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Iron reduction and sulfate reduction often occur simultaneously in anoxic systems, and where that is the case, the molar ratio between the reactions (i.e., Fe/SO42- reduced) influences their impact on water quality and carbon storage. Previous research has shown that pH and the supply of electron donors and acceptors affect that ratio, but it is unclear how their influences compare and affect one another. This study examines impacts of pH and the supply of acetate, sulfate, and goethite on the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction in semi-continuous sediment bioreactors. We examined which parameter had the greatest impact on that ratio and whether the parameter influences depended on the state of each other. Results show that pH had a greater influence than acetate supply on the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction, and that the impact of acetate supply on the ratio depended on pH. In acidic reactors (pH 6.0 media), the ratio of iron to sulfate reduction decreased from 3:1 to 2:1 as acetate supply increased (0-1 mM). In alkaline reactors (pH 7.5 media), iron and sulfate were reduced in equal proportions, regardless of acetate supply. Secondly, a comparison of experiments with and without sulfate shows that the extent of iron reduction was greater if sulfate reduction was occurring and that the effect was larger in alkaline reactors than acidic reactors. Thus, the influence of sulfate supply on iron reduction extent also depended on pH and suggests that iron reduction grows more dependent on sulfate reduction as pH increases. Our results compare well to trends in groundwater geochemistry and provide further evidence that pH is a major control on iron and sulfate reduction in systems with crystalline (oxyhydr)oxides. pH not only affects the ratio between the reactions but also the influences of other parameters on that ratio.

Methanogenesis and iron reduction play major roles in determining global fluxes of greenhouse gases. Despite their importance, environmental factors that influence their interactions are poorly known. Here, we present evidence that pH significantly influences the balance between each reaction in anoxic environments that contain ferric (oxyhydr)oxide minerals. In sediment bioreactors that contained goethite as a source of ferric iron, both iron reduction and methanogenesis occurred but the balance between them varied significantly with pH. Compared to bioreactors receiving acidic media (pH 6), electron donor oxidation was 85% lower for iron reduction and 61% higher for methanogenesis in bioreactors receiving alkaline media (pH 7.5). Thus, methanogenesis displaced iron reduction considerably at alkaline pH. Geochemistry data collected from U.S. aquifers demonstrate that a similar pattern also exists on a broad spatial scale in natural settings. In contrast, in bioreactors that were not augmented with goethite, clay minerals served as the source of ferric iron and the balance between each reaction did not vary significantly with pH. We therefore conclude that pH can regulate the relative contributions of microbial iron reduction and methanogenesis to carbon fluxes from terrestrial environments. We further propose that the availability of ferric (oxyhydr)oxide minerals influences the extent to which the balance between each reaction is sensitive to pH. The results of this study advance our understanding of environmental controls on microbial methane generation and provide a basis for using pH and the occurrence of ferric minerals to refine predictions of greenhouse gas fluxes.

The genus Nerium consists of two species Nerium oleander L. (Fig. 1) and Nerium odorum Sol. (= Nerium odorum Lam. = Nerium indicum Mill.). They are distributed in the Mediterranean region, Arabia, the Near East and East India. In many other areas they are cultivated as ornamental plants (Hegi 1927). Various parts of the plants are reputed to be therapeutic agents in the treatment of swellings, leprosy, eye and skin diseases (Dymock et al. 1891; Chopra et al. 1956). The leaves mainly possess cardiotonic and antibacterial properties and are utilized as eounter-poisons against snake venom (Dymock et al. 1891; Chopra et al. 1956). Because of these applications and their pharmacological effects, many researchers have investigated the various compounds of Nerium spp. The substances which have been found in the leaves, root bark and seeds belong to the flavonoids, saponins, cardenolides, pregnanes and hexadecanoic acid derivatives. The structures of these components will be described in this chapter.

The Jujo's Fushiki Mill is located in Takaoka-City, Toyama prefecture of Main-island in Japan. Pulp and paper production began in 1919. Our mill produces newsprint, rotogravure, printing and publishing papers, asbestos paper and other specialty paperboard.Our major plants are composed of six paper machines which use mainly furnishes from Sulfite, RGP and DIP mill. The mill has the capacity to produce 320 tons paper and board per day.

