safety of the disposal facilities, we have to understand the transport mechanisms in porous materials. We can then use mathematical models to describe the underground currents and possible transportation routes of radionuclides from the disposal facilities through geological formations. Theoretical part of the thesis contains the description of physical principles of radioactivity, classification system of radioactive waste and disposal possibilities for low-level and intermediate waste with information on type and quantity of radioactive waste in Slovenia. Theoretical basis of groundwater flow and related phenomena of flow in porous materials is also described. Experimental part describes the making of mathematical models for disposal facilities, that deal with low and intermediate level waste (LILW). First model describes the disposal of LILW without cover, the second describes the disposal of LILW with cover layer. The results were summarized and indicate the influence of cover on groundwater flow through hazardous waste dump and transportation of radionuclides of Caesium (137Cs) and Iodine (129I). Models and calculations were made with HYDRUS- 1D software.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev na komunalnih čistilnih napravah. V industriji se takšni sistemi uporabljajo že dalj časa, saj prispevajo k boljšemu čiščenju odpadnih in tehnoloških voda. Z vse strožjimi standardi o izpustih iz čistilnih naprav se je začela uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev tudi na komunalnih čistilnih napravah. Cilj naloge je bil opisati postopek čiščenja odpadnih voda z membranskimi bioreaktorji, ter predstaviti, prednosti in slabosti teh sistemov. Podjetja so k razvoju membranskih bioreaktorjev pristopila na različne načine, tako je prišlo do nastanka več vrst sistemov membran, različnih materialov membran, ter postopkov v samem delovanju membranskih bioreaktorjev. Tako so predstaviljeni najpogosteje uporabljeni sistemi, kateri so že dobro preverjeni za uporabo na komunalnih čistilnih napravah, saj so v uporabi že vrsto let. Iz preučevanja literature je bilo razvidno, da uporaba membranskih bioreaktorjev na komunalnih čistilnih napravah še ima določen pomankljivosti. Predvsem stroškovno gledano še niso izenačeni z običajnimi biološkimi čistilnimi napravami, kar pa je posledica, menjavanja membran, ter neuveljavljenosti membranskih bioreaktorjev, kar posledično zvišuje ceno postavitve sistema. Določene pomankljivosti membranskih bioreaktorjev so tudi pri vzdrževanju oziroma čiščenju membrane. We wanted to present the usage of membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment plants. In industries such systems are widely spread contributing to improve wastewater treatment. With increasing standards on discharges from wastewater treatment plants began usage of membrane bioreactors at municipal treatment plants. The aim of the thesis was to describe the process of wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactors and to present advantages and disadvantages of these systems. Companies that produce membrane bioreactors have different ways of approaching to development. So there has been the emergence of several types of membrane systems, materials and procedures in the proper functioning of membrane bioreactors. We have presented the most commonly used systems, which are already well proven for usage for municipal wastewater treatment plants, since they have been in operation for several years. By studying the literature it showed that the usage of membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment plants still has some drawbacks. Particularly the operating costs are higher than by conventional biological wastewater treatment plants, which is result of membrane exchange. Since the membrane bioreactors are not commonly used at this type of treatment plants the costs of installing the system are therefore also higher. Some of setbacks of membrane bioreactors can be found in intense maintance and cleaning of the membranes.

Diplomska naloga analizira hidravlične razmere na reki Ljubljanici in sicer na odseku mestne Ljubljanice in na Gruberjevem prekopu. Predstavljen je pregled nad poplavno problematiko v povezavi z vplivom vegetacije, ki zavira pretok glede na svojo strukturo, velikost in samo količino. Še posebej veliko je vegetacije na Gruberjevem prekopu, kjer obrežna drevesa visijo v vodo. Nato je predstavljeno poglavje o gradbenih konstrukcijah ki so umetna ovira rekam, ki tako povzročajo zajezitve in poplave. To so mostovi in mostni oporniki, prelivi, jezovi, zapornice, pragovi,.. Predstavljen je tudi program Hecras, s katerim smo analizirali model reke Ljubljanice, kot primer diplomske naloge. Na koncu so predstavljeni rezultati, njihova interpretacija in pa primerjava med povratnimi dobami odsekoma mestne Ljubljanice in Gruberjevega prekopa. My graduation thesis is about analysing hydraulic relationships of a reach of Ljubljana river and Gruberjev prekop. Chapter of flooding is presented. Then correlation with vegetation, which slows down the flow with it's structure and shape is overviewied. Influence of vegetation in reach Gruberjev prekop is highlighted, where among other things, trees are hanging in the river. Next chapter is about construction structures that interfere with the flow. These are bridges and bridge piers, weirs, ….Program Hec-Ras, which is used as analytical model of reach of Lljubljana river is introduced . At the end, we overlook results and interpret the correlation of flow between mestna Ljubljanica and Gruberjev prekop.

HBV je konceptualen hidrološki model, ki se uporablja pri hidrološkem napovedovanju in študiju vodnih bilanc. V tem delu je HBV-light modelu podvrženo 190 km2 veliko porečje Bolske. S pomočjo orodja Monte Carlo Simulacije, ki je vgrajen v HBV-light modelu, smo analizirali individualno občutljivost parametrov, občutljivost s spreminjanjem dveh parametrov in vpliv parametrov na maksimalni pretok pri poplavi. Analize so narejene na podlagi koeficienta učinkovitosti oziroma Nash-Sutcliffovega kriterija. Individualna analiza je pokazala večjo občutljivost parametrov generiranja odtoka glede na parametre ostalih treh računov, predvsem vpliv iztoka srednjega rezervoarja in vpliv iztoka spodnjega rezervoarja na celokupni odtok. Parametri računa akumulacije in taljenja snega so se izkazali kot neobčutljivi za dani model. Ob analizi občutljivosti s spreminjanjem dveh parametrov hkrati smo pri večini kombinacij parametrov opazili medsebojno odvisnost parametrov, kar odraža negotovost v rezultatih. Parametri, ki so izkazali največ vpliva na maksimalni pretok so: K0, K1, UZL, PERC in FC. Conceptual hydrological model HBV is extensively used in operational hydrological forecasting and water balance studies. In this paper, we apply the HBV model on 190 km2 basin Bolska. Using the tools of Monte Carlo simulation, which is built in the HBV-light model, we analyzed the individual sensitivity of the parameters, a sensitivity by changing the two parameters and the influence of parameters on the maximum flow in the flood. Analysis were done on the basis of Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient. Individual analysis showed greater sensitivity of response routine parameters with respect to other three routines it is most clearly seen through the influence of the middle box outflow and lower box outflow on the total runoff. Parameters of the snow routine have proved to be insensitive. By varying two parameters simultaneously the sensitivity analysis revealed interdependence of parameters in most of parameter combinations, reflecting the uncertainty in the results. Parameters that showed the most influence on the maximum flow are: K0, K1, UZL, PERC and FC.

Reka Krka je ena najzanimivejših kraških rek in ima zaradi svoje izjemne naravne lepote velik turistični in rekreativni potencial. Na reki so številni jezovi in značilni lehnjakovi pragovi, ki ji dajejo prav poseben pečat. Krka je namreč edina slovenska reka, ki ustvarja v strugi lehnjak. V preteklosti je bila reka Krka precej bolj izkoriščena za vodnogospodarske dejavnosti, saj so tu delovali številni mlini in žage. Danes so zato tu številni jezovi, ki pa večinoma niso več v uporabi za vodnogospodarske dejavnosti, razen nekaj izjem, kjer še vedno obratujejo mlini in male hidroelektrarne. V diplomskem delu so podrobneje predstavljeni vsi jezovi, ki so v dobrem stanju, v nekoliko slabšem stanju pa so njihovi obvodni objekti, saj so po večini zapuščeni. Jezovi so vrisani tudi v vzdolžnem profilu reke Krke. Danes imajo jezovi pomembnejšo rekreacijsko vlogo. Na reki Krki je priljubljena oblika rekreacije čolnarjenje, v zgornjem delu reke predvsem kajakaštvo in rafting, v spodnjem delu pa vožnja s kanuji in supi. O rekreaciji in turizmu v dolini reke Krke sem z vprašalnikom povprašala tudi prebivalce, ki tukaj živijo. Vprašalnik je sestavljen iz osmih vprašanj, ki sem jih prikazala z grafikoni. Predstavila sem tudi ponudnike čolnarjenja in ostalih rekreativnih dejavnosti na reki Krki ter vstopno – izstopna mesta, ki so za njih in za uporabnike športnih aktivnosti pomembna. River Krka is one of the most interesting karst rivers and has for its exceptional natural beauty great tourist and recreational potential. There are a number of dams and typical travertine dams on the river, which give it a special touch, because it is Krka the only Slovenian river creating the bed of travertine. In the past was river Krka much more utilized for water management activities, because there worked numerous mills and saws. Therefore, today there are numerous dams, most of them are no longer used for water management activities, except pair of exceptions, where there are still operating mills and small hydroelectric plants. This thesis presents in detail all the dams on river Krka that are in good condition, in slightly worse condition are their waterside facilities, because they are the most abonded. Dams are also drawn in the longitudinal profile of the river Krka. Today have dams important recreational role. On the river Krka is boating the most popular form of recreation, in the upper part of the river especially kayaking and rafting and in the lower part canoeing and sup (stand up paddleboards). About recreation and tourism in the valley of the river Krka I enquired the residents who live here, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists eight questions, which I show with charts. I presented also the providers of boating and other recreatioinal activities on the river Krka and entry – exit points that are important to them and to users of sports activities.

Obravnavano območje Ajdovške planote ter njene vasi spadajo v območje, kjer zaradi razpršene poselitve ter majhnosti naselij, čiščenje odpadne vode predstavlja večji ekonomski problem. Ker je to ruralno območje, sem hotel, da se čiščenje izvede sonaravno in da tako ne posegamo preveč v okolje. RČN posnema samočistilne procese v naravnih močvirskih ekosistemih ter skupno s pomočjo substrata, rastlin in mikroorganizmov zadovoljivo očisti odpadno vodo. RČN velja za cenovno ugodno rešitev in nezahteven sistem za vzdrževanje. Predvsem pa za podeželja, kot je tudi Ajdovško planote, kjer je čutiti pomanjkanje vode, ponujajo možnost ponovne uporabe vode za namakanje ter pripomore k ohranjanju naravnega videza dane krajine. V diplomski nalogi sem predstavil sonaravne sisteme čiščenja odpadne vode ter bolj podrobno RČN, ki bi odlično služil v malih vaseh Ajdovške planote. Planota spada v občino Žužemberk, ki ima najmanjšo gostoto naseljenosti v celotni državi. Obravnavano območje ima devet naselij, vendar skupaj ne šteje več kot 500 prebivalcev. The project area of Ajdovška planota and its villages are in an area where, due to scattered and small settlements, wastewater constitutes a major economic problem. As this is a rural area, I wanted treatment to be carried out as sustainable and not intervene too much with the environment. Constructed wetlands mimics self-cleaning processes in natural wetland ecosystems, and with the help of substrate, plants and microorganisms sufficiently purify waste water. CW is inexpensive solution for wastewater treatment and system is simple to maintain. Especially in rural areas, like Ajdovška planota, where water is in shortage, the option of water reuse for irrigation. It helps maintain a natural appearance of a given landscape. This thesis presents the natural systems of wastewater treatment, and more detailed CWs, which would perform well in small villages of Ajdovška planota. It falls within municipality of Žužemberk, which has the lowest population density in the entire country. The project area has 9 settlements, but not exceeding more than 500 people.

Naravna nesreča je posledica delovanja naravnega pojava. V Sloveniji so med najbolj pogostimi pojavi poplave, katere vsako leto povzročijo veliko škodo. Med različnimi vrstami poplav poznamo tudi poplave, ki se pojavijo zaradi zalednih voda. Zaledne vode so vode, ki se zbirajo izven obravnavanega območja in iz zalednih površin dotekajo razpršeno na obravnavano območje. Popolna zaščita pred poplavami je praktično in ekonomsko neizvedljiva, lahko pa s pravimi protipoplavnimi ukrepi v precejšni meri preprečimo škodo in zmanjšamo ogroţenost prebivalcev na tem območju. V diplomski nalogi je obravnavano naselje Podgrad, z vodotokom Besnica, ki teče skozi omenjeno naselje. Prostorski podatki so bili pridobljeni s tehnologijo LIDAR. Z uporabo GIS tehnologije smo iz pridobljenih prostorskih podatkov izdelali digitalni model terena. S podatki o vodotokih na območju Podgrada in uporabo modela terena smo z uporabo različnih programskih orodij izdelali hidravlični model območja. Uporabili smo program ESRI ArcGIS z različnimi razširitvami, v katerem smo pripravili geometrijo rečnega korita in pridobili podatke o poplavnih površinah. Program ESRI ArcGIS smo uporabili v kombinaciji s programom HEC-RAS. Natural disasters are a result of natural phenomena. One of the most common natural disaster in Slovenia are floods which cause a lot of damage every year. Among different types of floods we know there are floods caused by background waters. Background waters are waters that are accumulated outside of the observed area and are flowing from the background areas to the observed area in a dispersed flow. Complete protection against floods is practically and economically unachievable but with correct anti-flood measures the damage and risk to the inhabitants can be reduced. The thesis presents settlement Podgrad with the watercourse Besnica that flows through it. Spatial data was acquired with the use of LIDAR technology. Using GIS technology to process the acquired spatial data a digital model of the terrain was created. From the acquired data we have created a digital model of the terrain. We used different software packages to process the data about the watercourses on the area of Podgrad and the terrain model to create the hydraulic model of the area. We used an application ESRI ArcGIS with several extensions with which we prepared the geometry of the riverbed and obtained the data about the flooding area. The application ESRI ArcGIS was used together with application HEC-RAS.

