Search

Drought stress is one of the most important limitations in the production of agricultural products and especially horticulture in different parts of the world and Iran. The climate changes that have happened in the last few years, it is possible to provide sustainable production of grapes in water stress conditions by examining and selecting cultivars that tolerate to drought stress. For this purpose, an experiment from 2018 to 2022 in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks with 3 replications in garden conditions to investigate the effect of changes in soil water potential on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of grafted cuttings on cultivar traits Tolerant to sensitive 7 grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars were carried out. The treatments included 7 selected grape varieties (‘Bidaneh Ghermez’, ‘Bidaneh Sefid’, ‘Rashe’, ‘Sahani’, ‘Kare Royeh’, ‘Moulai’, and ‘Chafte’) as the base and red quince cultivar as scion and three levels of drought stress including humidity. Agricultural (control), 75% (moderate stress) and 55% (severe stress) were based on agricultural moisture discharge. The results showed that with more severe water stress, the amount of proline, ABA, activity of catalase and peroxidase, the expression of CBF4, NCED3, and DHN1 genes increased, as well as the amount of total chlorophyll were decreased. In this experiment, the highest proline, abscisic acid, catalase, peroxidase, NCED3, CBF4 and DHN1 gene expression were observed in this experiment under severe stress treatment. In general, ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ cultivar grafted on the rootstocks of ‘Chafte’, ‘Moulai’ and ‘Kare Royeh’ had a higher potential for tolerance to drought stress than other grafted combinations tested in most of the traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor family plays critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation, but the biological functions in response to various stress of the WOX gene family have not been extensively researched in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). In this study, 12 grapevine WOXs were identified from the grapevine genome. Quantitative PCR and microarray expression profiling found that the expression of WOXs had an obvious tissue-specific pattern. Conjoint analysis between various tissues and treated materials indicated VvWUS1 expression is associated with expression of genes from grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus; and VvWOX3 with grapevine fanleaf virus. The gene expression patterns of the WOXs in grape were different under salt stress, with VvWOX8/9 , VvWUS1 , and VvWOX3 responding more strongly to salt stress than control by 18.20-, 9.50-, and 9.19-fold. This study further improves understanding of the evolution and function of the WOX gene family, and offers a theoretical framework and reference for breeding grapevine to better tolerate adversity and permit cultivation of seedlings free of viruses. WOX is a family of genes that help regulate how plants develop and also respond to stress. In this study, 12 WOX genes were identified in grapes and analysed by bioinformatic methods. Coanalysis of different expression patterns in grapes showed that two of these genes respond to specific viruses and effectively block virus replication and infestation. Another gene was the most sensitive to salt stress. This study provides preliminary evidence that these three genes are key to resistance to salt and to viruses in grape, providing vital candidate genes for grapevine breeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are known for their deliciousness and health benefits. In the present study, the variations of physicochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of 25 grape varieties were evaluated. Among the varieties tested, glucose and fructose were the main sugars, and tartaric and malic acids were the main organic acids in all grapes. Shine Muscat was characterized as suitable for fresh eating due to its high sugar contents and low acid contents. While JintianMeigui had high sugar and anthocyanins contents, making it suitable for cultivation. Results showed that all grape fractions are sources of phenolic compounds and varied among cultivars. In general, regardless of cultivars, seed extracts showed the highest content of total phenolics and total proanthocyanidins contents, consistent with the observed higher antioxidant activities. Combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS) technologies, a total of 28 phenolic components were preliminarily identified. The most abundant anthocyanins in skins were petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside, as well as catechin and epicatechin were the principal proanthocyanidins in seeds. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed the significant linear correlations between proanthocyanidins (catechin, epicatechin, proanthocyanidin A1, proanthocyanidin B1, proanthocyanidin B2, proanthocyanidin C1 and epicatechin-3-O-gallate) and antioxidant activities. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate and elucidate the health benefits of grapes for human nutrition as antioxidants. Overall, our results provided theoretical guidance for the further development and utilization of grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monoterpenes are among the most important volatile aromatic compounds contributing to the flavor and aroma of grapes and wine. However, the molecular basis of monoterpene biosynthesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Results: In our study, transcriptomics and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to mine candidate genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis between high-monoterpene and zero-monoterpene table grape cultivars. We found that monoterpene biosynthesis was positively correlated by the expression of five genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (VvDXSs), one encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (VvHDR), three hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthases (VvHMGSs) and one mevalonate kinase (VvMVK), whereas the expression of one isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (VvIDI) and one 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) negatively correlated monoterpene biosynthesis. Of these genes, VvIDI was selected to validate its function in monoterpene accumulation through a transient overexpression experiment, and was shown to inhibit the biosynthesis of grape linalool and α-terpineol. Meanwhile, we found that a 64-amino acid extension sequence at the N-terminus can guide the VvIDI protein to target the chloroplast. Conclusions: The findings of this study should help to guide future functional analysis of key genes as well as mining the potential regulatory mechanism of monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes and grape products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular mechanism of flower development and sexual differentiation, which is an intricate process, still unclear in Vitis plants. In this study, we performed the transcriptome analysis by high-throughput sequencing to measure gene expression at three stages in male, female, and hermaphrodite grape flowers, and in combination with the fluctuation of hormones (ABA, IAA, BR, GA3, and JA) to understand the gene function and molecular basis of developmental processes in Vitis flowers. The results showed that more than 581 million clean reads were generated from all samples and average 83% reads were mapped on the Vitis vinifera genome. More, quite a large number of genes were differentially expressed between different stages within and across cultivars and various transcription factor families involved were identified in flower development. The genes belonging to MYB, bHLH, ERF, NAC, and WRKY have more numbers than other TF families. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation of those hormones with 165 DEGs (including 36 TF genes). The results suggested that those genes might play important roles in sex differentiation during flower development and a unique opportunity to increase the efficiency of crossbreeding in Vitis plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of vine training system and storage time were evaluated on some grape characteristics, such as berry contamination percentage, berry shedding percentage, berry browning rate, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total phenol and the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia -lyase enzymes, in order to maintain the quality of grape during storage time. Factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with two factors of vine training system (Khazandeh, pergola and cordon) and storage time (zero, 20, 40 and 60 days after storage) with three replications during 2018 -2019. After transferring the fruits to the cold storage with temperature of +4 ◦C, relative humidity of 85 -90% and storage for two months, some characteristics of grape were examined on different days after storage. The results showed that the level of contamination of the berry increased over time, and during the storage period, the lowest level of contamination (13.706%) was related to the cordon training system. Also, after 60 days of storage, the lowest percentage of berry drop (27.535%) was observed in the fruits harvested from the cordon training system. The amount of berry browning after 60 days of storage was significantly higher than other times. The highest amount of TSS (26.182 degrees Brix) was related to the Khazandeh training system in 40 days after storage, however, a significant decrease in the value of this index was observed during 60 days after storage. The results showed that the amount of phenol increased until the end of the storage period, and the maximum amount of phenol in all three training systems was significantly higher than other days in 60 days after storage. The level of peroxidase enzyme activity in the Khazandeh training system reached its highest level at 20 days after storage, while in the other two training systems, it was significantly higher than the other days at 40 days after storage. Also, the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme reached its maximum level in 40 days after storage in Khazandeh and pergola training systems and then decreased. While in cordon training system, the highest activity of this enzyme was observed after 60 days of storage. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia -lyase enzyme increased during the storage period, and 60 days after storage, the highest activity of this enzyme was related to the pergola training system. In general, the results showed that the cordon training system had the best effect in maintaining the characteristics of grape during the storage period compared to other training methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WRKYs are a multigenic family of transcription factors that are plant-specific and involved in the regulation of plant development and various stress response processes. However, the evolution of WRKY genes is not fully understood. This family has also been incompletely studied in grapevine, and WRKY genes have been named with different numbers in different studies, leading to great confusion. In this work, 62 Vitis vinifera WRKY genes were identified based on six genomes of different cultivars. All WRKY genes were numbered according to their chromosomal location, and a complete revision of the numbering was performed. Amino acid variability between different cultivars was assessed for the first time and was greater than 5% for some WRKYs. According to the gene structure, all WRKYs could be divided into two groups: more exons/long length and fewer exons/short length. For the first time, some chimeric WRKY genes were found in grapevine, which may play a specific role in the regulation of different processes: VvWRKY17 (an N-terminal signal peptide region followed by a non-cytoplasmic domain) and VvWRKY61 (Frigida-like domain). Five phylogenetic clades A–E were revealed and correlated with the WRKY groups (I, II, III). The evolution of WRKY was studied, and we proposed a WRKY evolution model where there were two dynamic phases of complexity and simplification in the evolution of WRKY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive planthopper from China, which was first detected in Berks County, PA, in 2014 and has since spread to adjacent states including New Jersey in 2018. Lycorma delicatula is a polyphagous species that gregariously feeds on over 172 known hosts. We investigated development on key host plants Ailanthus altissima (Miller) (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae), Juglans nigra (L.) (Fagales: Juglandaceae), Acer rubrum (L.) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), and Vitis vinifera (L.) (Vitales: Vitaceae) for each instar to elucidate potential host use throughout the season and target monitoring efforts. Our study indicated significant differences in survivorship and time spent in each nymphal life stage between host plants. We applied a host suitability index as a function of survivorship and development for each host plant and instar, which indicated A. altissima and J. nigra as suitable hosts for all 4 nymphal instars. Vitis vinifera was highly suitable for first and second instars but had low indices for the third and fourth instars, although suitability of V. vinifera may have varied based on variety and age of the vine. Lycorma delicatula nymphs had the lowest survivorship and longest development time on A. rubrum across all 4 life stages, despite this being a preferred oviposition host. Host had a significant effect on the morphometrics we measured within the first and second instars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SWEET (Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter) proteins, identified recently as a novel class of sugar transporters, play pivotal roles in the transport and distribution of photosynthetic products in plants. They are integral to physiological processes such as response to biotic and abiotic stress, growth and development, and fruit quality formation. In this study, leveraging the latest grapevine genomic data, we identified 18 members of the grapevine SWEET family and named them based on their homologs in Arabidopsis. We conducted a detailed analysis of these protein-encoding genes, focusing on their structure, conserved domains, and phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the grapevine SWEET family members could be categorized into four clades, with the majority of members displaying relatively conserved gene structures and motifs. Chromosomal localization and homology analysis indicated an uneven distribution of VvSWEETs across 11 chromosomes, with evidence of two segmental duplication events during evolution. Furthermore, we investigated the transcription levels of SWEET genes across different tissues, organs, and developmental stages of fruit, as well as their response patterns under abiotic stress (drought, cold, and salt stress) and biotic stress (Botrytis cinerea infection). Expression profiling demonstrated strong tissue-specificity and temporal-spatial specificity of VvSWEETs, correlated with their respective clades. It is noteworthy that the expression levels of most members within Clade 1 of the VvSWEET gene family, especially VvSWEET1, were markedly upregulated in response to a broad range of stress conditions. Our results provide a comprehensive bioinformatic characterization and analysis of the grapevine SWEET gene family, unveiling the potential functions of grapevine SWEET genes and offering a vital reference for further functional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriyah Journal for Pharmaceutical Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grapes are a rich source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and nutritional properties among fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate different classes of phenolic compounds in the berry skin of eleven Vitis vinifera cultivars. The phenolic compounds were flavonols, flavanols, flavone, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and phenolic acids. The highest amounts of catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid were observed in 'Yaghooti' grape cultivar (P≤0.05). However, the amounts of catechin gallat, kaempferol, myricetin, and pcoumaric acid in 'Bidaneh Ghermez' berries were higher (P≤0.05) compared to other cultivars. Quercetin was the main flavonol and was highest (9.48 μg g-1; P≤0.05) in 'Yaghooti' berries. Luteolin content, as a flavone, ranged from 0.49 μmol g-1 in 'Rishbaba' berry skin to 0.88 μmol g-1 in 'Bidaneh Ghermez'. Delphinidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside were highest in 'Yaghooti'. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin -3-glucoside were highest in 'Angoor Siah.' Petunidin 3-glucoside was highest in 'Bidaneh Ghermez' (P≤0.05). Berry skin resveratrol varied from 22.7 μg g-1 in 'Monaqa and Fakhri' cultivars to 54.8 μg g-1 FW in 'Bidaneh Ghermez,' with an overall average of 36.9 μg g-1 FW. Among different cultivars, the antioxidant capacity of 'Angoor Siah' was highest (71.3%; P≤0.05) and 'Monaqa' was lowest. The 'Angoor Siah' cultivar had more antibacterial activity compared to other cultivars. In sum, the berry skin of 'Yaghooti,' 'Angoor Siah,' and 'Bidaneh Ghermez' showed the highest health-promoting bioactive compounds, potentially important for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance (R) genes were used to recognize pathogen effectors directly or indirectly in plants and activate defense signal pathways. Most of these R proteins consist of a nucleotide-binding adaptor (NB-ARC) domain, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and some also have a coiled-coil (CC) structure. In this study, we cloned a gene which encodes the CC-NB-ARC-LRR R protein (VqCNL) from Chinese wild grapevine Vitis. quinquangularis accession 'Dan-2'. The transcript of VqCNL was obviously induced by inoculation with Plasmopara viticola and the salicylic acid (SA) treatment. The results of sequence analysis showed that the VqCNL gene contained a CC domain at the N-terminus, along with an NB-ARC and an LRR domain at the C-terminus. We transferred this gene into wildtype Arabidopsis and treated transgenic lines with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000); the