Search

This paper presents the results of the wood charcoal analyses from the Middle Paleolithic open-air site at Nesher Ramla, on the central coastal plain of Israel. The study focuses on the interpretation of the charcoals left by fires used by Middle Paleolithic hominins during early Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. Moreover, this study sheds light on the arboreal taxa present in the vegetation and environmental conditions in the southern Levant during the Middle Paleolithic. A small quantity of identifiable charcoals was retrieved from the 8-m-thick archaeological sequence of the site (Units II to VI). The largest charcoal assemblage was recovered from part of the sequence dated to MIS 5e. The results show the presence of deciduous Quercus sp. and Prunus. The presence of these taxa, together with other proxies from the multidisciplinary studies at Nesher Ramla, indicate an arboreal setting with relatively humid and mild climatic conditions in MIS 5e. Our results further suggest that wood was used as fuel at Nesher Ramla. Given the scarcity of Middle Paleolithic sites in the Levant that have yielded charcoal, this new data from Nesher Ramla constitutes an important contribution to the study of past environments and the exploitation of plant resources by human groups.

This research has been supported by the European Research Council (GC2.0 (grant no. 694481)), the European Research Council (REALM (grant no. 787203)), Imperial College through the Lee Family Scholarship, the Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society (grant no. RC-2018-023), and the REDISCO (grant no. HAR2017-88035-P) project., Charcoal accumulated in lake, bog or other anoxic sediments through time has been used to document the geographical patterns in changes in fire regimes. Such reconstructions are useful to explore the impact of climate and vegetation changes on fire during periods when human influence was less prevalent than today. However, charcoal records only provide semi-quantitative estimates of change in biomass burning. Here we derive quantitative estimates of burnt area from vegetation data in two stages. First, we relate the modern charcoal abundance to burnt area using a conversion factor derived from a generalised linear model of burnt area probability based on eight environmental predictors. Then, we establish the relationship between fossil pollen assemblages and burnt area using tolerance-weighted weighted averaging partial least-squares regression with a sampling frequency correction (fxTWA-PLS). We test this approach using the Iberian Peninsula as a case study because it is a fire-prone region with abundant pollen and charcoal records covering the Holocene. We derive the vegetation-burnt area relationship using the 31 records that have both modern and fossil charcoal and pollen data and then reconstruct palaeoburnt area for the 113 records with Holocene pollen records. The pollen data predict charcoal-derived burnt area relatively well (R-2 = 0.44), and the changes in reconstructed burnt area are synchronous with known climate changes through the Holocene. This new method opens up the possibility of reconstructing changes in fire regimes quantitatively from pollen records, after regional calibration of the vegetation-burnt area relationship, in regions where pollen records are more abundant than charcoal records., European Research Council (ERC) European Commission 694481 787203, Imperial College through the Lee Family Scholarship, Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society RC-2018-023 REDISCO HAR2017-88035-P

Kuahuqiao site, famous for its early rice cultivation, is taken to be a typical case of how agriculture emerged in a littoral environment in the early Holocene. However, the lack of fire history and local climatic reconstruction has hindered the detailed picture of agricultural origins and development. Here we report new records of TOC, BC, δ 13CTOC, δ 13CBC, and C/N, alongside published pollen and charcoal data. Our δ 13CTOC and C/N confirm the previously-proposed formation of wetlands, which offered favorable landscapes for rice paddy agriculture, prior to the appearance of the Kuahuqiao culture. Based on BC, δ 13CTOC, and δ 13CBC records we suggest a hotter but drier climate that would have benefited rice agriculture by augmenting the distribution of wild rice and C4 herbs. In addition, δ 13CTOC shows a decreased C3/C4 ratio as a signal of human occupation with manipulation of forest for hunting-gathering or/and land clearance for agriculture. Combined δ 13CBC and BC records oppose the proposal of intense fire use in early agriculture and suggest that fire use was constrained to domestic purposes. Flood events which seem to have terminated the Kuahuqiao culture left impressions in TOC, BC, δ 13CTOC, δ 13CBC.