Voda je zelo pomembna, če ne kar najpomembnejša naravna dobrina, saj si življenja brez vode ne moremo predstavljati. Varčevanje z njo že dolgo ne pomeni več samo zapiranje pipe, medtem ko si umivamo zobe. Pomembnost te dobrine nas vedno bolj sili k iskanju novih rešitev pridobivanja, varčevanja, izkoriščanja in ponovne uporabe. Še posebej pomembna je na območjih, kjer ni vodovoda in kanalizacije in je potrebno oskrbo z vodo zagotoviti na drugačen način. Težave s pridobivanjem in oskrbo se tako največkrat pojavijo na odročnih krajih, otokih, gorskih postojankah. Na hrvaškem otoku Silba je varčevanje z vodo prisotno že od zmeraj. Večina prebivalcev ima vzpostavljen sistem za zbiranje deževnice, kar pa velikokrat ne predstavlja zadostne količine vode za oskrbo čez celo leto. Za dotično počitniško hišo smo poskušali najti najbolj optimalno rešitev oskrbe z vodo. Po našem mnenju je najbolj celovita rešitev, ki bi pozitivno pripomogla tudi k ohranjanju narave, postavitev rastlinske čistilne naprave. Za hišo je dovolj prostora za postavitev, stroški vzdrževanja so nizki, prečiščeno odpadno vodo pa bi nato lahko ponovno uporabili za splakovanje straniščne školjke in za zalivanje vrta. Water is a very important, if not the most important natural resource. We cannot imagine life without it, still we are at the point where we have to find new solutions for saving, exploitation and reuse of water. Closing the tap while brushing our teeth simply just isn't good enough any more. Water conservation is a big challenge and is especially important in areas where water supply and sewage systems are not installed so the water has to be provided in an alternative way. Therefore problems with water supply often occur in remote areas, islands, mountain huts. On the Croatian island Silba saving water is something very common. Most houses have a system for collecting rainwater, but that is often not enough, since the water usage well exceeds the size of simple water tanks. We set out to find the optimal solution for improving water conservation and reuse in a summer house. It is our opinion that the most comprehensive solution which would also make a positive impact on nature would be to build a constructed wetland. In vicinity of the house there is enough space for the installation, furthermore maintenance costs are low and treated wastewater could be reused for flushing the toilet and watering the garden.

Razsoljevanje slane morske vode je v svetu postala ena glavnih metod za pridobivanje sladke vode. Zanj so se odločale predvsem države, ki nimajo bogatih tradicionalnih virov celinske vode (denimo države Bližnjega vzhoda), vse več pa se zanj odločajo tudi druge države, predvsem zaradi dodatnih potreb po sladki vodi, nižji ceni razsoljevanja in napredujočih tehnologij. V diplomski nalogi so obravnavane različne tehnologije, njihove prednosti ter slabosti, vplivi na okolje in opisana je študija postavitev obrata za zagotavljanje vode obmorskemu mestu, in sicer z razsoljevanjem morske vode. Študija vsebuje izbiro velikosti naprave glede na potrebe mesta in oceno stroškov takšne naprave (investicija, obratovanje, vzdrževanje). V zaključku so predstavljeni rezultati izračunov in podan je komentar, o realnosti izračunov. Desalination has become one of the main methods for producing drinking water, especially in the countries without safe drinking water sources (for example the Midwest countries). However, there is an increasing demand for such a water source also in other countries due to increasing demand for drinking water, lower cost of desalination and advances in technology. This thesis describes different technologies, their strengths and weaknesses, environmental impact and presents a study of a desalination device set-up to supply a nearby city. The study contains a selection of the size of the device depending on the needs of the city and estimates the cost of such a device (investment, operation, maintenance). In conclusion, calculation results are given with comment on calculation results obtained.

Zaradi večanja svetovne populacije in razvoja se potrebe po pitni vodi povečujejo. Ker so viri sladke vode omejeni ali že močno izkoriščeni, je po nekod potrebno zagotoviti pitno vodo iz drugih virov. Razsoljevanje nudi dobro alternativo klasičnim virom pitne vode, vendar ima vsaka tehnologija svoje vplive na okolje. Največjo obremenitev za okolje pogosto predstavlja odpadna slanica, saj vsebuje visoke koncentracije soli, v kateri so sledi drugih kemikalij, ki se uporabljajo pri razsoljevanju. V diplomskem delu so povzete raziskave o vplivih na okolje, ki so jih tuji raziskovalci izvedli na napravah, ki obratujejo že več let. Predstavljene so glavne kemične spojine, prisotne v odpadni slanici, in njihov vpliv na okolje. V drugi polovici naloge so prikazani načini izračuna razredčenja slanice v morju. Na podlagi analize podatkov iz oceanografske boje Vida sem za izračun začetnega razredčenja v različnih pogojih za teoretični izpust slanice v tržaškem zalivu uporabil statični mode. Izračuni so izdelani za tri možne iztoke iz manjše razsoljevalne naprave v različne okoljske pogoje in za različne dimenzije šobe. Population growth demands constant increase in drinkable water production. Many developing countries have a shortage of fresh water so they have to tap into alternative water sources. Desalination technologies provide the possibility to produce fresh water from sea or brackish water. Every technological process has its by-products the major one in desalination is the rejected brine. This thesis presents some research made on the influence of brine discharge on the marine environments and the brine chemical characteristics from the desalination plants in the Mediterranean region. The second half of the thesis is dedicated to brine discharge modelling and calculation of near zone dilution. Analysing data received from the oceanographic buoy Vida, the near zone dilution for a small desalination plant in the gulf of Trieste is being calculated. Calculations are made for three different output flows with different output diffusers with the average and critical temperatures and salt concentration of the sea environment.

Kamniška Bistrica je 33 km dolga reka, ki izvira pod Kamniško-Savinjskimi Alpami, teče proti jugu mimo Kamnika in Domžal, ter se v reko Savo izliva tik nad sotočjem Save z Ljubljanico. Njen hudourniški značaj je botroval rednim poplavam, zato se je pojavila težnja po njeni regulaciji ter izkoriščanju vodne moči. Z gradnjo pragov in jezov za umiritev toka, stabilizacijo struge in zavarovanjem pred erozijo ter utrjenimi brežinami in visokovodnimi nasipi za varstvo pred poplavami, se je rečni sistem prekinil tako vzdolžno kot prečno. Posledice sprememb so utrpele vse obvodne in vodne živalske vrste, predvsem ribe. Najhujše so bile prizadete tiste vrste, ki se morajo vzdolž reke seliti na daljše razdalje. Mnogo vrst se ni prilagodilo spremembam vodnega okolja in so iz reke izginile. Številne prečne vodne zgradbe prekinjajo vzdolžno povezanost Kamniške Bistrice in ribam onemogočajo selitve, tako bistvene za njihov obstoj – to velja predvsem za potamodromne vrste rib (selitve znotraj celinskih voda) in diadromne vrste rib (selitve med morji in oceani ter celinskimi vodami), ki so skoraj popolnoma izumrle. V diplomski nalogi se spoznavamo z lastnostmi porečja Kamniške Bistrice in njenimi posebnostmi ter ocenjujemo vpliv številnih prečnih vodnih zgradb, kot tudi ostale dejavnike, ki vplivajo na ribje združbe v Kamniški Bistrici. Poglavitni cilj je določitev tistih prečnih vodnih zgradb, na katerih bi z izboljšano prehodnostjo rib in ostalih vodnih organizmov v največji meri prispevali k izboljšanju vzdolžne povezanosti Kamniške Bistrice. The Kamniška Bistrica river is 33 km long, it originates below the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, runs southward past Kamnik and Domžale, and flows in the Sava river just above the confluence of the rivers Sava and Ljubljanica. Its torrential character has resulted in regular flooding, so there has been always a tendency for its regulation and exploitation of water power. With the construction of barriers and dams for the purposes of slowing down the current, stabilization of the stream channel, insurance against erosion and fortified banks and embankments for flood protection, the river system was interrupted both longitudinally and laterally. All riparian and aquatic species, especially fish, have been exposed to the effects of these changes. The worst damage was made to the types of fish, which migrates over longer distances. Many species couldn’t adapt to the changes in the aquatic environment, and had disappeared from the river. Numerous transverse water structures are interrupting the longitudinal connectivity of the Kamniška Bistrica river and doesn’t allow fish migrations, so essential for their existence – particularly for potamodromous fish (migrations within inland waters) and diadromous fish (migrations between oceans / seas and inland waters) which are almost extinct. In this thesis we are getting to know the characteristics of the Kamniška Bistrica River Basin and its features, and assess the impact of numerous transverse water structures, as well as other factors that affect fish communities of Kamniška Bistrica. Our main objective is to identify those water structures, of which improvements on free passage for fish and other aquatic organisms would contribute most largely to the improvement of longitudinal connectivity of the Kamniška Bistrica river.

Varovanje okolja je dandanes vpeto v skoraj vse sfere našega življenja ravno zaradi zavedanja krhkosti narave in zdravja ljudi. Zato države sprejemajo vedno strožjo okoljevarstveno politiko, ki nalaga odgovornejše ravnanje z odpadki in katere cilj je preprečevanje nastanka odpadkov, njihova ponovna uporaba, recikliranje in predelava odpadkov, vse z namenom zmanjšati količino na odlagališčih in zmanjšati uporabo naravnih virov ter negativnih vplivov na okolje. Podjetje X sodi v panogo, katerega obseg onesnaževanja okolja je lahko večjih dimenzij. Zato se v podjetju X trudijo zadostiti zahtevam zakonodaje in vodijo aktivno okoljsko politiko s številnimi uspešnimi aktivnostmi za varovanje okolja. Pri ravnanju z odpadki velja hierarhija ravnanja z njimi v skladu z evropsko zakonodajo, in sicer: preprečevanje, priprava za ponovno uporabo, recikliranje, drugi postopki predelave in odstranjevanje odpadkov. Ravnanje z odpadki v podjetju X zajema vse postopke rokovanja od povzročitelja, preko zbiralca do predelave ali odstranitve odpadka, vse postopke nadzora, dokumentiranja in poročanja. Tehnični, organizacijski in drugi ukrepi za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje nastajanja odpadkov in njihovih škodljivih vplivov na okolje in zdravje ljudi so predpisani s sistemskimi splošnimi postopki internih pravilnikov o ravnanju z odpadki. V diplomski nalogi predstavljam vrste odpadkov, ki nastajajo pri delovanju podjetja X, in trenutno rokovanje z njimi, podajam pregled porabe energentov, izpuste emisij v zrak in v vodo, rast količine odpadkov v obdobju od leta 2010 do 2015 ter končno oceno vpliva na okolje in ukrepov za zmanjšanje emisij in odpadkov. V raziskavi se je izpostavilo, da se podjetje sooča s težavami pri rokovanju z naslednjimi vrstami odpadkov: lesenimi paletami, plastičnimi sodi iz proizvodnje, nehalogeniranimi topili in odpadnimi blistri. Trenutno rokovanje z njimi je dokaj uspešno, vendar podjetje stremi k novim, optimalnejšim rešitvam, ki bodo prinesli zadovoljivejše rezultate tako za podjetje kot okolje. Environmental protection is nowadays embedded in almost all spheres of our life, precisely because of the awareness fragility of nature and human health. Therefore, countries are adopting ever stricter environmental policy, which imposes more responsible waste management, which aim is to prevent waste and its reuse, recycling and recovery of waste, with the aim to reduce the amount on landfills and reduce the use of natural resources and the negative impacts on the environment. Company X belongs to a branch, which extent of environmental pollution can be of larger dimensions. Therefore, the Company X is trying to meet the requirements of legislation and lead an active environmental policy with number of successful operations to protect the environment. The waste management hierarchy involves, according to legislation, following the prevention, preparing for re-use, recycling, other recovery operations and waste disposal. Waste management in the company X includes all the procedures of agent handling, via the collector to the recovery or disposal of waste, all the control procedures, documentation and reporting. Technical, organizational and other measures for the waste prevention and reduction and its harmful effects on the environment and human health are regulated by systemic standard procedures of internal rules on waste management. This thesis presents the types of waste generated by the Company X, currently waste management, an overview of energy consumption, atmospheric release of emissions into the air and water, waste growth in the period from 2010 to 2015 and the final evaluation of the environmental impact and emissions and waste reduce precautions. The study has pointed out that the company faces difficulties in dealing with the following types of waste: wooden pallets, plastic barrels, production of halogenated solvents and waste blisters. Currently, the handling is quite successful, but the company strives for new, optimal solutions that would deliver more satisfying results for both the company and the environment.

V diplomskem delu so predstavljene idejne zasnove odvajanja in čiščenja odpadnih voda za posamezna naselja v Občini Sevnica, ki so še brez slednjih rešitev. V uvodnem delu je predstavljena zakonodaja na področju odvajanja in čiščenja odpadnih voda ter izhodišča za zasnovo kanalizacijskega sistema. Sledi analiza obstoječega stanja v občini s pregledom po posameznih naseljih. Osrednji del naloge predstavljajo variantne rešitve dimenzioniranih kanalizacijskih sistemov po posameznih naseljih oz. združitev le-teh v skupni kanalizacijski sistem. Analiziral sem sledeče variante: VARIANTA 1: kanalizacijski sistem s skupno malo čistilno napravo VARIANTA 2: kanalizacijski sistem s posameznimi- individualnimi malimi čistilnimi napravami. V zadnjem delu je predstavljena stroškovna ocena variant in primerjava za izbrane aglomeracije. This thesis presents outline plans of drainage and treatment waste water for individual settlements which are still without those solution in municipality Sevnica. In the introductory part it is presented legislation on the drainage and treatment of waste water and the starting point for the design of the sewage system. Followed by an analysis of the existing situation in the municipality of verification by individual towns. The central part represent variant solutions sized sewage systems in individual settlements or. merge them into the common sewer system. I analyzed the following variants: VARIANT 1: sewage system with common small wastwater treatment plant (further WWTP) VARIANT 2: sewage system with individualsmall WWTP. The final section presents the cost estimate and comparison of variants for each agglomeration.