results demonstrated that VqCNL promotes broad spectrum resistance to pathogens. Furthermore, qPCR analysis displayed that VqCNL may display a significant function in disease resistance via activating SA signaling pathways. In general, these conclusions primarily demonstrated that VqCNL enhances the disease resistance level in plants and contributes to future research of the R gene identification for grape breeding biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oomycete Plasmopara viticola, which causes downy mildew, is currently one of the most destructive pathogens affecting grape production. Although native to the eastern United States, P. viticola was introduced into Europe in the mid-to-late 1800s and is now found in virtually every grape-growing region of the world. Since its discovery, much effort has been made to understand the life cycle and infection process of the pathogen to develop more effective management practices. Widespread application of fungicides, especially those which have only one mode of action, has led to an increased occurrence of resistance to these treatments. Thus, with increased fungicide resistance and rising environmental concerns surrounding their use, traditional chemical management practices have begun to fall out of favor. Newer approaches, from targeted breeding utilizing quantitative trait loci to biological control agents, are continually being investigated and adapted to limit the damage caused by downy mildew. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathogen and methods of its control and explores potential avenues for future research focused on hypovirulence and biological control agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization represents an increasingly serious threat to agronomic productivity throughout the world, as rising ion concentrations can interfere with the growth and development of plants, ultimately reducing crop yields and quality. A combination of factors is driving this progressive soil salinization, including natural causes, global climate change, and irrigation practices that are increasing the global saline-alkali land footprint. Salt stress damages plants both by imposing osmotic stress that reduces water availability while also inducing direct sodium- and chlorine-mediated toxicity that harms plant cells. Vitis vinifera L. exhibits relatively high levels of resistance to soil salinization. However, as with other crops, grapevine growth, development, fruit yields, and fruit quality can all be adversely affected by salt stress. Many salt-tolerant grape germplasm resources have been screened in recent years, leading to the identification of many genes associated to salt stress and the characterization of the mechanistic basis for grapevine salt tolerance. These results have also been leveraged to improve grape yields through the growth of more tolerant cultivars and other appropriate cultivation measures. The present review was formulated to provide an overview of recent achievements in the field of research focused on grapevine salt tolerance from the perspectives of germplasm resource identification, the mining of functional genes, the cultivation of salttolerant grape varieties, and the selection of appropriate cultivation measures. Together, we hope that this systematic review will offer insight into promising approaches to enhancing grape salt tolerance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera is cultivated worldwide for its high nutritional and commercial value. More than 60 grape cultivars are cultivated in Chile. Two of these, the país and the corinto cultivars, are the oldest known and widely used for the preparation of traditional homemade drinks and consumption as table grapes. These two grape cultivars are affected by Colomerus vitis, an eriophyid mite which establishes on their leaves and forms erinea, where the mite and its offspring obtain shelter and food. Although C. vitis has a cosmopolitan distribution, few studies of its impact on the structure and physiology of affected plants have been reported. Herein we aimed to evaluate the impact of C. vitis infection on the structural and physiological leaf performance of the two grape cultivars. The results showed tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy in the epidermis, with an overproduction of trichomes and emergences in the abaxial epidermis in both cultivars. The anatomical changes were similar between the país and corinto cultivars, but they were proportionally greater in the país, where the area affected by the erinea were greater. No significant changes were detected in the photosynthetic pigment content; however, there was an increase in the total soluble sugars content in the erineum leaves of the país cultivar. Higher contents of anthocyanins and total phenols, as well as the presence of the pinocembrin in the corinto cultivar, which was less affected by C. vitis, could also indicate some resistance to mites' attack, which should be investigated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are vital for the development of high‐quality grapes and wine, and manganese deficiency decreases grape berry coloration. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of manganese sulfate on grape metabolic profiles have not been adequately researched. In this study, three concentrations of manganese sulfate solutions, 0.5 μmol·L−1 (low, L), 5 μmol·L−1 (middle, M – the standard manganese concentration of Hoagland nutrient solution, control), and 1000 μmol·L−1 (high, H), were applied to the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to explore the effect on berry composition. RESULTS: Manganese application improved manganese concentration effectively in grape organs. Furthermore, the concentrations of malvidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside, malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside, malvidin‐trans‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaryl)‐glucoside, and peonidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)‐glucoside increased significantly under H treatment. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the structural genes (VvDFR, VvUFGT, and VvOMT) of flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated under H treatment, and their transcription levels correlated positively with malvidin‐ and peonidin‐derived anthocyanin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that manganese application regulates berry transcriptional and flavonoid metabolic profiles, providing a theoretical basis for improving the color of red grapes and wines. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered virus and a major concern for the wine industry. Prior research indicated that GRBV delays grape ripening by reducing °Brix and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes from infected vines, resulting in higher ethanol concentrations in wines made from healthy fruit compared to diseased vines, which have an impact on sensory properties. In this study, infected fruit (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) was sequentially harvested (in 2016 and 2017) and chaptalized (in 2017) to ameliorate the impact of GRBV on grape and final wine composition. RESULTS: Chemical parameters including phenolic and volatile profiles of grapes and their subsequent wines were measured. Sensory properties were determined by descriptive analyses. Results demonstrated that GRBV decreased sugar accumulation and anthocyanin synthesis in grapes. Wines from GRBV grapes harvested at later ripening stage produced wines that were more similar chemically and sensorially to wines made from healthy fruit than to wines made from GRBV fruit harvested earlier. CONCLUSION: A longer hang time of GRBV grapes is a potential strategy to mitigate the impacts of GRBV. However, chaptalization of diseased fruit must was inefficient at increasing similarities to wines made from healthy fruit. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grape seed is a natural herb with many suggested pharmacological effects related to many biologically active compounds in its extract and fractions. Grape seed pharmacological effect is investigated in mice psoriasis like model. Methods: A thirty male albino mice, six weeks’ age used in this research and were divided into five groups. Group I apparently healthy. Group II induction group, imiquimod 5% cream once daily used at the back skin of the animal for five days. Group III, IV and V treatments groups. Group III clobetasol ointment 0.05%, group IV Grape seed extract and group V Grape seed petroleum ether fraction for five days. Results: A high significant increase was found between the apparently healthy and imiquimod induced group for all of the investigated parameters except munro abscess was significant increase. For the grape seed extract group, it was found A significant difference in immunohistochemistry score of IL17, also significant decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with high significant decrease of other immunohistopathology measurement like parakeratosis. Conclusion: Grape seed extract may have a role in imiquimod-induced psoriasis like skin inflammation in mice treatment which make it a future candidate therapy for psoriasis.