This paper presents the first insight into the interpretation of the wood charcoal from the Holocene layers of Wonderwerk Cave. Situated in the Northern Cape Province in the arid interior of South Africa, the site provides a unique and valuable chronological record of past environmental fluctuations and responding human behavioural adaptations spanning the last two million years. The Holocene strata have been dated to cover the last 12.5 ka cal BP years, but exclude the last 100 years because of contamination. A sizeable amount of charcoal was recovered from these strata and remnants have been identified, described and the species composition amongst the strata compared. Most identified species are those that tolerate hot, dry conditions, signalling an arid trend during the Holocene. Comparison with present day species distributions suggests an eastwards shift in modern vegetation. The charcoal data also indicate that during the mid Holocene there was a wetter period from 6.2 to 4.5 ka cal BP, coinciding with stratum 4a.

Transforming to biochar provides an environmentally friendly approach for crop residue reutilization, which are usually applied as sorbent for heavy metal removal. As typical silicon-rich material, the specific sorptive mechanisms of rice straw derived biochar (RSBC) are concerned, especially at the low concentration range which is more environmentally relevant. In the present study, Cd sorption onto RSBCs at the concentration of ≤ 5 mg/L was investigated. The sorptive capacity was positively correlated with the pyrolytic temperature of the biochar and the environmental pH value. Water soluble minerals of the RSBCs played the dominant roles in Cd sorption, contributing 29.2%, 62.5% and 82.9% of the total sorption for RSBCs derived under 300°C, 500°C and 700°C, respectively. Increased number of cations, dominantly K+, were exchanged during the sorption. Coprecipitation with cations and carbonates may also be contributive to the sorption. The dissolution of silicon-containing minerals was found to be declined during sorption, suggesting its involvement in the sorption process, possibly through precipitation. Whilst, the sparingly soluble silicate crystals may impose ignorable role in the sorption. Complexation with organic groups is only a minor mechanism in Cd sorption, compared to the much more dominant roles of the inorganic ashes.

In this study we investigate the timing and nature of moisture availability in the Late Holocene by examining a multiproxy paleoenvironmental record from Kathu Pan at the southern edge of the Kalahari. In a region where organic proxy records are scarce, Kathu Pan provides a unique record of changes in past environmental conditions. Pollen, spore, charcoal, and stable isotope records were obtained from organic deposits at Kathu Pan and examined within a radiocarbon-constrained chronological framework. The Kathu Pan record registers a relatively moist phase occurring between 4.8 ka and 2.5 ka cal BP. Local environmental conditions at Kathu Pan shift gradually beginning around the terminal Northgrippian ~4.8 ka cal BP. Kathu Pan reaches maximum moisture availability with marsh-like conditions signaled by increased organic content, dominance of Cyperaceae pollen, presence of freshwater fungi, and δ13C values consistent with local C3 vegetation, around the inception of the Meghalayan Stage, although due to uncertainties in the age-depth model these changes may have taken place 1–2 centuries on either side of the formal date for the onset of the Meghalayan at 4.2 ka cal BP. This interval also corresponds with the highest charcoal concentrations, indicating the importance of adequate moisture conditions to support the growth of biomass which eventually becomes a fuel source. The moist phase lasts ca. 2000 years until a hypothesized shift to arid conditions occurs c. 2.5 ka cal BP leading to a change in local hydroclimate that may have terminated the accumulation of organic-bearing sediments.

Palaeoecological evidence is compared with the existing archaeological record to understand how changing human activity, over the past two millennia, impacted fire regimes and vegetation dynamics in the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Sediment cores from two wetland sites in the Cathedral Peak area of the northern Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal are dated using accelerator mass spectrometry to chronologically support biological proxy data. Fossil pollen analysis is used to detect changes in vegetation composition, and macroscopic charcoal to reconstruct changing fire regimes. Charcoal accumulation rates (CHAR) are used as a proxy for burned biomass, and charcoal width-to-length ratio (W/L) as a proxy for dominant fuel type, whether grassy or woody. Results indicate an increase in CHAR, coincident with the appearance of cereal-type grasses (>40 μm) c. 550 cal BP, suggesting a change in fire regimes associated with the arrival of early agropastoralists. A notable decline in charcoal W/L at this time indicates a shift towards a more grassy fuel type. This is consistent with a seasonal shift in the timing of ignitions from high intensity late season lightning fires to low intensity early season anthropogenic fires. The latter are less damaging to woody vegetation explaining an overall shift to a more grassy fuel type. Large scale ecosystem change is evident in the colonial period, including decreased forest pollen taxa such as Podocarpus, which may be linked to colonial period logging. The increased dominance of Pteridium spores documents the invasion trajectory of bracken fern into montane grasslands in the area, which is attributed to ecosystem disturbance in the form of colonial fire suppression. The subalpine wetland clearly documents woody encroachment of the surrounding open grassland landscape during the agropastoral and subsequent colonial periods. By contrast, at the montane wetland site, these trends appear to be overprinted by local forest dynamics and recent deforestation, likely an elevation effect. Palaeoecological evidence demonstrates how changes in fire regimes and vegetation composition in the northern Drakensberg are closely tied to human activity over the past two millennia.