V nalogi so analizirani energetski prihranki v petih domovih za starejše občane v Sloveniji, ki so bili sanirani v letih 2012 in 2013. Ti so bili na razpisu za celovito energetsko obnovo izbrani na podlagi točkovanja ukrepov iz razširjenega energetskega pregleda, ki jih je za Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve v letu 2009 pripravilo podjetjeGGenera- Proplus. Za analizo izbrani domovi imajo enostavnejšo arhitekturno zasnovo in so bili pripravljeni posredovati podatke o porabi energije za študijske namene. Naloga omogoča podrobnejši vpogled v postopek izdelave in vsebinski obseg razširjenega energetskega pregleda, s poudarkom na uporabljenih metodah za izračun gradbene fizike in avtorski analizi porabe pred sanacijo in po njej. Prihranki za analizo so bili delno povzeti iz EP (s poenostavljeno IJS metodo izračunan učinek ukrepov), kot tudi poustvarjeni s programskim orodjem NovoCAD, ki sicer velja danes zaradi ohlapnejših kriterijev in metode izračuna za zastarelo. Merilo uspešnosti je seveda čim boljše ujemanje izračunanih prihrankov z dejanskimi. V ta namen sem naredil dva dodatna kontrolna izračuna gradbene fizike z bolj aktualnim programom KI Energija in rezultate primerjal z merjenimi prihranki in s primerjalnim izračunom dokazal, da je z vidika natančnosti izračunov boljša izbira. V zaključku analize je izračunana stopnja uspešnosti napovedanih prihrankov z metodo HI-kvadrat in T-testom. Ujemanje vseh štirih načinov izračuna se je statistično pokazalo zadovoljivo (celo do 91,4 %) kontrolni izračuni žal niso izkazovali ujemanja kontrolnih izračunov z dejanskimi prihranki. Navkljub skladnim kontrolnim rezultatom, izračunanih s programom KI Energija, ti zaradi premajhnega vzorca statistično niso izkazovali ujemanja. In this thesis, we analysed energy savings in five retirement homes in Slovenia which were renovated in 2012 and 2013. These took part in public tender for a complete energy renovation and were selected on the basis of point-system for measures from an extended residential energy consumption survey (RECS). The basis for comparison are the calculations for the estimated consumption in RECS, which were prepared through joint venture withgGenera-Proplussby the Ministry for labour, family and social affairs in 2009. Retirement homes chosen for the analysis have a simpler architectual plan and were willing to share the data on consumption of energy for study purposes. The thesis enables more detailed insight in the procedure composition and the content scope of extended RECS, with emphasis on the used methods for calculating building physics and authorial analysis brefore and after renovation. Savings for analysis were calculated wit a simplified method as well as with NovoCAD program tool, which is today considered outdated because of loose criteria and methods of calculation. The mesaure of success is valid agreement of calculated savings with actual savings. For this purpose, we made a control calculation of building physics with a newer program KI Energija and the results were compared with measured savings. With reproduced calculations we proved that the program is a better choice from viewpoint of accuracy. In the end of the analysis we calculated the level of success of the estimation of savings with Chi-squared test and T-test. All used methods proved to be statistically in agreement (even up to 91,4 %) the actual control calculations unfotunately did not show agreement of calculations with actual savings. We reached better agreement of calculated savings in control calculations with program KI Energija – statistically this one did not show agreement because the sample was too small.

Ladja potrebuje balastno vodo za zagotovitev ustrezne stabilnosti in obremenitev ladijskega trupa pri tovornih operacijah in za varno plovbo, kadar ta ni polno naložena s tovorom. Balastna voda vsebuje usedline, organizme ter povzročitelje bolezni, ki se prenašajo z balastno vodo iz ene geografske lokacije na drugo. Ladje so tako eden glavnih prenašalcev vodnih organizmov in povzročiteljev bolezni po svetu. Pravilo D-2 mednarodne Konvencije za nadzor in ravnanje z ladijsko balastno vodo in usedlinami zahteva, da ladje izpustijo z balastno vodo manj kot predpisano število za preživetje sposobnih organizmov na določen volumen balastne vode, in sicer zaradi preprečevanja prenosa, širjenja ter vnosa škodljivih vodnih organizmov in povzročiteljev bolezni po svetu. Konvencija tudi predpisuje inšpekcijski pregled ladje za ugotavljanje skladnosti z zahtevami Konvencije. Pomorska inšpekcija vzorči balastne vode na ladji in izvaja hitre indikativne analize vzorcev balastne vode z indikativnimi inštrumenti ali opravi podrobno testiranje. Opisali smo možne metode reprezentativnega vzorčenja ladijske balastne vode in indikativne analize vzorcev z razpoložljivimi inštrumenti za nadzor skladnosti s Konvencijo. Namen naloge je bil oceniti uporabnost izbranega inštrumenta Walz Water PAM za indikativno analizo balastnih vod. Ocene inštrumenta Walz Water PAM smo primerjali z rezultati podrobne analize vzorca v laboratoriju in zaključili, da gre za instrument primeren za indikativne analize pri nadzoru skladnosti balastne vode s Konvencijo. Vessels need ballast water to ensure their stability and manoeuvrability during their port and sailing operations when un-laden. Ballast water contains sediments, organisms and pathogens, which are transferred from one geographic location to another. Therefore, vessels are considered one of the primary pathways for the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens. The D-2 regulation of the Ballast Water Management Convention allows the ships to discharge less organisms than specified in the D-2 standard to prevent its spread, transfer and the introduction of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens around the globe. The Convention also requires inspections in order to verify vessels compliance with the requirements. Inspectors can take samples of the ballast water in order to perform a biological sample analysis test using indicative instruments, or to conduct a detailed test. We reviewed the possible methods of taking a representative sample of the ballast water for monitoring compliance with the Convention, and the indicative sample analysis tools. The key objective of this diploma was to evaluate the appropriateness of the selected tool Walz Water PAM for indicative analysis, which is used to identify living phytoplankton cells. The measurements of the instrument Walz Water PAM were compared with detailed analysis of samples in a laboratory. It was concluded that Walz Water PAM could be suitable for the indicative analysis of the vessels ballast water.

Na obravnavanem območju, ki obsega območje Slovenske Istre, Krasa in Brkinov z dolino reke Reke, se upravljavci vodovodnih sistemov srečujejo s težavo zagotavljanja zadostnih količin pitne vode. V Slovenski Istri je primanjkuje predvsem zaradi dejavnosti turizma, ki pa spada v gospodarski sektor. Pitna voda za prebivalstvo ima prednost pred drugimi rabami, vendar je prebivalstvo v regiji finančno odvisno od turizma, zato je tudi za prebivalce pomembno zagotavljanje količin vode sektorju turizma. Poleg omenjenega se regije srečujejo s pomanjkanjem rezervnih vodnih virov. Ker je bilo opravljenih že veliko študij v zvezi z razpoložljivostjo vodnih količin v Obalno – Kraški regiji, sem sama izbrala pogled na težavo iz drugega zornega kota. Vodooskrbne sisteme sem obravnavala z vidika razmejevanja obveznosti med lokalno skupnostjo in Republiko Slovenijo pri izvajanju nalog v zvezi z oskrbo s pitno vodo. Pred izdelavo variantne analize sem pregledala značilnosti oskrbe s pitno vodo v Sloveniji, teoretične podlage za oskrbo s pitno vodo, rabo vode v Sloveniji ter na obravnavanem območju, zakonske okvirje za oskrbo s pitno vodo, geografske značilnosti območja, obremenjenost voda ter podatke o porabi vode in vodni bilanci vseh treh vodovodnih sistemov. S pomočjo variantne in SWOT analize sem prišla do spoznanja, da je najbolj ugodna situacija delitve nalog pri oskrbi s pitno vodo tista, pri kateri imamo na območju koncesionarja, kateri opravlja vse obveznosti v zvezi z vodooskrbo. In the presented academic work I study the allocation of obligations between the Republic of Slovenia and the local communities for drinking water supply in the regions of Slovenska Istra, Kras and Brkini with Reka valley. Rižanski vodovod Koper, Kraški vodovod Sežana and Komunala Ilirska Bistrica are public companies that provide the water supply in the area of study. Their main water sources are Rižana, Brestovica and Bistrica. The regions are dealing with the problem of lack in water quantities, especially in the summer months. Because Rižanski vodovod Koper has to buy the missing quantities of water from the neighboring water sistems, it faces the most critial problems with water supply. A problem of the sudied water sistems is also the provision of spare water sources, that represent one of the basis for quality water supplies. Many different studies were made, with the intent of sloving the water problems, but none of them were realised. This time, I decided to look at the problem from a different point of view, a way that allocates obligations between the local community and the Republic of Slovenia. Based on the results of SWOT and GIS analysis, I can claim that the best option for future water supply would be option C. In this case is the water supply manegement entirely under the responsibility of the Republic of Slovenia.

V diplomski nalogi so v prvem delu zbrane informacije, pravilniki, predpisi in navodila, ki so potrebni za dimenzioniranje meteorne kanalizacije. V nadaljevanju se podrobneje usmerim na Luko Koper, na obstoječe stanje meteorne kanalizacije, ga analiziram in podam možno rešitev za izboljšanje funkcionalnosti in varnosti odvodnikov, v katere se iztekajo zbrane padavinske vode. Meteorno odvodnjo sem ločila na čisto meteorno kanalizacijo, ki vodo s streh odvaja neposredno v odvodnik in na odpadno meteorno kanalizacijo, ki pokriva večja povozna območja in manipulativne površine. Potencialno onesnažena voda je speljana preko razbremenilnikov v usedalnik z lovilcem olj, ki omogoča tudi zadrževanje onesnažene tekočine v primeru ekstremnega dogodka, kot je nesreča vlačilca s cisterno. Določena so prispevna območja in potek cevovodov. Glede na teren in lokacijo cevi so določene kote iztokov podsistemov. Pri odpadni meteorni vodi so izrisani vzdolžni profili najdaljših vej. Dimenzionirani so zadrževalni bazeni, ki imajo tudi funkcijo lovilcev olj. V zaključku so podane ugotovitve oz. predlagani ukrepi za izboljšanje zaščite odvodnikov in Luke Koper. The first part of the thesis contains information, policies, regulations and instructions, needed for the dimensioning of precipitation drainage. Following that I focus specifically on Port of Koper, the current state of its drainage systems, the analysis of it and I suggest a possible solution to improve the functionality and safety of the drains into which the gathered rainwater flows. I divided the precipitation drainage into clean drainage systems, which channel the water from roofs directly into the sea or channel, and waste drainage systems, which cover larger paved surfaces and handling areas. Potentially polluted water is routed through overflow structures into retention basins equipped with oil separators, which also allow for the retention of polluted liquids in the case of an extreme occurrence, like an accident involving an oil truck. The catchment areas and the course of the pipelines are defined. The heights of the outflows of the subsystems are defined according to the terrain and location of the pipes. In the case of precipitation drainage the longitudinal profiles of the longest branches are plotted. Retention basins which also function as oil catchers are dimensioned. In the conclusion I give my findings or rather suggest measures to improve the safety of drains in Port of Koper.

Reke so v preteklosti s korenitimi posegi v vodni in obvodni prostor izgubljale samočistilno in zadrževalno funkcijo, zmanjšala se je biotska pestrost in število habitatov, spremenile so se morfološke in hidrološke značilnosti vodotoka. Šestintrideset kilometrov dolga reka Mislinja, ki izvira pod Roglo, teče skozi Mislinjo in Slovenj Gradec ter se pri Dravogradu izlije v reko Mežo, pri tem ni bila izjema. V nalogi je obravnavana hidravlična analiza odseka Mislinje med naseljema Dovže in Slovenj Gradcem. Predlagani so sonaravni ukrepi, ki bi izboljšali stanje vodotoka in povezanost ljudi z reko. Pri tem so bile upoštevane tako hidravlične, kot ekološke zahteve. Za pripravo topografskih podatkov, je bilo uporabljeno programsko orodje ArcGIS ter njegova razširitev HEC-GeoRAS za vnos podatkov o vodotoku (potek rečnega kanala, rečnih linij, bregov ter prečnih profilov). V programu HEC-RAS je bila s pripravljenim hidravličnim modelom opravljena hidravlična analiza za obstoječe in novo stanje za različne pretoke. Rivers have been losing its self-cleaning and holding function in the past, because of radical interventions to water and waterside areas, biotic diversity and the number of habitats decreased and morphological and hydrological characteristics of watercourses have also changed. Thirty-six kilometers long river Mislinja that springs under Rogla runs through Mislinja and Slovenj Gradec and flows into river Meža at Dravograd is no exception. In the thesis is presented the hydraulic analysis of Mislinja section between settlement Dovže and Slovenj Gradec and natural measures that would improve waterside condition and connection of people with the river are proposed. Hydraulic and ecological needs were taken into consideration. For topographical data preparation ArcGIS was used and its expansion HEC-GeoRAS for watercourse data entry (river canal, river lines, riverbanks and cross profile course). Hydraulic analysis for existing and new condition of different currents was made with program HEC-RAS and a prepared hydraulic model.