Seedlessness is one of the highest valued agronomic traits in grapes. Embryo rescue in combination with marker-assisted selection have been widely applied in seedless grape breeding due to the advantages of increasing the ratio of seedless progenies and shortening the breeding cycle. However, the large number of deformed seedlings produced during embryo rescue and the lack of fast, efficient, and low-cost markers severely inhibit the process of seedless grape breeding. In this study, a total of eighty-three grape cultivars (51 seedless and 32 seeded) with diverse genetic backgrounds and two populations derived from embryo rescue, including 113 F1 hybrid individuals (60 seedless and 53 seeded), were utilized. We screened suitable media for converting malformed seedlings into normal seedlings, analyzed the association between the SNP in VviAGL11 and seeded/seedless phenotype, and developed a KASP marker related to stenospermocarpic seedlessness. Our results indicated that the transformation rate of 37.8% was obtained with MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg·L−1 of 6-BA and 0.5 mg·L−1 of IBA. The presence of an A nucleotide allele at position chr18:26889437 was further confirmed to be fully associated with the stenospermocarpic seedlessness phenotype. The developed KASP marker, based on the verified SNP locus in VviAGL11, successfully distinguished the seedless and seeded genotypes with high precision and throughput. The results will contribute to enhancing the efficiency of embryo rescue and facilitate parent selection and early selection of seedless offspring with molecular markers, thereby accelerating the breeding process in seedless table grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scattered light can make the distribution of light in plant canopies more uniform. In this study, Vitis vinifera L. 'Wuhe Cuibao' fresh grapes was used as the test material, and open field cultivation was used as a control. The diurnal variation of light intensity under different materials of rain shelter film was studied to compare the effects of rain shelter film on photosynthetic characteristics, disease resistance, and fruit quality of grape leaves. The results showed that the light intensity under DL (diffuse light) film on the west side at noon was significantly higher than that under outdoor cultivation and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) film coverage. The daily average net photosynthetic rate of grape leaves covered with DL film on the east side is higher than that of open cultivation and EVA film covering. The incidence rate of leaf Downy mildew could be reduced by different materials of rain covering film, but the difference was not significant. Covering DL film can significantly increase the increase rate of soluble sugar and accelerate the decrease of titratable acid content in the west side. The content of VC (vitamin C)) in the eastern fruit under DL film was significantly higher than that of the control, and the total phenolic content in the fruit under DL film was significantly higher than that under EVA film. The DL film shelter can improve the light intensity, improve the photosynthetic capacity of grape leaves, and significantly improve fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malic acid is the predominant organic acid in grape berries, and its content is affected by abiotic factors such as temperature (fruit zone microclimate) and water (vine water status). The objectives of this study were to explore the potential mechanisms behind the effects of vine water status on the biosynthesis and degradation of berry malic acid and the potential downstream effects on berry metabolism. This study was conducted over two growing seasons in 2021 and 2022, comprising three watering regimes: no water stress (CK), light water stress (LWS), and moderate water stress (MWS). Compared to CK, a significantly higher level of malic acid was found in berries from the MWS treatment when the berry was still hard and green (E-L 33) in both years. However, water stress reduced the malic acid content at the ripe berry harvest (E-L 38) stage. The activities of NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were enhanced by water stress. Except for the E-L 33 stage, the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was reduced by water stress. The highest phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity was observed at the berry veraison (E-L 35) stage and coincided with the onset of a decrease in the malate content. Meanwhile, the expression of VvPEPCK was consistent with its enzyme activity. This study showed that water stress changed the content of some free amino acids (GABA, proline, leucine, aspartate, and glutamate), two of which (glutamate and GABA) are primary metabolites of the GABA pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting grape season growth and geographical distribution. With global warming and the increasing occurrence of extreme high-temperature weather, the impact of high temperatures on grape production has intensified. Therefore, identifying the molecular regulatory networks and key genes involved in grape heat tolerance is crucial for improving the resistance of grapes and promoting sustainable development in grape production. In this study, we observed the phenotypes and cellular structures of four grape varieties, namely, Thompson Seedless (TS), Brilliant Seedless (BS), Jumeigui (JMG), and Shine Muscat (SM), in the naturally high-temperature environment of Turpan. Heat tolerance evaluations were conducted. RNA-seq was performed on 36 samples of the four varieties under three temperature conditions (28°C, 35°C, and 42°C). Through differential expression analysis revealed the fewest differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the heat-tolerant materials BS and JMG, and the DEGs common to 1890 were identified among the four varieties. The number of differentially expressed genes within the materials was similar, with a total of 3767 common DEGs identified among the four varieties. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that fatty acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, the MAPK signaling pathway, and plant-pathogen interactions were enriched in both between different temperatures of the same material, and between different materials of the same temperature. We also conducted statistical and expression pattern analyses of differentially expressed transcription factors. Based on Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), four specific modules highly correlated with grape heat tolerance were identified by constructing coexpression networks. By calculating the connectivity of genes within the modules and expression analysis, six candidate genes (VIT_04s0044g01430, VIT_17s0000g09190, VIT_01s0011g01350, VIT_01s0011g03330, VIT_04s0008g05610, and VIT_16s0022g00540) related to heat tolerance were discovered. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of grape heat tolerance and offer new gene resources for studying heat tolerance in grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papain-like cysteine proteinases (PLCPs) are very stable proteolytic enzymes with the pH dependency and substrate specificity, which participate in the autophagy pathway and are usually found in apoplast, vacuole, and lysosome. However, limited information about the PLCP genes in grapes is available. In this study, according to the conservative domain and evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis, 22 VviPLCP genes were identified in the grape and subdivided into nine subgroups. Differential expression pattern of the VviPLCP genes indicated that they may be involved in response to various hormonal treatments. Yeast two-hybrid and Biomolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that VviALP interacted with the Cystatin protein VviCYS6 in grapes. In addition, overexpression of VviALP and VviCYS6 in Nicotiana tabacum leaves found that VviALP played an antagonistic role in the resistance of Phytophthora capsica inhibited by VviCYS6. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of VviPLCP involving biological progress. It is found that the regulatory modules of VviALP and VviCYS6 play an important role in the resistance of Phytophthora capsici. In future studies, the transgenic grape of VviALP and VviCYS6 can more clearly prove their role in plant disease resistance.Kindly check and confirm hierarchy of the affiliation 2.OK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fleshy fruits of angiosperms are organs specialized for promoting seed dispersal by attracting herbivores and enticing them to consume the organ and the seeds it contains. Ripening can be broadly defined as the processes serving as a plant strategy to make the fleshy fruit appealing to animals, consisting of a coordinated series of changes in color, texture, aroma, and flavor that result from an intricate interplay of genetically and epigenetically programmed events. The ripening of fruits can be categorized into two types: climacteric, which is characterized by a rapid increase in respiration rate typically accompanied by a burst of ethylene production, and non-climacteric, in which this pronounced peak in respiration is absent. Here we review current knowledge of transcriptomic changes taking place in apple (Malus × domestica , climacteric) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera , non-climacteric) fruit during ripening, with the aim of highlighting specific and common hormonal and molecular events governing the process in the two species. With this perspective, we found that specific NAC transcription factor members participate in ripening initiation in grape and are involved in restoring normal physiological ripening progression in impaired fruit ripening in apple. These elements suggest the existence of a common regulatory mechanism operated by NAC transcription factors and auxin in the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is an endogenous free radical scavenger with antioxidant activity that preserves the commercial value of postharvest fruits and delays fruit senescence. To explore the effect of exogenous melatonin on antioxidants and aroma volatile compounds of grapes (Vitis labrusca × vinifera 'Kyoho'), the grapes were treated with distilled water (control), 50 μmol L−1 of melatonin (M50), and 100 μmol L−1 of melatonin (M100) for 30 min and were then stored at 4 °C for 25 days. RESULTS: Exogenous melatonin decreased the rachis browning index, the decay development, the weight loss rate, the berry abscission rate, and the respiration rate, promoted the accumulation of total phenolics and total flavonoids, and delayed the reduction of anthocyanins and total soluble solids. In volatile compounds, the accumulation of esters, aldehydes, and alcohols in grapes was promoted, and the terpenes content was reduced by exogenous melatonin. CONCLUSION: Exogenous melatonin had potentially positive effects on the postharvest life and quality maintenance of grapes. These findings provide theoretical support for the application of melatonin in grape storage and preservation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the first identification of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema pachtaicum, in Argentina. The nematode was found in the Northern Patagonia region, specifically in the rhizosphere of Chenopodium album and grape plants. The study used a combination of morphological and molecular characterization to accurately identify the nematode species. The morphological and morphometric data, as well as the D2-D3 sequences of the nematode's rDNA, confirmed that it was X. pachtaicum. This finding represents the first report of this species in Argentina. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of wetness duration (LWD) and temperature in the development of ripe rot was evaluated with greenhouse grape clusters and detached berries inoculated with Colletotrichum fioriniae. Five classification methods (decision tree, logistic regression, neural network, random forest, and support vector machine) were used to develop environmental risk models for predicting ripe rot from these variables. Additionally, a phenological stage susceptibility model was derived from results of previously published trials. The environmental risk output multiplied by the phenological risk output resulted in the ripe rot disease risk. The models were then tested for their ability to accurately predict the severity of 45 past ripe rot epidemics and were implemented in virtual fungicide application-triggering ripe rot warning systems. In the greenhouse and detached fruit trials, between 27 and 32°C and longer LWD resulted in the highest incidences of ripe rot. The 27°C and 24-h LWD treatment resulted in 100% ripe rot incidence in both greenhouse trials. Four candidate models were proposed for future field efficacy evaluations due to their ability to accurately predict the severity of past ripe rot epidemics while virtually triggering few, an average 2.5 to 3.0, fungicide applications per season. These models could be used to predict ripe rot infection events and inform management decisions for better control with reduced fungicide inputs. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

WRKYs are a multigenic family of transcription factors that are plant-specific and involved in the regulation of plant development and various stress response processes. However, the evolution of WRKY genes is not fully understood. This family has also been incompletely studied in grapevine, and WRKY genes have been named with different numbers in different studies, leading to great confusion. In this work, 62 Vitis vinifera WRKY genes were identified based on six genomes of different cultivars. All WRKY genes were numbered according to their chromosomal location, and a complete revision of the numbering was performed. Amino acid variability between different cultivars was assessed for the first time and was greater than 5% for some WRKYs. According to the gene structure, all WRKYs could be divided into two groups: more exons/long length and fewer exons/short length. For the first time, some chimeric WRKY genes were found in grapevine, which may play a specific role in the regulation of different processes: VvWRKY17 (an N-terminal signal peptide region followed by a non-cytoplasmic domain) and VvWRKY61 (Frigida-like domain). Five phylogenetic clades A–E were revealed and correlated with the WRKY groups (I, II, III). The evolution of WRKY was studied, and we proposed a WRKY evolution model where there were two dynamic phases of complexity and simplification in the evolution of WRKY.

The cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera, possesses a rich biodiversity with numerous varieties. Each variety adapts differently to varying pedoclimatic conditions, which greatly influence the terroir expression of wine regions. These conditions impact vine growth, physiology, and berry composition, ultimately shaping the unique characteristics and typicity of the wines produced. Nowadays, the potential of the different adaptation capacities of grape varieties has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We addressed this issue by studying two grape varieties, Aglianico and Cabernet Sauvignon, in two different pedoclimatic conditions of Southern Italy. We evaluated and compared the effect of different pedoclimatic conditions on plant physiology, the microbial quality of grapes using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, the expression trends of key genes in ripe berries and the concentration of phenolic compounds in grapes and wines by HPLC-MS, HPLC-DAD, NMR and spectrophotometric analyses. Metabolomic and microbiome data were integrated with quantitative gene expression analyses to examine varietal differences and plasticity of genes involved in important oenological pathways. The data collected showed that the phenotypic response of studied grapes in terms of vigor, production, and fruit quality is strongly influenced by the pedoclimatic conditions and, in particular, by soil physical properties. Furthermore, Aglianico grape variety was more influenced than the Cabernet Sauvignon by environmental conditions. In conclusion, the obtained findings not only reinforce the terroir concept and our comprehension of grape's ability to adapt to climate variations but can also have implications for the future usage of grape genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out at the lath-house of the college of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil for the period from August 2020 to February 2021 using grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Rash-meri seeds to study the effect of (GA3 concentration and stratification period) on germination and seedling vigor to obtain good and healthy seedlings within a relatively short time. The seeds were soaked in 3 concentrations of GA3, which are (500, 100, 1500 mg.l-1), in addition to the control (0 mg. l-1) for 24 hours, then treated seeds were stratified for (1, 2 and 3 months) at 5±1oC. Complete Randomized Design (C.R.D) was used as a factorial experiment as three replications with 25 seeds for each treatment. The SAS statistical tool (SAS 2003) was used to perform an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the obtained data, when significant differences were found, the means were correctly separated, and mean values were assessed at the p<0.05 level of significance using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that there were significant differences in the germination percent and seedling growth, with the increase in GA3 concentration, the differences increased significantly compared with control, the concentration (1500mg.l-1) gave the highest increase in all studied traits (Seed germination%, Stem length (cm), Stem diameter (mm), Root length (cm), Vigor index, shoot and root dry weight(g), Total dry weight (g) and quality index. With increasing stratification period differences increased significantly, the highest values were recorded in seeds stratified for (3 months). As for the interaction effect of 2 studied factors, the treatment that exceeded the other was (1500 mg.l-1) GA3 and (2 and 3 months) stratification period compared with seeds not treated with GA3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, eight cultivars, all of which are Vitis vinifera L., are grown in Aksaray province were determined. Identification material was selected approximately 20 years old, own roots vines in the producer vineyards. Ampelographic characteristics are defined by 123 descriptive characters in the OIV (The International Organization of Vine and Wine) list of grape and grapevine rootstock varieties identification criteria. With the numerical codes of the OIV identification criteria, similarity analysis was made in the IBM SPSS Statistics software (SPSS) package program, and the similarity relationships of the cultivars were visualized with a dendrogram. Aşeri and Mor Üzüm varieties defined in Aksaray province are not registered in the European Catalogue, but all varieties are Vitis vinifera L. Subsp. vinifera is registered as Turkey varieties. All the cultivar excluding Aşeri, and Emir names defined here are included in the Turkey grapevine genetic resources list, and several cultivars containing the same name or synonyms have been defined in different studies. The ampelographic descriptions of Aşeri and Emir grape varieties were made for the first time. The ampelographic definitions of Ak Dimrit, Çavuş, Kalecik Karası, Mor Üzüm, Parmak Üzümü and Sergi Karası cvs were confirmed with previous descriptions made in different provinces. The similarities and differences of the varieties we identified were reflected in the similarity dendrogram. Six of the eight grape varieties are hermaphrodite, and two of them (Çavuş and Sergi Karası) are functional female flowers. In the international variety catalogue records, the most common Aksaray variety on a global scale is Çavuş variety originating from Turkey. The cv. Parmak Üzümü was a separate ecotype due to its differences from previous identification records. It would be appropriate to protect the Aşeri, Emir, and Parmak Üzümü varieties, which we described for the first time, in the grapevine genetic resources of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the use of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides in order to limit environmental pollution and health risks for agricultural operators and consumers is one of the goals of European regulations. In fact, the European Commission developed a package of measures (the European Green Deal) to promote the sustainable use of natural resources and strengthen the resilience of European agri-food systems. As a consequence, new plant protection products, such as biostimulants, have been proposed as alternatives to agrochemicals. Their