Edogawa Mill is located in the southeastern part of Metropolitan Tokyo along the Edogawa River which divides the border of Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture. Edogawa River is very significant for Edogawa Mill because its water is used not only as industrial water for Edogawa Mill, but is also used as a means of transportation of major materials such as pulp, oil and so on.The main equipment in Edogawa Mill are a 60 t/d CGP plant, 2 fourdrinier machines for manufacturing 120 tons per day of printing paper, and 1 high-speed ultraformer machine for manufacturing 270 tons of paperboard per day.The mill area has about 157, 000 m2 and a corrugating plant and a Central Research Laboratory are also located within its premises. There are a total of 471 employees working there.Since the mill is located in the urban area, it is advantageous for procurement of materials and for transportation of products, however, on the other hand, strict control for the protection of the environment is required. Therfore, for the purpose of keeping good harmony with the community, we have positively invested in facilities for pollution abatement during the past several years.

Yatsushiro Mill of Jujo Paper Co., Ltd. in Kyushu Island, which started its operation in 1924, has an integrated pulp and paper mill.The paper mill manufactures fine paper, writings, post-card and newsprint with seven paper machines, two of which are twin-wire formers.The pulp mill is composed of KP, GP, SP, CGP, and DIP lines.The mill site area is about 432, 000m2 and the employees are 1, 050.

Tonami Paper Co., Ltd. was established in August 1955.The company has one mill named Futatsuka which locates in southern Takaoka City, Toyama prefecture.This mill started up in February 1957, and has been producing newsprint and publication paper since then.It has a capacity of 120, 000 t/y of paper with two twin-wire Bel Baie Formar.It also produces pulp (such as GP, RGP and DIP) and supplies it to paper machines along with the purchased chemical pulp.The mill site area is 176, 000 m2 and number of employees is about 220.The mill's water is treated by an Activated Sludge and coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from powerboiler is treated by scrubbers (OK-3 type) and electro-precipitator.

Tomakomai mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. in Hokkaido island started its operation in 1910 to manufacture newsprint from sulphite pulp and groundwood pulp.Through gradual modernization of newsprint machines, including remodeling into twin-wire type, annual production capacity of 11 machines in operation exceeds 1 million metric tons. The mill is the largest newsprint producing mill in the world.The annual production last year was about 920, 000 metric tons of which 82% was newsprint and remaining 18% was low grade, medium grade printing paper and rotogravure paper.The mill has pulping facilities of high yield sulphite, thermomechanical, refinermechanical, groundwood, chip-groundwood and deinked pulps. Kraft pulps is mainly purochased from Ebetsu mill of Oji Paper Co., Ltd. TMP is imported from the joint venture company in New-Zealand.The mill area is about 540, 000m2 and the employees are about 1, 500.

The city of Kawanoe where the Oe Mill is located, has been historically developed as a key station of ocean trade, between Takamatsu and Matuyama in Shikoku.That location is very suited for traffic convenience having easy access to Osaka, Chugoku, and Kyushu area.The company was established in 1920, and we are now operating three paper mills of Kawanoe, Kinsei and Oe.We are introducing here the profile of our new Oe Mill which was started up on stream in December 1979 with most modernized equipments for producing newsprint, so that the future potentiality could hopefully be expected as our sea-front plant.The all manufacturing facilities are equipped on land of 300, 000 square meters and approximately one hundred and twenty employees are working for daily production.The producing capacity of pulp and paper are as follows.Pulp TMP 450 T/DPaper Newsprint 550 T/D

Fuji mill is located at the central part of Fuji city which is closely situated from two biggest marketting cities of Tokyo and Osaka, has started its first paper machine operation in 1951.The mill has nine (9) Fourdrinier machines, one twinwire machine and three (3) coater machines, and produces around 70 grades of paper including LWC, glassine paper, post card paper, color wood free paper, newsprint paper, and telephone number paper.At present, it also produces Kraft pulp, Ground wood, Refiner Ground wood and De-inking pulp.Its capacity of monthly paper production is around 33, 000 tons. The area of Fuji mill is around 40, 000m2 and employees are around 1, 050.

Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. manufactures market pulps, wood-free printing and writing papers, coated papers and paperboards, specialty papers, and photographic papers at six mills consisting of three paper mills, two pulp mills, and one photographic paper mill.Hachinohe Mill, inaugurated in 1966, is the company's largest and most modernized consolidated pulp and paper mill. The mill site covering an area of about 1, 100, 000 m2 was selected there in the northern end of Honshu Island to exploit rich water and wood resources, port facilities, labor force, etc.The mill has a capacity of 288, 000 t/y of paper and paperboard with two off-machine coaters, four paper machines, supported by two sulfate pulp lines and one CGP line. Number of employees is about 800. No. 4 paper machine is a Bel Baie 71 twin wire unit producing wood-free fine papers of excellent quality.The mill's waste water is treated by a coagulation-sedimentation process. Stack gas from its oil-fired boilers is desulfurized.

Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd. owns five mills, namely, Suzukawa, Yoshinaga, Imaizumi, Fuji, in Shizuoka prefecture and Shiraoi in Hokkaido.Shiraoi mill, located at Shiraoi-cho in South Hokkaido, has started its operation since 1960, now it is the largest and newest mill in our company.The mill is about 40 kliometers far to the north east of Muroran Port, from which imported wood chips (Douglas fir, Eucalyptus) and 70% of its products are transported.Paper & paperboard mill has 6 paper machines (daily capacity 1, 230 tons), 3 paperboard machines (daily capacity 320 tons), 2 off coaters (daily capacity 16 tons) and its products are newsprint, printing and writing paper, diazo sensitive paperstock, business form paper, coated paper, linerboard, coated white board and others.Pulp mill has 2 KP continuous digesters, 5 KP batch digesters, 3 BKP plants, 3 grinders, RGP plant, A-CGP plant, DIP plant and 2 pulpers for old corrugated containers pulping. The mill area is about 1, 340, 000m2 and the employees are about 1, 200.

International audience; In this study, the small strain shear modulus Gmax and the damping ratio Dmin of sand–rubber mixtures with a small particles size ratio Sr (D50rubber/D50sand = .36) are characterised by shear wave propagation using bender elements inserted in a modified triaxial cell. The influence of addition of less than 50% rubber volume fractions Rf in a range of confining pressures varying from 50 to 500 kPa was investigated. The results showed that, for all confining pressures, the shear modulus decreases with increasing rubber volume fractions, while the damping ratio linearly increases. A quasi-conservation of shear modulus up to a volume fraction Rf = .2 and sharp decrease beyond this content is observed. The shear modulus decay and the damping enhancement with addition of rubber fractions are mitigated by increasing confining pressures. An optimal increase of the damping ratio without significant loss of rigidity and a minimal sensitivity to confining pressure for mixtures containing about 10% rubber is highlighted. The shear modulus and damping ratio are power function of the mean effective stress within the range studied.

The paper presents results of the research which was carried out in KTU APINI when implementing one stage of the PF7 program project “Polygeneration of energy, fuels, and fertilizers from biomass residues and sewage sludge (ENERCOM)” (No TREN/FP7/EN/218916). The research objective was to assess possibilities of producing solid recovered fuel (SRF) from compost produced from pre-treated sewage sludge and biomass residuals in “Soil-Concept” plant (Luxemburg). Feasibility of producing pellets and briquettes using the composites of compost, sawdust, and peat was analyzed. Technical and environmental evaluations of SRF production were carried out on the basis of pelleting and briquetting tests. Main chemical and physical parameters of produced SRF were analyzed and compared to the recovered fuel classificatory (CEN/TC 343). All pellets and briquettes, produced during the experiment, were attributed to a certain class of recovered fuel. Results of technical and environmental evaluations of SRF production and their burning as well as conclusions and recommendations made are presented. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.62.4.2742