V svoji diplomski nalogi sem predstavila in opisala idejo o rastlinski čistilni napravi, ki bo predstavljala podlago za izgradnjo rastlinske čistilne naprave na ekološki kmetiji Kapl. Glede na dane pogoje ter želje in ideje bodočih upravljavcev, smo izdelali načrt izgradnje rastlinske čistilne naprave na zelo strmem pobočju za dve populacijski enoti. Celoten sistem bo sestavljen iz treh usedalnikov in treh rastlinskih gred z osmimi različnimi vrstami močvirskih rastlin. Ker sem ocenila hibridni sistem kot najbolj ustrezen tip čiščenja odpadnih voda, bosta prva in tretja greda imeli vertikalni tok, druga pa horizontalnega. V vseh treh gredah bo potekal podpovršinski tok, da se izognemo razvoju mrčesa in neprijetnih vonjav. Osem rastlinskih vrst bo razporejenih v tri rastlinske grede glede na njihove lastnosti čiščenja odpadnih voda in glede na čas cvetenja. Diplomska naloga je lahko kot uporaben pripomoček za idejo o izgradnji rastlinskih čistilnih naprav ob individualnih stanovanjskih objektih na podobnih lokacijah. In my thesis I have presented and described an idea about constructed wetland, which will present the basis for building of constructed wetland on the ecological farm Kapl. According to the given conditions, wishes and ideas of future managers we have made a plan of building constructed wetland on a very steep hillside for two population equivalents. The whole system will consist of three settling tanks and three plant beds with eight different plant species of marsh plants. Because I have evaluated the hybrid system as the most suitable type of cleaning the wastewater, the first and the third bed will have a vertical flow and the second bed will have a horizontal flow. In all of the three beds the flow will be held subsurface, so we avoid the development of insects and unpleasant smells. Eight plant species will be allocated to three of plant beds based on their cleaning properties of the wastewater and based on time of flowering. The thesis can be as an useful tool for idea of building constructed wetlands at individual residential buildings in similar locations.

V Sloveniji predstavlja hidroenergija pomemben delež pri zagotavljanju oskrbe z električno energijo pridobljeno iz obnovljivih virov (OVE). Večino te energije pridobimo v hidroelektrarnah na večjih slovenskih vodotokih, del proizvodnje pa odpade na manjše enote ali tako imenovane male hidroelektrarne (mHE). Možnosti za pridobivanje električne energije iz malih hidroelektrarn je na naših vodotokih veliko. Eden takih vodotokov z velikim hidroenergetskim potencialom je tudi reka Kokra. V diplomski nalogi je bila obravnavana možnost idroenergetske rabe na izbranem odseku reke Kokre.S programskim orodjem SMART Mini – Idro je bila opravljena analiza proizvodnje električne energije. Pri tem sta obravnavani dve izvedbeni možnosti mHE glede na dolžino odvzema in s tem pogojeno razpoložljivo količino vode. Prva izvedbena možnost obravnava energetsko rabo celotnega odseka z eno mHE z dolgim odvzemom vode. V drugem primeru pa je bilo analizirano izkoriščanje odseka z več mHE s kratkim odvzemom vode. S pomočjo prostorskih podatkov in dolžino odvzema so bile določene lokacije posameznih mHE. Za vsako odvzemno mesto je bila glede na velikost prispevne površine in velikosti ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka izračunana razpoložljiva količina vode. Na koncu je opravljena primerjalna analiza proizvodnje električne energije obeh izvedbenih možnosti. Exploitation of hydropower energy in Slovenia represents a significant share in securing the power supply, produced from renewable energy sources (RES). Most of this energy is obtained by hydropower plants in the major Slovenian rivers, but part of production goes to smaller units, or so-called small hydropower plants (SHPs). Many river in Slovenia are appropriate for SHPs. One of these, with high hydropower potential, is Kokra. In the present work options of hydropower uses on the selected section of the river Kokra are described. SMART Mini-Idro program was used to analyze the production of electric energy. Two implementation options of SHPs are presented, considering the penstock, together with the available amount of water. First implementation option addresses the energy use of the entire section, using one SHP with long penstock.Use of multiple SHPs with short penstock is given in the second implementation option. Spatial data and considered penstock length were used to determine the locations of SHPs. Considering the size of the catchments and ecologically acceptable flow, available amount of water for each sampling site was calculated. A comparative analysis of both options is also given.

Cementno industrijo obravnava zakonodaja, v kateri so določeni razni ukrepi za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje onesnaženosti zraka ter varovanja zdravja ljudi zaradi emisij snovi v zrak, ki nastanejo med procesom proizvodnje cementa. V zakonodaji so določene tudi mejne vrednosti emisij pri sosežigu odpadkov oz. alternativnih goriv. Izrabljene gume se lahko, kot alternativno gorivo, sosežigajo oz. soprocesirajo v cementarnah, saj energijska vrednost nadomesti fosilna goriva, mineralni del pa naravne surovine. Ob zgorevanju izrabljenih gum pa nastajajo dimni plini, ki predstavljajo vir emisij snovi v zrak. Pri tem se pojavi vprašanje, ali uporaba izrabljenih gum vpliva na večje emisije in s tem predstavlja tudi večjo nevarnost za zdravje ljudi. V ta namen je opisan celoten proces proizvodnje cementa, podrobneje pa je povzet proces žganja klinkerja, ki zajema tudi zgorevanje izrabljenih gum v napravi HOTDISC. Prav tako je predstavljena sestava izrabljenih gum in energijska vrednost v primerjavi s fosilnimi gorivi, kot sta premog in petrolkoks. Podane so vrednosti posameznih emisij v določenem obdobju, ki so pridobljene s trajnimi in občasnimi meritvami ter rezultati nekaterih LCA-analiz izrabljenih gum. Glede na proces proizvodnje, mesto doziranja izrabljenih gum, pogoje v HOTDISC-u ter zbrane podatke, so podane različne primerjave in zaključki o vplivu soprocesiranja izrabljenih gum v cementarni na emisije snovi v zrak ter na zdravje ljudi. Cement industry is regulated by legislation in which various measures are specified for prevention and reduction of air pollution as well as protection of human health, due to atmospheric emissions, which occur during cement production. Legislation also holds emission limit values for co-incineration of wastes i.e. alternative fuels. Waste tires as an alternative fuel can be co-incinerated i.e. co-processed in cement plants, where the high calorific value of the rubber is used to substitute fossil fuels and the mineral part to substitute the raw materials. By combustion of waste tires flue gases occur, which leads to atmospheric emissions. The question is, if use of waste tires leads to higher emissions to air and with that higher risk to human health. Fort his purpose the entire cement production process is described as well as the clinker burning process, which covers the burning of waste tires in the HOTDISC combustion device. Furthermore, the composition of waste tires and calorific values are presented comparing to fossil fuels, such as coal and petcoke. Also values for emissions during a certain period are given, which were obtained with permanent and occasional measurements. Based on production process, feed point of waste tires, conditions in HOTDISC combustion device and gethered data, various examples and conclusions are given about the impact of co-processing waste tires in cement plant on the emissions to air and to human health.

Sladkor se v vsakdanjem življenju porablja v enormnih količinah kot ena glavnih surovin v prehrambni industriji in pri proizvodnji pijač. Proizvodni procesi pridobivanja sladkorja iz sladkorne pese pa poleg končnega produkta povzročajo mnoge vplive na okolje, med katerimi je onesnaženje z odpadnimi vodami najbolj oporečno. V diplomski nalogi obravnavam proces čiščenja odpadnih vod tovarne sladkorja na primeru industrijske čistilne naprave, pri čemer predstavljam proizvodne procese v proizvodnih obratih sladkorja in vplive le teh na okolje in s tem tudi vire nastaja odpadnih vod. Za celostni pristop k problematiki predstavljam okoljsko zakonodajo kot pravno osnovo načrtovanja čistilne naprave ter tehnološke procese čiščenja organsko močno obremenjenih odpadnih vod. Pri čiščenju odpadnih vod je poudarek na anaerobnem čiščenju, razpoložljivih tipih anaerobnih reaktorjev ter primernosti na konkretnem primeru industrijskega sektorja proizvodnje sladkorja iz sladkorne pese. Sugar as product in our every day’s life’s been consumed in enormous quantities as one of main resources in food and drink industry. Production processes of sugar from sugar beet bring significant environmental impacts with it’s waste waters as the biggest pollutant. The thesis deals with sugar production waste water’s treatment process by presenting an example of waste water treatment plant of sugar factory, therefor presenting the production processes in sugar factories and their environmental impacts to point waste water sources. For an comprehensive approach it is presented also the environmental legislation as legal base for treatment planning and examination of waste water with high organics treatment technologies, especially the anaerobic treatment and available anaerobic reactor technologies and their applications at sugar industry sector.

V diplomski nalogi so za naselja Stanežiče, Dvor in Medno predstavljene idejne projektne rešitve odvodnjavanja odpadnih voda. Za obravnavano območje, sem glede na predstavljene kriterije standardov, obstoječega stanja ter lastne presoje, predvidel ločen kanalizacijski sistem. Prikazane so variante z direktnimi priklopi na obstoječi zbirni kanal ter variante s skupno malo čistilno napravo, katere gradnja pa glede na bližino zbirnega kanala in oddaljenost ustreznega odvodnika ter razpoložljivo CČN Ljubljana ugotovljeno, ne bi bila smiselna. Za celotno območje sem predstavil štiri kanalizacijske sisteme za odpadne vode in tri za padavinske, skupne dolžine cca. 9,6 km. Sistemi so dimenzionirani na podlagi hidravličnega izračuna po retenzijski metodi, na predpisane polnitve cevi. Podrobneje so predstavljeni ključni parametri hidravličnega izračuna za odpadne in padavinske vode. Konfiguracija terena večinoma omogoča gravitacijsko odvodnjavanje, za del naselja v Stanežičah pa sem predvidel prečrpavanje. Črpališče je dimenzionirano tako, da omogoča predpisan čas zadrževanja ter glede na izbrani črpalki in predvidene dotoke lahko izvede ustrezno število dnevnih vklopov. Predstavljeni so materiali izbranih cevi in jaškov ter njihovo vgrajevanje. Za vseh sedem sistemov so narejeni stroškovno ovrednoteni popisi del ter natančnejše prikazana analiza investicije. Diplomsko delo vsebuje še priloge s celotnimi hidravlični izračuni, priloge s popisi del, priloge z grafičnimi detajli, kartami situacij in priloge z vzdolžnimi profili. This thesis presents conceptual project solutions of waste water drainage for the settlements of Stanežiče, Dvor and Medno. Considering the standards presented, current situation and discretion, a separate sewage system has been designed for the area. The thesis presents different options with direct connections to the existing collection sanitary sewer and options with a small common treatment plant. It was established that the option with the treatment plant would be impractical because of the proximity of the collection channel, the remoteness of an appropriate stack and an available Central Treatment Plant (CČN) Ljubljana. For the whole area, four different sewage systems for waste water and three systems for rainwater are presented their total length is approximately 9.6 km. The sewage systems are dimensioned to the required filling tubes on the basis of the hydraulic calculation according to the retention method. Key parameters of the hydraulic calculation for waste water and rainwater are presented in detail. The configuration of the terrain mostly allows gravitational drainage, but for one part of Stanežiče, pumping has been predicted. The pumping station is dimensioned to allow set resistance time and it can carry out an appropriate number of daily activation depending on the chosen pump and intended inflows. Furthermore, the materials of the presented pipes, manholes and their installation are presented. Costs inventory and detailed investment analysis have been made for all of the seven systems. The thesis contains different annexes: hydraulic calculations, task lists, graphic details, situation maps and longitudinal profiles.

Premeščanje plavin je kompleksen proces, ki bistveno vpliva na vodotoke in jezera ter posledično tudi na njihovo rabo. V diplomski nalogi sem raziskal, v kolikšni meri je potres leta 1998 dejansko vplival na količine premeščenih plavin reke Tolminke glede na ocene. Ker se je kasneje v zgornjem delu doline sprožil še en skalni podor, katerega gradivo znatno prispeva h količini premeščenih plavin, sem natančneje določil njegov doprinos. Na osnovi dveh vzorcev naplavin in dveh vzorcev podornega gradiva sem na podlagi zrnavosti in petrografske sestave ob upoštevanju hidrološke predelave najprej utemeljil možnost razlikovanja plavin glede na njihov izvor. Na geološki karti je namreč razvidna razlika med sestavo podora in drugimi erozijskimi žarišči, ki v večji meri prispevajo h količinam plavin. To dejstvo je bilo kasneje uporabno za ugotavljanje razlike v deležu plavin iz različnih izvorov na podlagi treh vzorcev deponiranih rečnih naplavin iz lovilnih jam v Tolminu, ki so jih izkopali v letu pred ter prvo leto in enajst let po podoru. Te naplavine odvzemajo za potrebe separacije, katere proizvod je certificiran agregat za betone in tampone. Pri tem sem, zaradi različne litologije glede na izvor plavin, na osnovi nihanja indeksa oblike zrn v obdobju od sprožitve podora do leta 2015 z uporabo ugotovitev študije o zrnavosti zemljin določil letni delež podora k skupni prodonosnosti. Del naloge govori tudi o sami separaciji, kjer se obenem izkaže, da imajo izvor plavin in njihove posledične lastnosti bistveno vlogo pri kakovosti agregata in rentabilnosti obrata, na kar vpliva tudi v nalogi opisan žledolom v letu 2014. For my diploma paper I have done research as to what extend the earthquake of 1998 really affected the amounts of transported sediments of the Tolminka River, as compared to estimated figures. Since later on, i.e. after the earthquake an additional rock fall occured in the upper part of the valley and, in light of the fact that its material has significantly contributed to the amount of the transported sediments, I have taken pains in order to precisely establish the extent of its contribution. Based upon two sediment samples, along with two samples of rock fall material I have, not only on the basis of granulometric and petrographic composition but also having taken into account the hydrologic processing, established the possibility to tell the sediments apart in accordance with their origin. The geological chart reveals the difference between the composition of the rock fall and other erosive sources which largely contribute to the amount of rainfall. The above said fact has later on been applied in order to establish the differences as regards the share of the sediments of various origins, based upon the three samples of deposited river sediments taken from the sediment traps at the town of Tolmin which had been excavated at three different points of time, i.e. a year before the rock fall, the year after the rock fall and eleven years after the rock fall. The sediments have been excavated in order to be used at a separation plant, the product of which is a certified aggregate for various concretes and tampons. I have, due to various types of lithology and with regard to the origin of sediments, established the annual share of rock fall in the total bed-load, in that I have, having applied the findings of the study on granulometric properties of ground samples, considered the oscillation of the index of the shape of grain during the time period from the occurence of the rock fall and up to 2015. Part of the diploma paper also deals with the separation plant itself and I have found that the origin of the sediments and their consecutive properties have also played an important role as regards the quality of aggregate as well as the profitability of the separation plant, both of which have also been affected by the sleet catastrophe of 2014.