Here we present charcoal identifications for Rose Cottage Cave, Eastern Free State, from layers dated between about 96,000 and 35,000 years ago (~96 and ~35 ka ago). We then suggest plant community types that might have been established in the area in warm Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS5) versus cooler MIS4/MIS3 phases. The hypothesis is that frost-tender plants should occur in warm phases while hardy Leucosidea sericea, Protea spp. and Erica spp. should be more common during cooler phases more recent than ~74 ka ago. Leucosidea sericea thrives under moist conditions and its presence in late MIS4 and in several MIS3 layers at Rose Cottage implies that the area may have been moister than many other sites in the interior of southern Africa, thereby making it attractive for occupation. The charcoal identifications at ~96 ka ago included taxa like Buddleja salvifolia that need somewhat warmer conditions than taxa such as Leucosidea sericea. Taxa diversity based on the charcoal identifications is generally low at the site throughout the Middle Stone Age, but the vegetation from relatively warm MIS5 seems more diverse than that of MIS4 and MIS3. Some taxa identified, for example, Calodendrum capense, Leucosidea sericea, Erica caffra and Protea caffra no longer grow near the cave although they are commonly found in other parts of eastern South Africa.

Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne fungal pathogen infecting many important crop plants. The fungus, which can survive on crop debris for a long period of time, causes charcoal rot disease by secreting a diverse array of cell-wall degrading enzymes and toxins. M. phaseolina thrives during periods of high temperatures and arid conditions, as typically occur in Israel and other countries with a Mediterranean climate. Crop losses due to charcoal rot can be expected to increase and spread to other countries in a warming global climate. Management of this pathogen is challenging, requiring an array of approaches for the various crop hosts. Approaches that have had some success in Israel include grafting of melons and watermelons on resistant squash rootstocks and soil application of fungicide to reduce disease incidence in melons, fumigation and alterations in planting date and mulching of strawberries, and alteration in irrigation regime of cotton. Elsewhere, these approaches, as well as soil amendments and addition of organisms that are antagonistic to M. phaseolina, have had success in some crop situations. Management through host resistance would be the most sustainable approach, but it requires identifying a resistant germplasm for each crop and introgressing the resistance into the leading cultivars. Resistance to charcoal rot is under complex genetic control in most crops, posing a great challenge for its introgression into elite germplasm. Moreover, fast, reliable methods of screening for resistance would have to be developed for each crop. The toothpick-inoculation method used by us holds great promise for selecting resistant germplasm for melons and possibly for sesame, but other methodologies have to be devised for each individual crop.

Increased consumption and demand for freshwater has resulted to massive production of wastewater, which has toxins and is harmful to the environment if not treated. The use of permeable reactive barriers using activated carbon has proven to be a low cost and environmental friendlier solution to the problem compared to conventional methods. This minireview demonstrated the use of bamboo activated carbon, which is mesoporous in treating wastewater pollutants through adsorptive processes. The paper discusses the chemical and physical processes involved in activation and carbonization of bamboo charcoal, its adsorptive and structural characteristics. Case examples of its application in wastewater treatment based on literature review are also evaluated. Overall, bamboo is a viable renewable biomass material used in wastewater treatment compared to alternative carbon-based materials such as wood charcoal, coconut shell activated charcoal and carbon nanotubes.