application in agroecosystems could potentially open new scenarios regarding the microbiota. In particular, the vineyard microbiota and the microbiota on the grape surface can be affected by biostimulants and lead to different wine features. The aim of this work was to assess the occurrence of a possible variation in the mycobiota due to the biostimulant application. Therefore, our attention has been focused on the yeast community of grape bunches from vines subjected to the phytostimulant BION®50WG treatment. This work was carried out in the CREA-VE experimental vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Barbera in Asti (Piedmont, Italy). The composition of fungal communities on grapes from three experimental conditions such as IPM (integrated pest management), IPM+BION®50WG, and IPM+water foliar nebulization was compared by a metabarcoding approach. Our results revealed the magnitude of alpha and beta diversity, and the microbial biodiversity index and specific fungal signatures were highlighted by comparing the abundance of yeast and filamentous fungi in IPM and BION®50WG treatments. No significant differences in the mycobiota of grapevines subjected to the three treatments were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to determine the phenolic composition, chemical and cellular antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity in human cells, and peroxidative inhibition of the defatted fraction of grape (Vitis labrusca) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) seeds. Soxhlet extraction (Sox) was used to extract the fat and obtain the degreased material. A statistical optimization study was developed to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from defatted grape and blackberry seeds. Simultaneous optimization was applied with a combination of 35.9 min of extraction and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1 g of defatted grape seed to 61.28 mL of an extracting solvent (60% ethanol) and 62.1 min of extraction and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1 g of defatted blackberry seed to 64.1 mL of an extracting solvent (60% ethanol). In the cell viability assay, HepG2 cancer cells seemed more sensitive to grape and blackberry extracts, while Ea.hy926 hybrid cells showed more resistance to their effects. In general, the extracts presented low/no cytotoxicity, exhibited a protective effect against H2O2-induced ROS production, and demonstrated antioxidant activity and a protective effect on the erythrocytes when subjected to hypotonic and isotonic conditions not presenting hemolytic behavior (5.0 to 10.0 μg GAE/mL). Thus, the results provided a broad assessment of the bioactivity of the extracts obtained using a simple and low-cost process developed by employing non-toxic solvents and with the potential to be used in technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape(Vitis vinifera L.) has wide varieties and different characteristics, and traditional cultivar identification methods have disadvantages such as slow recognition speed, low accuracy, strong subjectivity, high recognition cost, strong subjectivity, and poor timeliness. Therefore, development of the grape variety recognition technologies with fast recognition speed, high accuracy, low cost, and strong timeliness have important theoretical significance and practical value. To provide a theoretical basis for precision agriculture to realize the non-destructive and efficient identification of grape varieties, in this study, based on the leaf morphological characteristics, five fresh grape varieties including Zaohaibao, Wuhezaohong, Xiahei, Hongdiqiu, and Yangguangmeigui were used as materials, and the transfer learning network model MobileNet-large were used to analyze the effects of transfer learning of the model on five grape varieties, training results of three kinds of MobileNet-large network models were compared, and a MobileNetV3-large grape variety recognition model based on leaf images was constructed. The results showed that transfer learning before training could significantly improve the recognition rate of grape varieties, and the correct recognition rate of Wuhezaohong could reach 100%. The accuracy, recall, F1 score, and AUC of MobileNetV3-large network were different due to different grape varieties and learning rates. The network training loss of MobileNetV3-large model had the smallest at the learning rate of 0.005, and the accuracy of Hongdiqiu was the highest. Comparing three kinds of MobileNet-large network models, the MobileNetV3-large model performed the best overall, converging from the 27th round of training, with a Top-1 accuracy of 90.56%, an average accuracy of 97.50%, indicating that the MobileNetV3-large model was an appropriate identification network model for grape varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CBF (C-repeat binding factors) genes play important roles in response to abiotic stress and environmental changes. In the present study, a total of 18 CBF genes were identified from a grapevine. Their domains, phylogenetics, and collinearity were analysed. The results revealed, that 18 VviCBF genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes unevenly in the grape genome. Promoter data analysis showed that the CBF gene has many cis-acting elements related to plant growth and development, light response, hormone, and abiotic stress response. We found that six VviCBF genes including, VviCBF5, VviCBF13, VviCBF14, VviCBF15, VviCBF16, and VviCBF18 differentially expressed during fruit developmental stages. Furthermore, four VviCBF genes including, VviCBF1, VviCBF3, VviCBF6, and VviCBF11 were expressed at the early stage of bud dormancy, whereas, nine VviCBF genes were expressed at the bud dormancy-breaking stage. Additionally, various VviCBFs genes respond to different abiotic and biotic stress. These findings will lay a foundation for further study of the CBF genes in bud dormancy, downy mildew, and abiotic and biotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA)treatment on the contents of soluble sugar and anthocyanin and the expression levels of related genes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of 5-ALA in the production of table grapes. [Methods]Sixteen table grape varieties were used as materials. 5-ALA solution with the concentration of 100 mg·L-1 was sprayed on the fruit surface at the expansion stage and equal water was treated as the control. The color index, the contents of soluble solid, soluble sugar and anthocyanin, and the expression levels of related genes were determined. [Results]5-ALA treatment could induce the color break of most grape varieties such as‘Jumeigui', increase the fruit color index, significantly increase the contents of soluble solid and soluble sugar in berry pulps, and significantly increase the contents of total anthocyanins and anthocyanin components such as malvidin in berry skins. The results of gene expression analysis showed that 5-ALA treatment increased the expression levels of acid invertase(AI)and neutral invertase(NI)genes, inhibited the expression levels of sucrose transporter(SS)and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)genes, therefore increasing the soluble sugar contents in berry pulps of most grape varieties; additionally, 5-ALA treatment increased the expression levels of chalcone synthase(CHS), UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase(UFGT), leucoanthocyanidin dioxgenase(LDOX)genes, therefore promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins in berry skins of most grape varieties. [Conclusions]Exogenous application of 100 mg·L-1 5-ALA can not only promote the accumulation of sugars in the pulps to a certain extent and improve the internal quality of the fruit, but also promote the accumulation of anthocyanins in the skins to a certain extent and improve the external quality of the fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suboptimal light stress in grapevines is increasing worldwide with the spread of grapevine cultivation, which can affect grapevine physiology and productivity, such as in Southern China. Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important hormone in plant adaptive responses to abiotic stress, including low light stress. However, ABA signaling pathway genes (APGs) are not well characterized in the grapevine, and little is known of their potentially mitigating role in grapevine growth under weak light stress. Our study aimed to explore the potential role of the ABA signaling pathway in the response of grapevines to suboptimal light conditions. In this study, APGs were identified in the grapevine genome, and the distribution of conserved motifs was shown to reflect their phylogenetic relationships. Gene duplication analysis indicated that segmental duplication was an important driver for gene expansion in the grapevine ABA signaling pathway. Suboptimal conditions of light were shown to seriously affect the growth of grapevine leaves and berries, with the differential regulation of APGs in the grapevine. Our study summarizes the basic characteristics of APGs in grapevine, which can now be examined further for their roles in grapevine's response to suboptimal light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oomycete Plasmopara viticola, which causes downy mildew, is currently one of the most destructive pathogens affecting grape production. Although native to the eastern United States, P. viticola was introduced into Europe in the mid-to-late 1800s and is now found in virtually every grape-growing region of the world. Since its discovery, much effort has been made to understand the life cycle and infection process of the pathogen to develop more effective management practices. Widespread application of fungicides, especially those which have only one mode of action, has led to an increased occurrence of resistance to these treatments. Thus, with increased fungicide resistance and rising environmental concerns surrounding their use, traditional chemical management practices have begun to fall out of favor. Newer approaches, from targeted breeding utilizing quantitative trait loci to biological control agents, are continually being investigated and adapted to limit the damage caused by downy mildew. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathogen and methods of its control and explores potential avenues for future research focused on hypovirulence and biological control agents.