V diplomski nalogi so s poenostavljenimi metodami preračunani parametri porušitvenih valov, za izbrane pregrade, za katere obstajajo računi porušitvenih valov s polnimi St.Venant-ovimi enačbami. Na kratko so najprej predstavljene metode in rezultati računov porušitvenih valov s polnimi St. Venantov-imi enačbami za izbrane pregrade, ki bodo služili za nadaljnjo primerjavo. V nadaljevanju je nato opisana poenostavljena metoda za računanje porušitvenih valov. Metoda vsebuje brezdimenzijske koeficiente in dva nomograma, s katerima določimo tri vrednosti. Te vrednosti so največji pretok na pregradi ter čas in razdalja, ko se pretok porušitvenega vala zmanjša na polovično vrednost glede na vrednost največjega pretoka na pregradi ob porušitvi. Pred izračunom so opisane metode in problematika določevanja vhodnih podatkov, ki so potrebni za izračun. V osrednjem delu diplomske naloge so izvedeni izračuni parametrov porušitvenih valov. Rezultate, dobljene s poenostavljenimi metodami, smo primerjali z rezultati, dobljenimi s polnimi St.Venant-ovimi enačbami. Na osnovi opravljene analize odstopanj med obema metodama smo ocenili točnost poenostavljenih metod in njihovo uporabnost za račun porušitvenih valov v hidrotehnični praksi. The thesis uses the simplified methods for calculating the dam-break wave parameters for selected dams, for which the dam-break wave calculations with the full Saint-Venant equations also exist. First, the methods and the results of the dam-break wave calculations with the full Saint-Venant equations for selected dams are briefly presented. They will serve as a basis for further comparison. Then, the simplified method for calculating the dam-break waves is presented. This method contains dimensionless coefficients and two nomograms for determining three values. These values are the maximum flow at the dam, the time, and the distance, when the flow of the dam-break wave is reduced to half the value by reference to the value of the maximum flow at the dam at the time of the dam break. The methods and the problem of determining the input data needed for the calculation are described, followed by the calculation itself. The calculations of the dam-break wave parameters can be found in the main part of the thesis. The results derived from the simplified methods were compared to the results derived from the full Saint-Venant equations. The analysis of the deviations between the methods served as a basis for evaluating the accuracy of the simplified methods and their usefulness in the dam-break wave calculation in the hydraulic engineering practice.

Predmet naloge so idejne rešitve odvajanja in čiščenja odpadnih voda v vaseh Božakovo, Želebej in Rakovec, ki ležijo v občini Metlika. Vasi se nahajajo v neposredni bližini kopalne reke Kolpe in varstvenih območij Nature 2000, kar je dodatni razlog za reševanje problematike odpadne vode. V izhodiščnem poglavju so predstavljeni pravni predpisi, ki veljajo na področju čiščenja in odvajanja odpadnih voda. V prvem delu so opisane naravne in demografske značilnosti obravnavanega območja, s poudarkom na podrobnejšem opisu vasi. V nadaljevanju poglavja so navedene splošne lastnosti kanalizacijskih sistemov. V drugem praktičnem delu naloge sta analizirani dve možni rešitvi odvajanja in čiščenja odpadne vode obravnavanih naselji. V zasnovi I je za vsako vas predvidena individualna čistilna naprava. V zasnovi II pa sta vasi Božakovo in Želebej povezani na skupno čistilno napravo. Predstavljeni so postopki načrtovanja, dimenzioniranja in izvedbe posamezne zasnove. V zadnjem delu so izračunani stroški izgradnje, obratovanja in vzdrževanja ter s stroškovno analizo izvedena medsebojna primerjava zasnove I in zasnove II. The subject of this thesis are conceptual solutins for drainage and treatment of wastewater in the villages Božakovo, Želebej and Rakovec situated in the Municipality of Metlika. The villages are located in the immediate vicinity of the bathing river Kolpa and protected areas Natura 2000, which is an additional reason to address the problem of wastewater. The preliminary chapter covers legislation applicable to the drainage and treatment of wastewater. The first part describes the natural and demographic characteristics of the area, depicting the villages in question. In the following section general caracteristics of sewage systems are presented. The second, practical part of the thesis, shows design I, which considers an individual WWTP for each village. In design II villages Božakovo and Želebej are connected ta a common WWTP. The methods of planning, dimensioning and realization are presented for individual designs. The last part focuses on the calculated costs of construction, operation and maintenance and gives the financial comparison of the two solutions.

V diplomski nalogi je opravljen pregled obstoječih tehnoloških procesov čiščenja izcednih vod iz deponij. Poudarek je na najboljših razpoložljivih tehnologijah, ki so najpogosteje uporabljene v slovenskem prostoru. Opravljen je pregled treh tematskih skupin odlagališč, ki razpolagajo s podatki o obratovalnem monitoringu za izcedne vode iz odlagališč v vsaj petletnem časovnem intervalu. Skupine so razdeljene v odlagališča, ki so zaprta, odlagališča v postopku zapiranja in odlagališča, ki so v obratovanju. Glede na podatke monitoringa so podane ugotovitve in predlogi o obstoječi praksi ravnanja z izcednimi vodami. Kot študijski primer dobre prakse je natančneje obravnavana deponija CERO Špaja dolina, ki si prizadeva, da bi na področju ravnanja z izcednimi vodami naredila zamenjavo tehnološkega procesa, ki bi bil ekonomsko bolj ustrezen od trenutne ureditve. V tem okviru je narejena ekonomska primerjava razpoložljivih možnosti. This thesis is an overview of available technological processes for landfill leachate treatment. The emphasis is on the best available technologies, which are most commonly used in the Slovenian area. Landfills are divided into three groups based on their operational status. Operational landfills, landfills currently in closing process and closed landfills, which had monitored data of landfill leachate for at least 5 year long period were chosen. According to the obtained data, conclusions and proposals on existing landfill leachate treatment management were given. As a case study of good management practice, CERO Špaja dolina is discussed. They are trying to change their existing leachate treatment process with economically more appropriate one. For this purpose an economic comparison of the available options was made.

Obnovljivi viri energije zagotavljajo čistejšo in okolju prijaznejšo energijo. Potencial za izkoriščanje OVE je v Sloveniji velik in premalo izkoriščen. Male hidroelektrarne so pomemben del v OVE in njihov razvojni potencial je še vedno velik. Program HYPSE je bil razvit za izvajanje večkriterijskih metod odločanja pri umeščanju hidroelektrarn v prostor. Prednost računalniške podpore v procesu odločanja je v povečanem številu obdelanih informacij in zmanjšanem številu pristranskih odločitev. Prvi del diplomskega dela je teoretični uvod, ki na splošno povzema električno energijo, energetsko politiko, obnovljive vire energije in probleme ter rešitve, ki se ob tem pojavljajo. Podan je splošen opis malih hidroelektrarn in vpliv zajezitev ter odvzemov voda na vodne ekosisteme. V drugem delu je s podatki, ki so nam bili na voljo, v programu HYPSE narejena primerjava šestih izbranih malih hidroelektrarn. Z enakovrednim postavljenim ekonomskim in okoljskim kriterijem, je glede na letno količino proizvedene energije, izbrana mala hidroelektrarna, ki ima najmanjši negativni vpliv na okolje. Renewable energy sources ensure cleaner and more environmentally friendly energy. The potential to use the renewable energy in Slovenia is high and underexploited. Small hydropower plants are an important part of renewable energy and their developmental potential is still high. HYPSE programme has been developed to carry out multi-criteria decision-making methods in the siting of hydropower plants in an area. The advantage of computer support in the decision-making process is the increased number of processed information and the reduced number of biased decisions. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical introduction, which generally summarizes electricity, energy policy, renewable energy sources as well as emerging problems and solutions. It gives a general description of small hydropower plants and the impact of damming and water abstraction on aquatic ecosystems. The second part uses the HYPSE programme and the available data to make a comparison of six selected small hydropower plants. With an equivalently placed economic and environmental criteria and according to the annual amount of energy produced, a small hydropower plant is selected which has the minimum impact on the environment.

Učinkovita distribucija vode je ena izmed osnov za normalno življenje v sodobni družbi. Le kadar so vodovodni sistemi ustrezno zgrajeni, vzdrževani in pravilno upravljani, omogočajo učinkovito oskrbo z vodo. Vodovodni sistemi so zgrajeni iz številnih medseboj povezanih gradnikov, ki morajo delovati usklajeno. Ker so vodovodni sistemi zelo kompleksni, je določitev tlakov in pretokov težavno. V današnjih časih upravljalci vodovodnih sistemov uporabljajo hidravlične modele za določanje hidravličnih neznank v vodovodnih sistemih. To diplomsko delo opisuje izdelavo hidravličnega modela, njegovo umerjenje in uporabo pri hidravlični analizi vodovodnega sistema Naklo. Komunala Kranj, ki upravlja z vodovodnim sistemom Naklo, je zgradila nov transportni cevovod. V načrtu je povezava tega cevovoda z vodovodnim sistemom Tržič, ki bi zagotavljal pitno vodo in nadomestil obstoječa vodna vira vodovodnega sistema Naklo. Izdelal sem hidravlično analizo, ki preverja priključitev glede na dva robna pogoja tlakov na vtoku v vodovodni sistem Naklo iz vodovodnega sistema Tržič. Tretja hidravlična analiza se je nanašala na dodatno povezavo med vodovodnim sistemom Naklo in vodovodnim sistemom Kranj. Na ta način bi vodovodni sistem Kranj prejemal dodatne količine vode tudi iz vodovodnega sistema Tržič. Za vzpostavitev hidravličnih modelov in izvedbo hidravličnih analiz sem uporabil programsko opremo QGIS, njegov vtičnik qgis-epanet in programsko opremo za izvedbo hidravličnih simulacij EPANET 2.0. Efficient water distribution is one of the basics for a normal living in a modern society. Water distribution systems (WDS) enable efficient water supply, if they are properly constructed, maintained and managed. WDS are made of many components, which are connected together and have to work coordinated. Because of complexity of these systems it is difficult to determine pressures and flows in this networks. Nowdays network operators are using hydraulic models to provide these hydraulic quantites. This graduation thesis is showing how to build a hydraulic model, calibrating it and using it in the hydraulic analysis of WDS of Naklo. The public utility Kranj, which is operating with WDS Naklo, has built a new transport pipeline. The plan is to connect this pipeline with WDS Tržič, which would also become a new and replace the current water source for WDS Naklo. I elaborated hydraulic analyses for two possible pressure boundary conditions on inlet in WDS Naklo from WDS Tržič. The third hydraulic analysis was on the connection between WDS Naklo and WDS Kranj. The WDS Kranj would be supplied by additional water quantities from WDS Tržič. Building these hydraulic models and elaborating the hydraulic analyses was done using the GIS software Qgis, its plugin qgis-epanet and hydraulic simulation software EPANET 2.0.

Ekosistem je največja enota, ki opisuje procese, ki potekajo med neživo in živo naravo. Ta je sestavljen iz manjših ekosistemov, med katere spada tudi vodni ekosistem. V tej diplomski nalogi obravnavamo vodni ekosistem dveh jezer z vplivnim območjem. Za ugotavljanje kvalitete vode v jezerih Mola in Klivnik smo preučili proces evtrofikacije, ki ogroža ravnovesje v stoječih vodah. Na hitrost evtrofikacije vpliva več dejavnikov, ki jih delimo na naravne in antropogene. Stopnjo evtrofikacije najlažje določimo preko količine hranil v vodi, od katerih sta najpomembnejša fosfor ter dušik. Količine fosforja in dušika smo izračunali iz dveh virov. Prvi del količine pride v jezero preko kanalizacijskih odpadnih voda, drugi pa z vodami, ki se v jezero stekajo z vplivnega območja. Izračunane koncentracije fosforja in dušika v jezerih smo primerjali z meritvami, ki jih je opravila Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje. Izračuni koncentracij so večinoma večji od dejanskih meritev. Do večjih odstopanj je prišlo pri koncentraciji fosforja, kjer so nekateri rezultati nekajkrat večji od izmerjene vrednosti. Pri dušiku je ta razlika manjša in lahko trdimo, da je izračun koncentracije dušika bolj natančen. Na podlagi stopnje evtrofikacije bi lahko v večini obravnavanega obdobja akumulaciji umestili med evtrofna jezera. Ker pa se določa stopnjo na podlagi izmerjenih vrednosti, ju umestimo med mezotrofna jezera. Na jezeru Klivnik antropogeni vplivi prispevajo 51 % količine fosforja, na jezeru Mola pa 56 %. Antropogeni vplivi imajo manjši vpliv na koncentracijo dušika in na Klivniku prispevajo 32 %, na jezeru Mola pa 37 % celotne koncentracije. Ecosystem describes the processes that take place between nonliving and living nature. The ecosystem is composed of smaller ecosystems, which include water ecosystems. In this diploma thesis water ecosystem represented by two lakes and theirs influence area will be discussed. We evaluated the quality of the water in the lakes Mola and Klivnik. The eutrophication process, which is the main threat to biodiversity in stagnant water, was examined. The speed of eutrophication is affected by several factors which can be classified as natural or anthropogenic. The degree of eutrophication can be determined by the quantity of nutrients in the water. The effect on eutrophication is dominated by two elements: phosphorus and nitrogen. The nutrients enter the lakes from two sources: by the sewage waste water and by runoff water from the influence area. The calculated concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen was compared with measurements performed by the Slovenian Environment Agency. Calculated concentrations are generally higher than measurements. Greater differences were observed for phosphorous concentrations. Therefore, the calculation of nitrogen concentrations is probably more accurate. Based on calculated values we could classify the lakes as eutrophic during most of the inspected period. However, based on measurements, which are more precise, the lakes are mesotrophic. For lake Klivnik the anthropogenic factors contribute 51 %, whereas for lake Mola they are responsible for 56 % of total phosphorous concentrations. Anthropogenic factors contribute to 32 % of total nitrogen on lake Klivnik and to 37 % of total nitrogen concentrations on lake Mola.