Mercury, Hg, is one of the most problematic metals from an environmental perspective. To assess the problems caused by Hg in the environment it is crucial to understand the processes of Hg biogeochemistry, but the exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and vegetation is not sufficiently well characterised. We explored the mercury concentration, [Hg], in foliage from a diverse set of plant types, locations and sampling periods to study whether there is a continuous accumulation of Hg in leaves/needles over time. Measurements of [Hg] were made in deciduous and conifer trees in Gothenburg, Sweden (Botanical Garden and city area) as well as of evergreen trees in Rwanda. In addition, data for wheat from an ozone experiment conducted at Östad, Sweden, were included. Conifer data were quantitatively compared with literature data. In every case where older foliage was directly compared with younger, [Hg] was higher in older tissue. Covering the range of current year up to four-year old needles, there was no sign of Hg saturation in conifer needles with age. Thus, over time scales of approximately one month to several years, the Hg uptake in foliage from the atmosphere always dominated over Hg evasion. Rwandan broadleaved trees had generally older leaves due to lack of seasonal abscission and higher [Hg] than Swedish broadleaved trees. The significance of atmospheric Hg uptake in plants was shown in a wheat experiment where charcoal filtrated air lead to significantly lower leaf [Hg]. To search for general patterns, the accumulation rates of Hg in the diverse set of tree species in the Gothenburg area were related to the specific leaf area (SLA). Leaf area based [Hg] was strongly negatively and non-linearly correlated with SLA, while mass-based [Hg] had a somewhat weaker positive relationship with SLA (both relationships with p < 0.001). An elaborated understanding of the relationship behind [Hg] and SLA would support large-scale modelling of Hg uptake by vegetation and Hg circulation in general.

Aeolian studies of Lake Michigan’s coastal dunes have yet to elucidate what factors control their episodic activity over the past 5000 years. High lake levels exposing sand along with increased storminess is generally accepted for high perched dunes. This hypothesis, however, remains poorly tested for low perched dunes along the southeast Lake Michigan coastline. Here, small lakes in the lee of dune complexes contain aeolian sand and various biological proxies. Age and sedimentation rate models from Gilligan Lake cores guide analysis of aeolian sand, charcoal, pollen, and diatoms at high resolution (1 cm [10.4 yr/cm]) during the high-water Algoma Phase (3.1–2.4 ka) of the upper Great Lakes. The diatoms record a transition from a deep, more acidic lake to a shallower, more alkaline lake with fewer wetlands. This transition is accompanied by a stepped increase in the amount of aeolian sand. There is a weak correlation (R2 0.5, p

Brazilian charcoal is produced from planted eucalyptus forest wood in traditional batch reactors. The ordinary technology applied in Brazil does not use pyrolysis waste gases, which leads to the loss of 30% of wood energy and decreases air quality. This study evaluated the synchronous use of industrial batch kilns, waste gas burning, and energy recovery to produce electricity. Three scenarios were analyzed: (S1) Eucalyptus charcoal production without gas burning (Base Scenario); (S2) with gas burning; and (S3) with gas burning and electricity generation. Since a eucalyptus forest can fix carbon into its biomass through photosynthesis and finally into charcoal, S1 was able to reduce 3402.5 kg of CO2-eq per Mg of charcoal produced, and S2 reduced 6453.1 kg of CO2-eq due to waste gas methane burning. Electricity production is environmentally positive for all evaluated environmental indicators thanks to gas pollutants destruction and renewable energy generation. For S1, a ratio difference of 6.3 was found between the output of renewable energy and fossil energy input during the charcoal life cycle. For a combined production of charcoal and electricity (S3), a ratio difference of 6.9 was found. Photochemical oxidation was the main impact which can be significantly reduced by adopting gas flaring.

The effect of dietary bark charcoal containing vinegar liquid (BCV) on the growth performance, carcass and visceral organs, intestinal histology, fecal ammonia nitrogen, and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a total of 350 one-day-old unsexed Ross 308 broilers raised under a high environmental temperature (heat stress) from 0 to 42 d of age. They were divided into 0% (control group), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% dietary BCV groups. Compared with the control group, the body weight gain (BWG) of the 1% dietary BCV group at 21–42 d of age and the feed efficiency of the 2% dietary BCV group at 0–42 d of age increased (P

Although the lack of Late Quaternary pollen, phytolith and charcoal records for southern Africa has been bemoaned by many, there are a surprising number of publications by a relatively small group of researchers. Previous comprehensive reviews covered the research up to 2016 and 2018 so this paper only considers a selection of more recent studies, with a focus on the three types of botanical remains (pollen, phytoliths, micro- and macro-charcoal). The newer works use the traditional approaches of identification of vegetation and the use of modern analogues to reconstruct past climate and relate the results to other works and proxies. Sibudu Cave, with its long record and multi-proxy record is presented as a case study because the vegetation, climate and human behaviour are well integrated together. A more recent and general trend to provide emphasis on identifying climate driving forces and re-interpretation of data have a tendency to obscure the original sound research.