The process of ripening and softening in grape begins at veraison and is closely related to the depolymerization of pectin components. A variety of enzymes are involved in pectin metabolism and one class of enzyme, pectin lyases (PLs), have been reported to play an important role in softening in many fruits; however, little information is available on the VvPL gene family in grape. In this study, 16 VvPL genes were identified in the grape genome using bioinformatics methods. Among them, VvPL5, VvPL9, and VvPL15 had the highest expression levels during grape ripening, which suggests that these genes are involved in grape ripening and softening. Furthermore, overexpression of VvPL15 affects the contents of water-soluble pectin (WSP) and acid-soluble pectin (ASP) in the leaves of Arabidopsis and significantly changes the growth of Arabidopsis plants. The relationship between VvPL15 and pectin content was further determined by antisense expression of VvPL15. In addition, we also studied the effect of VvPL15 on fruit in transgenic tomato plants, which showed that VvPL15 accelerated fruit ripening and softening. Our results indicate that VvPL15 plays an important role in grape berry softening during ripening by depolymerizing pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar is crucial for grape berry, whether used for fresh food or wine. However, berry enlargement treatment with forchlorfenuron (N-(2-chloro4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea) (CPPU, a synthetic cytokinin) and gibberellin (GA) always had adverse effects on sugar accumulation in some grape varieties, especially CPPU. Therefore exploring the molecular mechanisms behind these adverse effects could provide a foundation for improving or developing technology to mitigate the effects of CPPU/GA treatments for grape growers. In the present study, invertase (INV) family, the key gene controlling sugar accumulation, was identified and characterized on the latest annotated grape genome. Their express pattern, as well as invertase activity and sugar content, were analyzed during grape berry development under CPPU and GA3 treatment to explore the potential role of INV members under berry enlargement treatment in grapes. Eighteen INV genes were identified and divided into two sub-families: 10 neutral INV genes (Vv-A/N-INV1-10) and 8 acid INV genes containing 5 CWINV (VvCWINV1-5) and 3 VIN (VvVIN1-3). At the early development stage, both CPPU and GA3 treatment decreased the hexose level in berries of 'Pinot Noir' grape, whereas the activity of three types inverstase (soluble acid INV, insoluble acid INV, and neutral INV) increased. Correspondingly, most of INV members were up-regulated by GA3 /CPPU application at least one sampling time point during early berry development, including VvCWINV1, 2, 3, 4, 5, VvVIN1, 2, 3 and Vv-A/N-INV1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10. At maturity, the sugar content in CPPU-treated berries is still lower than that in the control. Soluble acid INV and neutral INV, rather than insoluble acid INV, presented lower activity in CPPU-treated berries. Meanwhile, several corresponding genes, such as VvVIN2 and Vv-A/N-INV2, 8, 10 in ripening berries were obviously down-regulated by CPPU treatment. These results suggested that most of INV members could be triggered by berry enlargement treatment during early berry development, whereas VvVINs and Vv-A/N-INVs, but not VvCWINVs, could be the limiting factor resulting in decreased sugar accumulation in CPPU-treated berries at maturity. In conclusion, this study identified the INV family on the latest annotated grape genome and selected several potential members involving in the limit of CPPU on final sugar accumulation in grape berry. These results provide candidate genes for further study of the molecular regulation of CPPU and GA on sugar accumulation in grape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavane-3-ol monomers are the precursors of proanthocyanidins (PAs), which play a crucial role in grape resistance. Previous studies showed that UV-C positively regulated leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) enzyme activity to promote the accumulation of total flavane-3-ols in juvenile grape fruit, but its molecular mechanism was still unclear. In this paper, we found that the contents of flavane-3-ol monomers increased dramatically at the early development stage grape fruit after UV-C treatment, and the expression of its related transcription factor VvMYBPA1 was also enhanced significantly. The contents of (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, the expression level of VvLAR1 and VvANR, and the activities of LAR and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) were improved significantly in the VvMYBPA1 overexpressed grape leaves compared to the empty vector. Both VvMYBPA1 and VvMYC2 could interact with VvWDR1 using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and yeast two hybrid (Y2H). Finally, VvMYBPA1 was proven to bind with the promoters of VvLAR1 and VvANR by yeast one hybrid (Y1H). To sum up, we found that the expression of VvMYBPA1 increased in the young stage of grape fruit after UV-C treatment. VvMYBPA1 formed a trimer complex with VvMYC2 and VvWDR1 to regulate the expression of VvLAR1 and VvANR, thus positively promoting the activities of LAR and ANR enzyme, and eventually improved the accumulation of flavane-3-ols in grape fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azerbaijan is one of the ancient wine-growing country, and it is famous by its rich assortment of local grapes. Historically, in our country well-known brand wines have been prepared from aboriginal red grape varieties. Among them, we can mention branded Kurdamir kagoru, Shamakhi kagoru, Madasa and Khindogni natural wines, etc. wines made from such autochthonous grape varieties won the favor of consumers with their unique physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics. In line with it, in recent years, to the country introduced a number of valuable grape varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and others. It is actually relevant comparative evaluation of such varieties cultivated in local conditions, including red ones. During the ripening of the studied grape varieties, the amount of sugars ranged between 197 and 265 g/dm³, titratable acids from 4.5 to 7.7 g/dm³, and active acidity between 3.08 and 3.61. The mass concentration of sugars in the Xindogni grape variety was 197 g/dm³ on average. The varieties were in ascending order of the mass concentration of sugars: Madrasa 222 g/dm³, Cabernet-Sauvignon 226 g/dm³, Merlot 240 g/dm³, and Shirvanshahi 265 g/dm³ . One of the important indicators determining the quality of raw materials is known to be the sugar-acid potential, in other words, a glucoacidometric index (GAI). In the studied varieties, the GAI varied from 3.0 to 5.7. This index was higher in the Shirvanshahi variety (5.7), medium in Madrasa (4.9) and Cabernet Sauvignon (4.8), and lower in the Xindogni (3.0) and Merlot (3.1) grape varieties. Delphinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, and malvidin anthocyanidins were found in skin hydrolysates. The amount of resveratrol in the skin, seed, and leaf was 0.75-8.25mg/kg, 0.31-5.7mg/kg, and 0.01- 0.25mg/kg, respectively, depending on varieties and years. Local grape varieties had a noticeable level of aromatic alcohol content and were not at all inferior to the famous Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety. Aromatic alcohols such as β-phenylethanol, β-phenoxyethanol, and phenylcarbinol were among the compounds of importance for Kagortype wines. A comparison of their quantity showed that the amount of these compounds in the Madrasa grape variety was more than in the other two grape varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Official stable isotope databases, based on the analysis of (D/H)I ethanol, (D/H)II ethanol, δ13Cethanol and δ18Owater of wine, are an indispensable tool for establishing the limits beyond which the mislabeling or the addition of sugar and/or water in wine production can be detected. The present study investigates, for the first time, whether the use of hybrid varieties instead of European Vitis vinifera for wine production can have an impact on the stable isotope ratios. RESULTS: The analyses were performed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and site‐specific natural isotope fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance, in accordance with the official methods of the International Organization of Grapes and Wine. The comparison shows the tendency of some stable isotope ratios of hybrid varieties, in particular (D/H)I, to deviate from the regional averages of the V. vinifera samples. Notably, Baron, Monarch and Regent showed significantly different values at one of the two sampling sites. Particularly high δ13C values characterize Helios compared to other hybrid varieties. CONCLUSION: For the first time, and from an isotopic point of view, the present study investigates the wine obtained from hybrid varieties, showing that further attention should be paid to their interpretation, on the basis of the database established according to the European Regulation 2018/273. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape is one of the most valuable sources of polyphenols that act as radical scavengers and stress suppressors. This study discussed the polyphenolic and the organic acid composition regarding ecology and secondary metabolism of red grapes of two Vitis vinifera varieties (Sülün Kara and Tombak Kara) and a Vitis labrusca cultivar (Isabella) grown under arid conditions. Isabella, a grape adapted to high humidity, had notably higher flavonoids, particularly catechin. Vitis vinifera varieties contained higher phenolic acids than Isabella, except for syringic, p-coumaric, and gallic acids. Organic acids were divergent among the varieties and Isabella. Correlation analysis suggested some noteworthy relations among organic acids, such as the positive linear relationships of malic, tartaric, and ascorbic acids. Oxalic acid was negatively correlated to other organic acids except for succinic acid. High correlations among flavonoids suggested an enhanced stress defense metabolism caused by rain scarcity during the growing season. This study will be a helpful example of alterations in grape biochemical composition and relationships of secondary metabolites. The results also suggest that Isabella is an excellent genetic source of biochemically fortified berries under arid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes are rich in phytochemicals and have many health benefits. Some phytochemicals properties of grape must and some grape and seed characteristics of twenty selected grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars having black, red or white skin color were investigated in the present study. The organic acids detected in various ranges were tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid. Tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid reached the highest values in the cultivars of Kirmizi sinceri, Beyaz sinceri, Kirmizi sinceri, Duvrevi and Emiri, respectively. Citric acid reached the highest value in red cultivars and fumaric acid reached the highest value in black cultivars. The phenolic compounds detected in various ranges were rutin, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, q-coumaric acid, and fluorodizine. For the highest contents of rutin, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, chlorogenic, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, q-coumaric acid, and fluorodizine were detected in the cultivars of Karrod, Gozane, Polati, Karrod, Duvrevi, Cicike nator, Polati, Resealya and Beyaz sinceri, respectively. Ellagic acid was high in black varieties; rutin was high in red varieties; and the highest chlorogenic acid, p coumaric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were found in white cultivars. Total antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.64 to 7.53 mg L−1, and its highest rate was observed in cv. Emiri. Except for q-coumaric acid, all analysis results were significantly diferent [(P < 0.01), (P < 0.05)] among the studied garpe cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme temperatures limit grape production and sustainability. Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) transcription factors affect plant responses to temperature related stresses. Therefore, we investigated the role of VvDREB2c, a DREB-coding gene, found in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Protein characterization revealed that VvDREB2c is localized to the nucleus and that its AP2/ERF domain contains three β-sheets and one α-helix sheet. Analysis of the VvDREB2c promoter region revealed the presence of light-, hormone-, and stress-related cis-acting elements. Furthermore, we observed that the heterologous expression of VvDREB2c in Arabidopsis improved growth, drought tolerance, and heat tolerance. Furthermore, it improved the leaf quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation [Y(NPQ)], elevated the activities of RuBisCO, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and reduced the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation [Y(NO)] in plants exposed to high temperatures. VvDREB2c-overexpressing lines also specifically upregulated several photosynthesis-related genes (CSD2, HSP21, and MYB102). In addition, VvDREB2c-overexpressing lines reduced light damage and enhanced photoprotective ability by dissipating excess light energy and converting it into heat, which eventually improves tolerance to high temperature. The contents of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were affected by heat stress in VvDREB2c-overexpressing lines, which indicated that VvDREB2c positively regulates heat tolerance via a hormonal pathway in Arabidopsis. VvDREB2c promotes heat tolerance in Arabidopsis by exerting effects on photosynthesis, hormones, and growth conditions. This study may provide useful insights into the enrichment of the heat-tolerance pathways in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The formation of color in plants is significantly dependent on anthocyaninpigments. Grape species vary in color due to the differences in anthocyanin accumulation. It is widely recognized that both biotic and abiotic conditions may have an impact on anthocyanin synthesis in plants. The underlying molecular mechanisms by which external application of hyperoside impacts anthocyanin formation in grapes, however, have received little attention. Methods: In the current study, the transcriptome of Gemstone seedless grape was examined using high-throughput RNA sequencing at various developmental stages reply to both control and hyperoside treatments. Results: The results of this study suggested that the major genes controlling anthocyanin accumulation in response to the externalinjection of hyperoside could be VvMYB62, VvPAL, VvCHS, and VvF3'5'H.Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) results were used to confirm the changes in the expression levels of the genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway under the control and hyperoside treatments. Using a transient transformation system, itwas discovered that VvMYB62 was shown to regulate the anthocyanin accumulation at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels and could be influenced by the external administration of hyperoside. In grape embryogenic calli, hyperoside could specifically suppress theexpression of VvMYB62 and anthocyanin accumulation. In this instance, the VvMYB62 characterisation brought attention to the significance of exogenous hyperoside-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Therefore, the results demonstrated that VvMYB62 could be hindered in the process of grape during anthocyanin accumulation caused by hyperoside. Discussion: These findings offer excellent candidate genes in the future breeding of novel grape varieties in addition to serving as a crucial reference for understanding the underlying molecular processes of hyperoside suppression of anthocyanin formation in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (3, 4′, 5 trihydroxy stilbene) is a natural phytoalexin produced by plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is well known for its cardio-protective, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant properties. This study characterized physiological and molecular changes in resveratrol synthesis exposed to two levels of water stress at distinct grape berry developmental stages. Physiological data were measured to assess the berry quality. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to study enzyme activity and qRT-PCR to assess the expression levels of genes involved in resveratrol synthesis. The berry development was suppressed under water stress, while the content of total polyphenol, especially resveratrol was enhanced. Related enzymes and genes regulate the changes in resveratrol in plants. Water stress improved the enzyme activities of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and STS (stilbene synthase) after veraison. Moreover, the transcription factors VvMYB14, VvMYB15 and resveratrol synthesis-related genes are also changed. Expression of Vv4CL and VvMYB15 were upregulated during the pre-reversion stage, whereas VvPAL and VvSTS increased throughout development. As the co-substrate of VvSTS, VvCHS decreased during the berry development. Our study demonstrates that water stress regulates resveratrol synthesis through enzymatic activities and the gene expression of PAL and STS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]