Jezera so naravni ekosistemi, ki so vsakodnevno izpostavljeni onesnaženju. Glavna krivca sta kemijska elementa fosfor in dušik. K sreči imajo jezera sposobnost, da se do neke stopnje očistijo. Pravimo, da imajo samočistilno sposobnost. Onesnaženje jezerske vode povzročajo antropogeni in naravni vplivi iz okolja. Na količine vnešenega dušika in fosforja pa vplivajo količina padavin, pokritost tal, raba prostora, stopnja urbanizacije, število gospodinjstev in urejenost odvodnjavanja in čiščenja odpadnih voda. V diplomski nalogi sem obravnavala in primerjala Račevsko jezero v občini Logatec in Divje jezero pri Idriji. Namen je bil izračunati okvirne letne količine dušika in fosforja, ki jih jezeri pridobita iz lastnih prispevnih območji. Izračuni so le okvirni, ker zaenkrat ne obstajajo analize kakovosti voda za jezeri. Na spletnih straneh ARSO sem najprej poiskala podatke o desetletni povprečni višini padavin na več padavinskih postajah in določila velikosti in deleže posamezne rabe prostora glede na celotne površine hidroloških območij obeh jezer. S pomočjo smernic različnih avtorjev sem določila količine obeh elementov, ki jih prispevajo ceste, utrjene površine, gospodinjstva, čistilne naprave, industrija in kmetijske površine. Količine sem pridobila za vsako jezero posebej in končne rezultate med sabo še primerjala. Ker gre za pretežno gozdnata predela, je sledeče, da gozd prispeva tudi največje količine dušika in fosforja. Med večje onesnaževalce štejemo še ceste in gospodinjstva, ki nimajo urejenega odvodnjavanja in čiščenja odpadnih voda. Količine onesnažil se bodo znatno zmanjšale, ko bodo odpadne vode odvedene na čistilno napravo in ko bodo vode iz prometnih cest zadržane v zadrževalnikih. Lakes are natural ecosystems that are daily exposed to pollution. The main culprits are the chemical elements phosphorus and nitrogen. Thankfully lakes have the ability to be cleaned by itself to a certain point. We call that the self-cleaning ability. Lake water pollution is caused by anthropogenic and natural environmental influences. The quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus are affected by rainfall, type of landscape, land use, level of urbanization, the number of households and the arrangement of drainage and wastewater treatment.In this diploma work, I interpret and compare Lake Račeva in the municipality of Logatec and Lake Divje jezero in Idrija. The aim was to calculate the indicative annual amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that lakes get from their own catchment areas. The calculations are only indicative, because currently there are no analysis of water quality of lakes. On the web pages of ARSO I first sought information of the ten-year average amount of rainfall on a few of meteorological stations and determine the size and proportions of each land use in relation to the total surface hydrological areas of both lakes. With the help of guidelines from various authors I determined the quantities of two elements that contribute roads, hardened surfaces, household wastewater treatment plants, industry and agricultural land. I acquired quantities for each reservoir separately and compared the final results with each other.Because it is predominantly wooded area the forest also contributes the largest amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. Among the major emitters we can count the road and households which do not have drainage and cleaning waste water. The quantities of pollutants will be significantly reduced when the waste water will be discharged to the treatment plant and when water from busy roads will be retained in reservoirs.

Diplomska naloga obravnava prvi val onesnaženja. Opisane so definicije pojava prvega vala, opisana je metoda za določitev srednje koncentracije onesnažil in podan je postopek za določitev razmerja masnega prvega vala, s katerim določimo, koliko mase posameznega onesnažila se je izločilo v delu odtoka v odvisnosti od časa. V drugem delu je predstavljen program SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). Tretji del naloge obravnava rezultate meritev vzorcev, ki so bili pridobljeni na Viču v Ljubljani. Analiza je potekala v vseh letnih časih in je vsebovala dvajset parametrov. V četrtem delu je prikazan rezultat analize vzorcev preliva na razbremenilnem objektu v Črnomlju in vpliv prelite vode na kakovost Dobličice. Z rezultati analize sem kalibriral model v SWMM ter s tako pripravljenim modelom simuliral nihanje koncentracij onesnaževal v odvisnosti od časa. Določil sem maso izpranih onesnažil v realnem padavinskem dogodku dne 21. 11. 2015, v katerem je po dvajsetih sušnih dnevih padlo 20 milimetrov padavin. Z rezultati simulacije sem določil srednjo koncentracijo onesnažil in količino mase izpranega onesnažila v odvisnosti od volumenskega odtoka. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da bi v primeru pravilnega delovanja razbremenilnega in zadrževalnega bazena zmanjšali izpuste posameznega onesnažila tudi za 70 %. Model sem uporabil še za simulacijo padavinskega dogodka s trajanjem 30 minut in povratno dobo enega leta. Prikazana je primerjava med 20- in 50-dnevnim sušnim obdobjem. The thesis deals with the first flush phenomenon. Given are the definitions of the first flush, the method for defining the event mean concentration and the procedure of defining mass first flush ratio, which gives us the quantity of the mass of emitted pollutants, as a function of the storm progress indicated by the normalized runoff volume. The second part describes programme SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). The third part represents the results of measurements which took place at Vič in Ljubljana. The analysis took place in all seasons and it contained twenty parameters. The fourth part shows results of measurements on the stormwater overflow in Črnomelj and the influence of overflow water on the quality of the Dobličica river. I used the results for calibration of the model in SWMM. With that model, I simulated the oscillation of the pollutants over time. I defined the mass of wash-off pollutants in the rainfall event of 21 November 2015 in which there were 20 millimetres of rainfall after 20 droughty days. With the results of simulation, I determined the event mean concentration and the amount of mass emission in relation to cumulative flow volume. It was found that if the stormwater overflow and stormwater holding tank worked correctly, pollution would be reduced by 70%. I also used the calibrated model in simulating the rainfall event with duration of 30 minutes and one-year return period. Simulation was set with 20-day and 50-day dry period.

Diplomska naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov. Prvi del opisuje lastnosti fosforja in dušika. To sta hranili, ki imata najpomembnejšo vlogo pri evtrofikaciji. V drugem delu so predstavljene specifike vodnega zajetja Jezero v občini Šmarješke Toplice. Prvi del diplomske naloge je posvečen problematiki obremenjevanja vodnega okolja s hranili. Evtrofikacija, ki je posledica prekomernih koncentracij hranil v vodnem okolju, je navadno omejena s pomanjkanjem enega izmed hranil. Predstavljen je vpliv prisotnosti hranil, in sicer fosforja in dušika. Tako za fosfor kot za dušik so predstavljene osnovne lastnosti elementa, kroženje naštetih hranil v okolju. Naštete in opisane so glavne antropogene dejavnosti, ki prispevajo največji delež omenjenih hranil v okolje. Predstavljeni so tudi kemični in biološki procesi odstranjevanja fosforja in dušika ter nekaj najpogostejših tehnologij, razvitih za namen odstranjevanja hranil. Predstavljena so tudi predvidevanja in ukrepi za prihodnost glede zmanjšanja vpliva hranil na okolje. V zaključku prvega dela diplomske naloge pa sem se posvetil porabi hranil v slovenskem kmetijstvu za izboljšanje proizvodnosti kmetijskih površin. V drugem delu diplomske naloge pa je predstavljeno najpomembnejše dolenjsko vodno zajetje Jezero, ki se nahaja v Občini Šmarješke Toplice. Opisana je zakonodaja na evropski, državni in občinski ravni. Predstavil sem način določanja vodovarstvenih območij njihove vrste, prepovedi in omejitve. Izdelal sem tudi izračun obremenitev podzemnih voda iz prispevnih območij in predstavil načrte Komunale Novo mesto za izboljšave kvalitativnih in količinskih lastnosti vode načrpane na vodnem zajetju Jezero. My thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part is focused on the properties of phosphorous and nitrogen that are most important in the eutrophication process, while the second part of the thesis presents the specifics of the water basin Jezero in Smarjeske Toplice. The first part of the thesis describes the problem of pollution with nutrients in the aquatic environment - eutrophication. Eutrophication is caused by excessive nutrient concentrations in the aquatic environment, which is limited by the lack of one of the two presented nutrients in this thesis. The thesis is focused on two nutrients, namely phosphorus and nitrogen. The thesis presents the basic properties for phosphorus and nitrogen and the circulation of these two nutrients in the environment. It also lists and describes the main anthropogenic activities, which contribute the largest share of these nutrients into the environment. In its next chapters the thesis presents the chemical and biological processes, removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, and some common technologies developed for the purpose of disposing these two nutrients from water. Then it presents some assumptions and actions for reducing the impact of these two nutrients on the environment in the future. The first part of the thesis is concluded with the use of nutrients in Slovenian agriculture in order to improve the productivity of its agricultural land. The second part of the thesis delivers a presentation of the largest water basin in the Dolenjska region – water basin Jezero in Šmarješke Toplice. It describes the legislation, regarding water resources on the European, state and municipal level. It also presents the ways of determining water protection areas, their different variations and its limits and restrictions. There is also a calculation of nutrient concentration in the underground waters in this specific area. The final part of the thesis is a product of collaboration with Komunala Novo mesto. It presents their plans for improving quantitative and qualitative properties of the water that is pumped from the water basin Jezero.

Uvodni del diplomske naloge predstavlja osnove čiščenja odpadnih voda in obdelave odvečnega blata komunalne čistilne naprave (KČN). V nadaljevanju je povzeta slovenska zakonodaja, ki narekuje prihodnjo rabo odvečnega blata na naših tleh. Sledi opis alternativnih možnosti ravnanj z odvečnimi blati KČN ter seznanitev z izvori onesnaženja odpadnih voda in načini, kako zmanjšati oziroma odstraniti polutante voda že na njihovem izvoru, z namenom sonaravnega urejanja odpadnih voda in blata. V praktičnem delu sem ugotavljala, v kakšnem stanju je odvečno blato Centralne čistilne naprave (CČN) Jesenice, kaj z njim naredijo po končani obdelavi in na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov analiz blata preučila nadaljnje možnosti njegove uporabe. Blato iz CČN Jesenice je onesnaženo s težkimi kovinami (baker, živo srebro, nikelj, svinec), iz vzorca pa je bila izolirana tudi salmonela. Uporaba takšne vrste blata je zelo omejena, zato sem ugotavljala tudi vzroke prekomernega onesnaženja voda na območju Občine Jesenice, zaradi katerih je blato posledično oporečno, in podala predloge za njihovo zmanjšanje. The introductory part of the diploma thesis describes the basics of wastewater and sewage sludge treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The thesis then summarizes the Slovene legislation, which regulates the future usage of sewage sludge in Slovenia. Next, it outlines the alternatives to sewage sludge treatment in wastewater treatment plants and introduces the origins of sewage and the ways of how to reduce or even remove water pollutants at their sources. The practical part investigates the state of sewage sludge in the central wastewater treatment plant Jesenice and what happens to it after its treatment. On the basis of the sewage sludge analysis results, the thesis researches further options for its usage. The sewage sludge in the municipal wastewater treatment plant Jesenice is polluted with heavy metals (copper, mercury, nickel, lead) and a sample also contained Salmonella. The usage of such sewage sludge is very limited that is why the thesis explores the reasons for inordinate water pollution in the Municipality of Jesenice, which leads to sewage sludge's contamination, and suggests proposition for its reduction.

Poplave v Sloveniji in drugod po svetu povzročajo veliko gmotne škode. Številni strokovnjaki za podnebne spremembe opozarjajo na globalno segrevanje in njegove posledice, ker se bodo v prihodnosti še stopnjevale, zato bodo poplave pogostejše in intenzivnejše. Istočasno se povečuje tudi prebivalstvo, ljudje vedno več gradijo na poplavnih območjih, zato bodo poplavne škode naraščale. Amfibijska gradnja je dobra tehnika protipoplavne gradnje, saj predstavlja odlično rešitev za različna poplavna območja. Zagotavlja optimalno varnost nepremičnin, je brez potrebnih sanacij po poplavi, nima škodljivih vplivov na okolje ter ohranja izgled soseske in obstoječi arhitekturni značaj. Ljubljansko barje je območje, ki ga prizadenejo vsakoletne poplave. V nalogi predstavljam prvo amfibijsko stavbo v Sloveniji, postavljeno na Ljubljanskem barju, ki je dimenzionirana in umeščena v prostor v skladu s predpisi in prostorskimi akti. Prikazani so tudi različni izračuni vpliva poplavne vode na objekt in njegov odziv. Floods in Slovenia and around the world cause a lot of damage. Numerous experts for climate change warn about the global warming and its consequences, because they will intensify in the future, therefore flooding will be more frequent and intense. At the same time the population is increasing, people are building more and more on flood-prone areas, therefore flood damage will increase. Amphibious construction is excellent flood-proof technique and presents the perfect solution for different flood-prone areas. It provides optimal security for the property, without the necessary rebuilding after the flood, has no harmful impact on the environment and preserves the appearance of neighborhoods and existing architectural character. Ljubljana Marsh is affected with annual flooding. This thesis introduces the first amphibious building in Slovenia placed on the Ljubljana Marshes, which is dimensioned and positioned in space according with the regulations and spatial planning instruments. In the thesis are additionally shown various calculations of the flood water impact on the building and its response.