This paper presents the design of a fixed bed reactor pyrolysis to convert plastic waste type LDPE into condensate oil. The dimensions of the batch type pyrolysis reactor are adapted to household needs and are designed to be easy to operate and transport. From the results at three different pyrolysis temperature variations; 250 oC, 275 oC and 300 oC shows that reactor yields a maximum condensate oil of 45,3wt% at temperature of 300 oC. In addition, the weight of charcoal also decreased along with the increase in operating temperature.

Biochar-harbored zero-valent iron (ZVI/BC) has been extensively used to detoxify hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). However, the role played by biochar in promoting electron transfer of ZVI and Cr(VI) reduction was not fully uncovered. Herein, three biomass modeling components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and their blends were utilized to synthesize ZVI/BC via co-pyrolysis with hematite. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that hematite was successfully reduced to ZVI in nitrogen ambience. Batch sorption experiment showed that mass ratio (hematite to lignocellulosic component) of 1:20 is most optimal for reduction of Cr(VI) by ZVI/BCs. ZVI supported by BC derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and their binary mixture demonstrated better Cr(VI) removal capacity (23.8–38.3 mg g−1) owing to higher ordered and graphitic carbon structure as revealed by Raman spectrum. In addition, lower Tafel corrosion potentials and smaller electrochemical impedance arc radiuses were observed based on electrochemical analysis, suggesting their higher electrical conductivity and faster electron transfer, whereas the BCs derived from lignin and lignin-containing hybrids were not conducive to electron transfer of ZVI due to lower degree of graphitization, thus compromising Cr(VI) removal by ZVI/BC (7.7–17.7 mg g−1). As per X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, reduction, complexation, and co-precipitation were the main mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal. The present study provided a scientific evidence for screening plant-derived biomass feedstock with high contents of cellulose and hemicellulose and low lignin content to fabricate ZVI/BC to achieve high Cr(VI) removal.

We developed polyurethane foams (PU) filled with eucalyptus charcoal residue (ECR) (5, 10, 20, and 30% by wt) for diesel sorption from seawater. The PU foams were characterized by FTIR, FT-Raman, SEM, density, TGA, contact angle, diesel S500 and S10 sorption, and recyclability. The ECR addition altered PU chemical structure, inducing new chemical bonds and probably altering cross-linking ability of the foams, as indicated by FTIR. FT-Raman spectra of PU-ECR foams showed shifts associated with filler dispersion and interaction with the matrix; besides, its addition decreased the foam pore size and density. The ECR addition did not significantly change the thermal behavior of PU foam and increased hydrophilicity in low ECR content and hydrophobicity in high ECR content samples. Experimental results showed adequate oil sorption capacity, and the optimal amount was 30% (by wt) ECR, which enhanced the diesel sorption from 4.1 and 5.9 g.g−1 to 9.6 and 8.8 g.g−1 for diesel S500 and S10, respectively. The Langmuir sorption isotherm was the best-fitting model to describe oil sorption. Reusability of the PU + 30% ECR was examined through 34 and 39 cycles for diesel S500 and S10, and about 50% of the initial sorption capacity remained at the end. The results indicated the success of developing a sustainable material and demonstrating feasibility in practical applications of PU-ECR foam for spilled oil removal from seawater or treatment of oily effluents.

The developed Ni-La/Al2O3-CeO2-Bamboo charcoal (ACB) catalyst was applied to the co-pyrolysis of straw and plastic to produce hydrogen in a horizontal quartz tube pyrolysis furnace. In this study, the effects of the mixing ratio of straw and plastic, the presence and stability of the catalyst on the co-pyrolysis hydrogen production were investigated. Experiment showed that the addition of PE can increase the yield of H2 within a certain range, and the best mass ratio of 5:5 was found. In the co-pyrolysis process with the participation of the catalysts, the macromolecular tar can be cracked into combustible gases such as H2, and the H2 yield could be increased to 332.2ml/g (Ni-La/ACB) is much higher than 68.87ml/g without catalyst. Compared with Ni/ACB, Ni-La/ACB had been increased the alkalinity by adding La element and enhanced the carbon deposition resistance of the catalyst, which makes the catalyst maintain higher stability. This was also confirmed in stability test experiments.