V Sloveniji se v zadnjih letih srečujemo z vedno pogostejšimi poplavami. Eden izmed razlogov je tudi zmanjševanje pretočnosti rek. V diplomski nalogi sem primerjala pretočnost reke Želimeljšljščice med leti 1985 in 2015. Za leto 1985 sem podatke pridobila iz projekta Ureditev Želimeljščice podjetja Hidrotehnik d.d., za leto 2015 pa sem izvedla meritve na terenu. Na obravnavanem odseku sem z merilno lato izmerila prečne profile na lokacijah, ki so sovpadale z lokacijami znanih prečnih profilov leta 1985. Izvedla sem meritve z instrumentom Flo-tracer in s pomočjo rezultatov določila Manningov koeficient. Hidrološke izračune sem izvedla za leto 1985 in 2015. Pri tem sem uporabila enodimenzijski matematično hidravlični model računalniškega programa HEC-RAS. Poleg pretočnosti, sem primerjala še spremembo Manningovega koeficienta hrapavosti ter površino prečnega prereza na vseh obravnavanih lokacijah. In the past few years Slovenia has been facing frequent flooding. One of the main reasons is decreasing the bankfull discharge capacity. The graduation thesis compares the bankfull discharge of the Želimeljščica river in 1985 and 2015. The source of data from 1985 was the project Ureditev Želimeljščice made by the company Hidrotehnik d.d., the data for 2015 were gathered by the author of this thesis herself. Stream cross section profile was measured by using a tape measure and a meter ruler. The measurements of the stream flow were made using the Flo-tracer instruments, followed by the calculation of Mannings roughness coefficient from the acquired data. For hydrological calculations fort the years 1985 and 2015 the author used one-dimensional mathematical model of the hydraulic programming environment HEC-RAS. The results of the cross section chanell area, values of the Manning´s roughness coefficient and bankfull discharge capacity between the years 1985 in 2015 were compared.

Pomen vode za zdravje in preživetje ljudi je neprecenljiv, zato njena onesnaženost predstavlja vedno večji problem. Ker je naravna pitna voda nenadomestljiva in neprecenljiva javna dobrina, je ravnanje z viri pitne vode in oskrba z zdravstveno neoporečno pitno vodo do potankosti urejena z evropskimi in slovenskimi predpisi. Predpise, ki jih mora izpolnjevati pitna voda, določa Pravilnik o pitni vodi, hkrati pa izvajalce dejavnosti oskrbe s pitno vodo obvezuje, da je notranji nadzor nad pitno vodo vzpostavljen po načelih sistema HACCP. HACCP je mednarodno uveljavljen preventivni sistem za zagotavljanje varnega živila, ki določa načine kontrole in prepoznava kritične kontrolne točke. Materiali, ki so v stiku s pitno vodo, predstavljajo potencialno nevarnost za zdravstveno ustrezno pitno vodo in s tem posredno tudi za zdravje ljudi, saj lahko procesi njihove razgradnje privedejo do migracij med materialom in vodo. Čeprav so bili prvi polimerni materiali proizvedeni že ob koncu 19. stoletja, jih na splošno še vedno uvrščamo med novejše materiale. Tako se v zadnjem času vedno več uporabljajo tudi v vodovodnih sistemih. Kljub temu, da njihova uporaba prinaša številne prednosti, pa so z njihovo uporabo povezane tudi določene slabosti. Zato je zelo pomembno, da pri načrtovanju in gradnji objektov upoštevamo, kakšne materiale izberemo in vgrajujemo, kakšne so njihove lastnosti in kakšni možni vplivi na zdravstveno ustreznost pitne vode. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni polimerni materiali, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo v vodovodnih sistemih, njihova kemijska sestava, lastnosti in namen uporabe. Zajeti so tudi aditivi in polnila, ki se jim dodajajo, njihov vpliv na lastnosti polimerov ter vpliv polimernih materialov na zdravstveno ustreznost pitne vode. Zanimal nas je tudi način in metode preskušanja teh materialov. Rezultati in ugotovitve so podane z analizo SWOT, ki razkriva glavne prednosti in slabosti uporabe polimernih materialov v vodovodnih sistemih. Hkrati analiza SWOT ponuja nove priložnosti za izboljšave, ob tem pa opozarja na težave, ki se lahko pojavijo. Na koncu smo opravili še študijo dejanskega stanja vgrajenih materialov v Pomurskem vodovodu – v sistemu C. The importance of water for health and livelihood of the people is priceless, so its pollution constitutes a growing problem. Since natural drinking water is irreplaceable and invaluable public good, handling with sources of drinking water and its supply is very strictly regulated by the European and Slovenian regulations. The regulations of drinking water are exactly provided by the regulation Pravilnik o pitni vodi. It also commits the operators on drinking water supply to the internal control of drinking water by the principles of the HACCP system. HACCP is an internationally established preventive system for ensuring food safety that specifies control methods and recognizes the critical control points. The materials in contact with drinking water pose a potential health risk to the wholesome drinking water and thus indirectly also to human health, because their decomposition processes may lead to the migration between the material and the water. Although the first polymeric materials were produced at the end of the 19th century, we still place them amongst newer materials. Thus recently, these materials are increasingly being used in water supply systems. Despite the fact that their use has a number of advantages, their use also has some disadvantages. It is crucial to consider which materials will be selected and installed during facility design and construction, what are their characteristics and potential impacts on the wholesome drinking water. The thesis presents the polymeric materials that are commonly used in the water supply systems, their chemical composition, properties and intention of use. This also includes additives and fillers which have been added, their influence on the properties of polymers and polymer material impact on the wholesome drinking water. The subjects of interest are also the ways and methods of testing these materials. The results and conclusions are presented by a SWOT analysis that reveals the main advantages and disadvantages of the polymeric materials usage in water distribution systems. The SWOT analysis also offers new opportunities for improvements and additionally draws attention to the problems that may occur. Finally, we have made a study of the actual situation of the installed materials in the System in Pomurje – C system.

Na področju čiščenja odpadnih voda se, kot dopolnitev konvencionalnih pristopov, vse bolj uporabljajo, tako imenovani, napredni postopki čiščenja voda. Med njimi imajo pomembno vlogo napredni oksidacijski postopki, ki ob generiranju visoko reaktivnih hidroksilnih radikalov dosegajo razgradnjo in odstranjevanje številnih biološko nerazgradljivih vrst onesnaţevalcev. Pri tem se, ali pa tudi ne, uporablja zunanji vir UV sevanja. V tej nalogi je bil, za namen delne oz. popolne razgradnje kationske površinsko aktivne snovi ET HT, uporabljen postopek H2O2/UV-C. Obravnavana snov povzroči inhibicijo mikroorganizmov, kar pomeni, da je toksična in mora biti pred vstopom v naravno okolje ustrezno obdelana. S pomočjo matematično statističnega modeliranja RSM sem pridobil območje vrednosti neodvisnih spremenljivk (koncentracije KPK, ET HT in TOC) in njihove optimalne vrednosti, s katerimi sem lahko dobil čim boljše izide. Po izvedenih eksperimentih, katere je določil model, sem pridobljene vzorce nadalje obravnaval še v biološkem reaktorju. Cilj naloge je bil ugotoviti, ali je ET HT mogoče obdelati do te stopnje, da ne predstavlja več toksičnosti do mikroorganizmov, oz. ugotoviti, kakšen vpliv imajo različni predobdelani vzorci na mikroorganizme. Besides conventional approaches to water and wastewater treatment, we know many of advanced processes that are considered as more efficient ways of treatment. Amongst them have an important role, so called, advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s) that generates highly reactive hydroksyl radicals which degrade and remove a wide specter of biologicaly nondegradable pollutants. While operating a source of UV radiation can be used or not. In present study, H2O2/UV-C treatment was applied for partial or complete degredation of cationic surfactant ET HT. Tested surfactant is displaying inhibitory effect to the microorganisms, what indicates that compound is toxic and has to be pretreated before it can enter natural environment. Using mathematical statistical RSM modeling, area of independed variables (COD, ET HT and TOC concentrations) and their optimal values performing the best out puts, was applied. After several experimental runs that were predicted by the model, corresponding samples were obtained and were furthermore tested in bioreactor. The goal of the study was to find out if ET HT surfactant can be pretreated to a level that doesn’t exhibits toxicity towards microorganisms and to find out the effects of different pretreated samples to microorganisms.

Zadnje stoletje je sladkovodni ekosistem najbolj podvrţen človeškim posegom zaradi izkoriščanja vodne energije. Posledica posegov je, da so številne ribje vrste postale ogroţene in zaščitene z rdečimi seznami ali izginile. Zagotavljanje prehodnosti vodotokov je nujno za prehajanje rib, za ohranjanje ogroţenih in ostalih ribjih populacij. Ribe za svoje ţivljenje potrebujejo različne habitate za drst, rast, prehranjevanje, gibanje. Vsaka neprehodna ovira na vodotokih bi morala imeti urejen naraven, sonaraven ali tehnično grajen ribji prehod. Do izliva v reko Savo ima Ljubljanica kar nekaj neprehodnih ovir, zaradi katerih se je bistveno spremenila kvaliteta habitatov za ribe in tudi za ostale vodne organizme. V okviru projekta Ljubljanica povezuje – Obnovitev koridorja Ljubljanice in izboljšanje rečnega vodnega reţima je bila obnovljena ribja steza ob Plečnikovi zapornici na Ambroţevem trgu. Namen projekta je izboljšati in povezati habitate ciljnih ogroţenih vrst rib v Ljubljanici, to so sulec, platnica in blistavec, ki so zaščiteni z uredbami in pravilniki. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena problematika prehajanja rib oziroma nefunkcionalnost ribje steze pred obnovo. Povzela sem obnovitvene ukrepe in izboljšave na stezi ter z meritvami pretoka in hitrosti vode na vtoku in v notranjosti ribje steze ugotavljali funkcionalnost le-te. Namen projekta Ljubljanica povezuje je tudi osveščanje ljudi o nujnosti vzpostavitve prehodnosti vodotokov za ribje populacije, tako iz spoštovanja do narave kot z vidika veljavne zakonodaje, ki narekuje obnovitev vseh obstoječih ribjih stez in gradnjo novih na območjih, kjer se bo posegalo v vodotoke. The freshwater ecosystem has mostly been susceptible to human interventions due to the exploitation of hydropower in the last century. The consequences of these interventions are increased numbers of endangered fish species and species categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as likely to become extinct or even extinct species. Ensuring the smooth transfer of watercourse is essential for fish to pass, for conservation of endangered as well as other fish populations. Fish need various habitats for living for example, for spawning, growing, nourishment, movement. Where there is an impassable obstacle in the watercourse, there should be an organised natural or a technically built fish ladder. On the way to the Sava River estuary, there are a few impassable obstacles in the Ljubljanica River and because of that the quality of habitats has changed fundamentally for fish and other water organisms. As a part of the project “Ljubljanica Connects – The Restoration of the Corridor of the Ljubljanica River and the Improvement of the River Regime”, the fish ladder next to the Plečnik sluice at Ambroţ square has been restored. The purpose of the project is to improve and connect the habitats of the endangered species in the Ljubljanica River such as Danube Salmon (Hucho hucho), Danube Roach (Rutilus pigus), Striped Chub (Leuciscus souffia) that is species, protected by regulations. The thesis presents the problem of the migration of fish, or non-functionality of fish ladders before the renewal. Fish had not been able detect the passage. I summed up the renovation measures and the improvements in the fish ladder as well as established the functionality of the ladder with measuring the flow and the speed of the water flow at the entrance as well as in the middle of the fish ladder. The purpose of the project “Ljubljanica Connects” is also to raise awareness among people that the establishment of the smooth transfer of watercourse is essential for fish populations. It is vital we do this out of respect for nature and legislation that dictates the renewal of all the existing fish fishways and the construction of new areas where people will interfere with watercourses.

Diplomska naloga je razdeljena na tri obsežne dele in predstavlja idejni projekt. V prvem delu so opravljeni in predstavljeni hidravlični izračuni reke Savinje skozi Laško za različna stanja. S pomočjo hidravličnih izračunov smo izvedeli, ali so določeni posegi na strugi in izgradnja suhih zadrževalnikov v Spodnji Savinjski dolini smotrni. Na podlagi hidravličnih izračunov smo se v drugem delu usmerili v iskanje območji, kjer reka Savinja prestopi bregove. V drugem delu diplome smo določili tudi potrebne višine in dolžine posameznih odsekov protipoplavnih zidov. V zadnjem delu pa smo poskušali najti ustrezno izvedbo teh protipoplavnih zidov. Klasična izvedba betonskih zidov bi zelo spremenila kakovost življenja v centru Laškega. Lamelna zaščita IBS predstavlja alternativo klasični izvedbi zidov, vendar je njena cena do trikrat višja, hkrati pa se s takšno protipoplavno zaščito obrani center Laškega pred poplavami, kvaliteta življenja prebivalcev pa se ne spremeni. The diploma thesis is divided into three large parts and presents conceptual project. In the first part are carried out and presented hydraulic analyses of the Savinja river through Laško for different conditions. On the basis of hydraulic analyses we have seen, whether certain interventions on the riverbed, and the construction of a dry pond networks in the Lower Savinja valley are rational. Based on the hydraulic analyses in the second part of thesis we focus on finding areas where river Savinja overflows its banks. Also in this part of a thesis we determine the required height and length of the individual sections of flood walls. In the last part we tried to find the proper execution of these flood walls. Classic execution of concrete walls would change the quality of life in the centre of Laško a lot. IBS flood protection system presents an alternative to the classic execution of flood walls, but the price is up to three times higher, at the same time with this flood protection system the centre of Laško is protected from floods, just as well as the quality of life for residents does not change.

Diplomska naloga obravnava probleme, ki j ih na vodotokih povzročajo predvsem manjši jezovi, ki nimajo izdelanih ustreznih ribjih prehodov. Ti povzročaj o predvsem fragmentacij o habitatov, preprečujejo migracijo vodnih organizmov ter spreminjajo lastnosti vode. V primeru višjega števila jezov na samem vodotoku, pa se takšni problemi še dodatno povečujejo. Zahteve Nature 2000 in zakonodaje, ki je naravnana k ohranjanju ter varovanju narave, spodbujajo oz. narekujejo izboljšanje degradiranih stanj. Na podlagi izbranih ciljev in pogojev oz. danosti v prostoru, je predstavljena rešitev v podobi prilagojenih pragov oz. drč, ki omogočajo prehod vodnih organizmov ter s tem vračaj o prejšnjo podobo vodotokov. Predvidena rešitev je zasnova na idejno/izvedbeni stopnji s potrebnimi izračuni in tehničnimi skicami. Primer je izdelan na podlagi delujočih izvedb v tujini, ki podobno prakso izvajajo že nekaj let, njihovi rezultati pa so se izkazali kot zelo uspešni. The thesis addresses the problems on rivers which are caused by lower dams that do not have established adequate fish ladders. These weirs cause fragmentation of habitats, prevent migration of aquatic organisms and alternate the properties of water bodies. The problems build up with higher number of dams. Natura 2000 and legislation that are aimed at preserving and protecting nature state and dictate improvement of degraded conditions. The solution is presented in form of boulder bar construction, which is based on the selected objectives and given conditions. These boulder bar construction enable migration of aquatic organisms and thus restoring the original conditions of the river. The solution is given in conceptual design/implementation stage with the necessary calculations and technical drawings. The example is based on operating implications from other countries in which such practice has shown to be very successful and with significant results.

Vse pogosteje smo priča izrednim hidrološkim dogodkom, ki so posledica različnih slučajnih naravnih pojavov. Na slučajne mehanizme narave, ki takšne dogodke sprožijo, ne moremo vplivati, lahko pa se nanje delno pripravimo z analiziranjem preteklih dogodkov. Takšen dogodek predstavljajo tudi poplave. Poznavanje pojava visokih voda nam omogoča učinkovitejše varstvo pred poplavami, ustreznejše načrtovanje rabe prostora ter na splošno boljše gospodarjenje z vodami. Z verjetnostno analizo visokovodnih valov pridobimo informacijo o povezavi med vrednostjo pretoka in njegovo povratno dobo. Določeni poplavni dogodki pa so posledica več sočasnih slučajnih dogodkov. Poplavljanje pritoka pred sotočjem je lahko posledica povečanega pretoka samega pritoka ter sočasnega povečanega pretoka glavnega vodotoka na sotočju, ki povzroči zajezitev pritoka. V primeru, ko meritev pretoka pritoka pred sotočjem nimamo na voljo, lahko verjetnostno porazdelitev gladin pritoka pred sotočjem izračunamo na podlagi meritev pretoka pritoka gorvodno ter meritev pretoka glavnega vodotoka na sotočju z uporabo koincidenčne verjetnostne analize. V diplomski nalogi smo za izračun koincidenčne verjetnostne analize uporabili program HEC-SSP. Izdelali smo koincidenčno verjetnostno analizo visokovodnih valov na sotočju rek Soče in Vipave, pri čemer smo izračunali verjetnostno porazdelitev gladin Vipave v Sovodnjah na osnovi podatkov o pretoku Vipave v Mirnu ter podatkov o pretoku Soče na sotočju. Na gladino Vipave na odseku od sotočja do naselja Miren ob visokih vodah močno vpliva povečan pretok Soče na sotočju, ki povzroča zajezitev in s tem poplavljanje Vipave. Za zmanjšanje verjetnosti poplavljanja Vipave na tem odseku bi bilo zato najprej potrebno urediti strugo reke Soče, tako da ta ob visokih vodah ne bi povzročala zajezitve Vipave v tolikšnem obsegu. Increasingly, we are witnessing extreme hydrological events caused by various random natural phenomena. We cannot influence the random nature of the mechanisms, which trigger such events, but we can be partially prepared on them by analyzing past events. Floods represent such an event. Knowing the phenomena of high water allows a more efficient flood protection, appropriate land-use planning and an overall better water management. Frequency analysis of flood waves provides information on the relation between the value of the discharge and its return period. Some flood events are the result of multiple concurrent random events. Flooding on a river tributary, for example, can be influenced by both – discharge on that tributary and backwater effects due to discharge on the main stream. Coincident frequency analysis is used to develop a probability distribution for flood phenomena having no observed record when that phenomena is influenced by other random phenomena with available data. In the thesis we implemented a coincidence frequency analysis using the HEC-SSP program. We made the coincident frequency analysis of flood waves at the confluence of the Soča and the Vipava river, whereby we assessed the probability distribution of water levels of the Vipava river in Sovodnje on the basis of discharge data of the Vipava river in Miren and discharge data of the Soča river at the confluence. The water level of the Vipava river in its lower reach near the confluence is highly influenced by increased discharge of the Soča river at the confluence, which causes the backwater of the Vipava river. In order to reduce the probability of flooding of the Vipava river in its lower reach near the confluence, the stream of the Soča river should be first regulated in such a way, that at high water it would not cause the backwater of the Vipava river in such an extent.

Diplomska naloga obravnava temo priprave učinkovitega programa izpiranja za vodovodni sistem Šmartno ob Paki. Zaradi odlaganja materiala znotraj cevovodov na območjih nizkih hitrosti toka obstaja tveganje za pojav motnosti vode. Na voljo je več metod, katerih cilj je spopadanje z akumulacijo materiala znotraj cevovodov in posledičnim pojavom motnosti. Od pregledanih metod sem izbral metodo enosmernega izpiranja, ki se je, navezujoč na uporabljene vire, izkazala za najbolj stroškovno učinkovito pri reševanju težav, povezanih s pojavom motnosti vode. Bistvo izbrane metode je sistematičen pristop k načrtovanju, izvajanju in dokumentiranju izpiranj cevovodov, pri čemer je čim manj faktorjev prepuščenih naključju. V okviru diplomske naloge sem se seznanil z vodovodnim sistemom Šmartno ob Paki, v programu Aquis izdelal oz. posodobil hidravlični model sistema, nato pa z uporabo le-tega izdelal učinkovit program izpiranja za problematični del obravnavanega omrežja z uporabo metode enosmernega izpiranja. The graduation thesis addresses the subject of elaborating an efficient flushing program for the water distribution system of Šmartno ob Paki. Due to the occurrence of material deposition at low velocity sections in a water distribution system there is a constant risk of water discoloration. There are several methods available for coping with the accumulated material and its management, to prevent the occurrence of water discolouration. From the reviewed methods, I have chosen the method of unidirectional flushing. This method has proven to be most efficient, according to literature sources, and cost-effective in removing accumulated material and its prevention against water discoloration occurrence. The essence of this method is a systematic approach towards planning, implementing and documenting of flushing operations, which does not leave many factors to coincidence. Within the graduation thesis, I have performed a study of the Šmartno ob Paki water distribution system. I have updated the hydraulic model of the mentioned water distribution system using the Aquis water network simulation software. An efficient flushing program for a problematic part of the Šmartno ob Paki water distribution system was elaborated by means of this hydraulic model and the use of the unidirectional flushing method.

Slovenija se je z vstopom v Evropsko unijo zavezala izpeljati zahteve Direktive o čiščenju komunalne odpadne vode 91/271/EGS. Glede na kratke roke izvedbe se je z novelacijo Operativnega programa odvajanja in čiščenja odpadne vode rok za izpolnitev zahtev nekoliko zamaknil, pa vendar še vedno predstavlja optimistične roke izvedbe. Namen diplomske naloge je bil pregledati obstoječe stanje odvajanja in čiščenja odpadne vode v celotni Občini Litija, kako poteka izpolnjevanje zahtev operativnega programa ter kakšne naloge občino še čakajo. Glede na določeno število aglomeracij v operativnem programu bo morala občina zagotoviti veliko sredstev za izpolnitev zahtev. Zanimal nas je stroškovni vidik izvedbe programov v Občini Litija glede na prebivalca občine ter kakšen delež dviga življenjskih stroškov bo implementacija te direktiva povzročila uporabnikom sistema. Porajalo se je tudi vprašanje, kako različne variante izvedbe vplivajo na družinski proračun ter možnosti nižanja teh stroškov z racionalnim pristopom. By joining the European Union, Slovenia has undertaken to implement the requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The implementation deadline is short, but with the amended Operational programme for the discharge and treatment of waste water the deadline has been delayed, but it still represents realistic implementing deadline. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the current state of discharge and treatment of waste water in the municipality of Litija, the ongoing implementation of the requirements of the Operational programme and further tasks the municipality has to undertake. According to the specific number of agglomerations in the Operational programme, the municipality will have to provide a lot of resources to implement the requirements. The subject of interest are cost aspects of programme implementations in the municipality of Litija per inhabitant and the proportion of cost of living rise caused by the implementation of the Directive to users of this system. The main question is also how different variants of implementation affect the family budget and the possibility of lowering such costs with rational approach.

Diplomska naloga obravnava spremembe masne bilance nitratnega dušika na gozdnatih prispevnih območjih. Le-te nastanejo pod vplivom hidroloških in biogeokemijskih mehanizmov. Območje obravnave, prispevno območje potoka Padež je skoraj v celoti prekrito z gozdom. Med leti 2006 in 2007 so se zvezno spremljale hidrometeorološke razmere in potekale meritve kemizma vode in velikosti pretokov potoka Padež. S pomočjo podatkov o spremembah koncentracij nitratnega dušika v vodotoku in padavinah ter podatkov o letnih količinah padavin na območju porečja in letnih pretokih potoka Padež, smo opredelili masno bilanco nitratnega dušika. Podana je kot razlika med količino vnesenega in izpranega nitratnega dušika na hektar prispevne površine. V spremenljivosti masne bilance so opazni sezonski vplivi. Porečje nekaj časa deluje kot izvor in nekaj časa kot ponor za nitratni dušik, odvisno od hidroloških razmer in količin mobilnega nitratnega dušika v sistemu tal in njegovih koncentracij v padavinah. Nadalje smo poskušali napovedati, kako bodo predvidene spremembe v okolju vplivale na biogeokemijsko kroženje duška in gibanje masne bilance na gozdnatih prispevnih območjih. Graduation thesis analyzes changes in nitrate mass balance in a forested watersheds. The nitrate mass balance changes occur manly because of hydrological and biogeochemical mechanisms. The studied area, the Padež stream watershed, is mainly covered with forest. Between years 2006 and 2007 the hydrometeorological conditions and streamwater chemistry of Padež stream were continuously monitored. The differences in streamwater nitrate concentrations and nitrate concentrations in precipitations and measurements of precipitations and Padež stream discharge helped us to calculated nitrate mass balance. Mass balance is analysed as a difference between inputs and outputs of nitrate per hectare of catchment area. The seasonal differences in mass balance were observed. Watershed behaves as a sink or as a source of nitrate depending on hydrological conditions and amount of mobile nitrate in soil and its concentrations in precipitations. We also try to describe the impact of global environmental changes on biogeochemical cycling of nitrate and variations in its mass balance in forested catchments.

Poplave s svojim vse pogostejšim pojavljanjem v zadnjem času kličejo po povečanju pozornosti do pojava poplav in ukrepih za zmanjšanje ter blaženje njihovih škodljivih posledic. Ukrepe za varstvo pred poplavami lahko v grobem razdelimo na gradbene in negradbene ter preventivne, interventne in kurativne. Odločitev za vrsto ukrepa, ki se bo izvajal z namenom izboljšanja poplavne varnosti, pa navadno pogojujejo razpoložljiva finančna sredstva za izvedbo ukrepa. V prvem delu naloge smo predstavili vrste ukrepov varstva pred poplavami, ki smo jih razdelili po strategijah kot so predstavljene v poročilu Združenih držav Amerike za krizno upravljanje in vodenje (FEMA). Podrobneje smo pregledali pravne predpise s področja varstva pred poplavami na evropski in nacionalni ravni, naloge pristojnih organov v konceptu varstva pred poplavami in še posebej izpostavili delovanje organov Agencije RS za okolje in Uprave RS za zaščito in reševanje. V drugem delu naloge smo preverjali koliko sredstev se letno nameni za izboljšanje poplavne varnosti v RS. Zanimala so nas predvsem državna proračunska sredstva ministrstva, pristojnega za okolje in ministrstva, pristojnega za obrambo. Preverili smo stroške obvezne državne gospodarske javne službe urejanja voda, stroške izdelave načrtov zmanjšanja poplavne ogroženosti, stroške intervencij civilne zaščite posameznih občin, ki smo jih primerjali z ocenjeno škodo v teh občinah pri poplavah. Pregledali smo tudi podatke o ocenjeni škodi pri poplavah v preteklem obdobju in programe obnove po poplavah. Na koncu smo na podlagi zbranih podatkov izračunali, da se več sredstev namenja za interventne in kurativne ukrepe kot za preventivne. Beacause of the frequent flooding we need to increase attention to the floods and measures to reduce and offset their harmful consequences. Measures for flood protection can be divided into structural and non-structural. Measures can be divided also into preventive, intervention and curative measures. Decision for the type of measure, that will be implemented in order to improve flood protection, depends on the available financial resources to implement the measure. In the first part of thesis we presented types of flood protection measures, which are divided according to the strategies, presented in the report of the Federal Emergency Management Agency from United States (FEMA). We have closely examined the legal regulations of flood protection at European and national level, functions of the competent authorities in the concept of flood protection and especially highlighted the functionin of the organs – Enviromental Agency and the Administration for civil protection and rescue. In the second part of the thesis, we checked how much funding are allocated each year to improve flood protection in the Republic of Slovenia. We were mostly interested in statte appropriations of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry, responsible for defense. We checked the cost of the mandatory public water management services, costs of flood risk management plans, the cost of civil protection assistance interventions of individual municipalities, which were compared with estimated damage in these municipalities by floods. We have also reviewed data on estimated damage by floods in the past and reconstruction programs after the floods. Finally, we collected on the basis of calculated data, that more funds are allocate to intervention and curative measures such as preventive.