Effects of perlite, vermiculite, and grass charcoal on root growth of Isatis and soil nutrients migration were studied, and the plant growth indicators and some soil properties of upper (0~5cm) and lower layer (5~15cm) were analyzed. The experiment treatments were loess (CK), loess : perlite = 3 : 1(A), loess : grass charcoal = 3 : 1(B), loess : vermiculite = 3 : 1(C), loess: perlite: grass charcoal = 6 : 1 : 1(A1), loess: perlite: vermiculite = 6 : 1 : 1(B1), loess: grass charcoal: vermiculite = 6 : 1 : 1(C1). The results showed that soil pH of vermiculite-containing treatments in the upper layer and grass charcoal treatment in the lower layer decreased significantly. Before planting, the available potassium and phosphorus of the upper layer were significantly higher than those of the lower layer, and soil organic matter (SOM) was slightly higher than that of the lower layer. After planting, the decrease of available potassium in the upper layer was less than that of the lower layer, and the decrease of available phosphorus and increase of SOM in the upper layer were slightly higher than that of the lower layer. In sum, it is preferred to choose B (loess : grass charcoal = 3 : 1) and A1 (loess: perlite: grass charcoal = 6 : 1 : 1) to improve the soil nutrient and utilization efficiency. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 947-954, 2021 (September) Special

Protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon suffer from conflicting activities, such as the production of charcoal from illegal logging. Charcoal anatomy is an important tool that can be useful for forensic charcoal identification and to help the conservation of these areas. To assist in combating deforestation in protected areas, this study describes the charcoal anatomy of 14 tree species that occur in the Tapirapé–Aquiri National Forest, Pará, Brazil, and provides macrographs of transverse surfaces and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images to aid government agencies during surveillance. We adopted a carbonisation method that simulated real conditions. Anatomical features were well preserved in the charcoal. The axial parenchyma and vessel frequency are easily observed in both macrographs and SEM images, so they are important diagnostic features for initial screening of families and for checking the load according to the ‘document of forestry origin’ (DOF) by the surveillance agents. Uncommon and highly diagnostic features for distinguishing genera or even species, such as rays exclusively uniseriate, sheath cells, tile cells and storied structure, were observed only in SEM images. Our findings are suitable to provide a database on charcoal anatomy of native tree species of the Amazon, with practical application in government inspection activities in protected areas in Brazil and other countries with similar issues.

In this work, pH-responsive gel spheres for controlled release of humic acid (CSGCHs) were prepared by an integrated instillation technology using a composite material of sodium alginate (SA) and charcoal activated carbon (CAC) as a carrier, and their slow-release performance, pH-responsive performance, and soil amendment performance were investigated. The results showed that the prepared CSGCH was uniform in size with obvious base responsiveness. Soil remediation experiments revealed that CSGCH could play a good role in the remediation of different types of soils. After 50 days of remediation, the content of nutrients and organic matter in the soil increased significantly and the pH and salt content of saline soils decreased by 15.2 and 29.8%, respectively. The plant experiment showed that CSGCH could effectively promote the growth of crops. Therefore, the prepared soil conditioner has a great potential value for improving soil conditions and promoting crop growth in agricultural applications.

Concrete is the result of a mixture of cement, aggregate and water. Under certain conditions, the concrete mixture can be added with additives and admixture to get the concrete as needed. Cement is the most important material in the manufacture of conventional concrete. When cement is produced, the same amount of CO2 will also be generated as a side effect and pollute the atmosphere. Fly ash as an alternative to cement will be introduced as an alternative concrete material to reduce the use of cement in the concrete mix. In addition to the use of charcoal fly ash as a partial substitute for cement, this study also uses palm oil clinkers as a substitute for fine aggregate as much as 20%. This replacement material is an industrial waste which has the main content of silica and alumina which is similar to the main material for forming concrete. In addition, the use of these two materials also aims to reduce the exploration of the use of natural materials. This research introduces 3 kinds of concrete composition. The grouping is based on the ratio of fly ash and cement used, namely (60%:40%), (70%:30%) and (80%:20%). The test object used is a concrete cylinder with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm. Tests were carried out at the age of 28 days of concrete. The compressive strength test showed that the best concrete was produced from the combination of the addition of 60% fly ash of coal aged 28 days, which was 4.21 MPa.

This study investigated the effectiveness of carbon adsorbents as remediation material for sediments contaminated with heavy metals and the feasibility of utilizing diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) as a biomimetic tool to estimate the accumulation of heavy metals in Venerupis philippinaram (Manila clam). The results showed that carbon materials had significant inhibitory effects (14.0–53.0%) on the enrichment of heavy metals in organisms and the order of increasing overall inhibitory effect was: charcoal, peat, activated carbon, and biochar. There were significant correlations (P

In majority cities of Pakistan, ground water is the main source of drinking water supply in the taps. Studies from different areas of Pakistan reported the presence of arsenic (As3/5+) and fluoride (F−) in drinking water supplies and can be envisaged as a deep-rooted cause of daily exposure of these in humans. The present study was planned with three way approach, i.e., to assess drinking water quality in Multan city, a highly populated and industrial activity area; synthesis of nano-adsorbent for simultaneous, effective and low-cost removal of fluoride and arsenic and manage waste by utilization of kitchen waste for synthesis of the nano-adsorbent. Out of 30 samples collected, 80% and 73% samples were found exceeding maximum residual limits (MRL) for F− and As3/5+, respectively, while 53% samples had both As3/5+ and F− concentrations greater than MRL. All these water samples were then treated with prepared nano-adsorbent, i.e., iron nanoparticles doped kitchen waste charcoal after evaluating the optimized experimental parameters and application of adsorption, kinetics and thermodynamic models. The nano-adsorbent showed high removal efficacy 81–100% for F− and 13–100% for As3+.

Waste processing activities through the 3R program (reduce, reuse and recycle) must be accompanied by reducing the volume/amount of waste itself. One way is to process waste starting from the source, among others, from dry leaf waste around our home environment. Community assistance activities in the use of dry leaves in the manufacture of charcoal briquettes as an alternative energy for environmental facilitators and Surabaya residents have been successfully carried out. The response of the residents was very positive and very enthusiastic in participating in this activity. The stages of implementing activities through workshops, training and mentoring are carried out in the form of lectures, questions and answers and direct practice in making briquettes. The results obtained in this community service are the formation of three superior briquette villages, namely Babat Jerawat, Tembok Gede and Ondomohen. The residents independently have succeeded in designing and making their own briquette printing equipment by utilizing used goods around them and making charcoal briquettes from dry leaves or burnt coconut shell charcoal and even has succeeded in marketing it even though it is still within the scope of the closest neighbors. Education about business prospects and marketing strategies was also given during training in empowering urban communities and responding to existing business opportunities and prospects so that they had a circular economy impact for community members to improve family welfare.

The history of forager subsistence strategies on the Tibetan plateau during the middle Holocene has been studied extensively, with valuable results from archaeozoology and archaeobotany being produced in recent years. However, changes to the resources collected by the foragers and the factors that influence them have rarely been discussed. Here we examine the differences and factors influencing charcoal identification and analysis results from both hand picking and flotation recovery methods at the Zongri site, revealing more accurately the use of firewood by the foragers and its relationship with climate change and the agricultural population. Our results show that there is a clear deficiency in tree taxa arising from hand picking, perhaps related to the quantity of charcoal collected and identified. The Zongri people mainly used nearby trees and shrubs, including Picea (spruce), Populus (poplar) and Hippophae (sea buckthorn). The material collected was dominated by green (living) wood, which might have been influenced by the farming culture in the adjacent area. The increasing use of Picea may be attributed to the selective collection of wood by the Zongri foragers, and not caused by climate change.

Teeth are one of the important aesthetic factors for a person, including tooth color. The effect of tooth discoloration can cause a person's lack of self-confidence. The use of teeth whitening materials can cause side effects in the oral cavity so that the use of natural ingredients is chosen as a tooth whitener, one of which is activated charcoal. Activated charcoal has an absorption capacity of 25-100%. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of coconut shell-activated charcoal toothpaste as a teeth whitener. This study used 20 dentures and then soaked them in coffee solution for 17 days to change the color of the teeth. Tooth color was measured using a classical Vitapan shade guide. Teeth whitening activity test was carried out for 14 days. Toothpaste was made in 4 formulas with different concentrations of coconut shell-activated charcoal in formula 1 (0%), formula 2 (6%), formula 3 (10%), and formula 4 (12%). The results of the observation showed that the preparation of coconut shell-activated charcoal toothpaste can give tooth discoloration. A statistical tests showed that coconut shell-activated charcoal toothpaste had a significant difference in activity as a natural ingredient for whitening teeth.

Smoked fish quality depends on the fuel used for smoking. This study aimed to improve smoked fish quality using fruit peels, rice husks, and palm kernel charcoal (PCH) as fuels. Thirty fish (15 Atl...

Considering the extraordinary diversity of the Brazilian Cerrado and the difficulties related to the inspection of environmental crimes, knowing the wood and charcoal anatomy of widely exploited species is important. Thus, this study aimed to verify the anatomical characteristics of the wood and charcoal of Sclerolobium paniculatum. Therefore, anatomical characterizations of the wood and the charcoal produced were performed in order to compare the characteristics of both materials and observe any possible changes in the anatomical properties after carbonization. The results exposed that the qualitative anatomical characteristics of S. paniculatum wood can be maintained after the carbonization process. However, quantitatively, the carbonization increased the vessel frequency value and height and width of rays, despite reducing the frequency of rays. The diameter of the vessels was not altered by carbonization. This characterization of the species can then serve as a database for future identification of charcoal produced with this wood. In addition, it can encourage increasing the quality of inspection and consequently reducing the illegal exploitation of the species in natural environments.

Cassava chips are a type of snack that is fried and prone to rancidity if stored for a while. Cassava chips are added to the material that can adsorb gases, such as oxygen and water vapor, to reduce the occurrence of rancidity using a sachet-shaped adsorbent material. Activated charcoal is one of the gas adsorbents. Activated charcoal used is activated charcoal made from oil palm shells and activated with 20% phosphoric acid. This study aims to analyze the decrease in the quality of cassava chips with an active packaging system during storage for 30 days at 45oC. A total of 30 g cassava chips were packed with a standing pouch in polypropylene type and added activated charcoal from oil palm shells activated by 20% phosphoric acid as much as 1.5 g or 0.75 g which was packed with metalized aluminum plastic or LDPE plastic in the form of sachets. Storage of cassava chips with an active packaging system for 30 days and stored at a temperature of 45oC with a humidity of about 60% and observations are every 3 days in aroma and texture scoring test, moisture content, free fatty acid levels, fat content, and peroxide number. During storage from day 0 to day 30, the cassava chips have decreased the quality of the aroma from typical cassava chips to slightly rancid and the texture from crisp to somewhat not crisp. Moisture content, free fatty acid levels, and peroxide numbers during storage have increased. The fat content has decreasedduring storage. Based on this, cassava chips with the addition of 1.5 g activated charcoal and packaged with metalized aluminum plastic become the best active packaging system.

Activated carbon also known as activated charcoal is a common term for carbon materials, which comprises charcoal. Activated carbon has a good adsorption capacity against gases and pollutants in liquids because of its wide surface. The material used in this research was tropical black bamboo, with the variation of particle size -10+20 mesh, -20+40 mesh, -40+60 mesh and -60+80 mesh. There are 2 processes to produce activated carbon, i.e. carbonation and activation. In this research, the carbonation is set at 380°C in 1 hour. Then, each size of carbon was activated by H3PO4 9.8% along 24 hours. The analysis conducted were moisture content, ash content, iodine number, and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The smaller particle size, the more pores will be produced and it caused the surface area higher. The results showed that variation of particle size had effect on the characterization and quality of activated carbon, where moisture content is between 10.60 to 4.05%, ash content is 1% to 0.2% and iodine adsorption is between 710 mg/g to 900 mg/g. In FTIR analysis, it showed that all of the samples had O-H, C=C, and C-O functional group.

Eugenia involucrata is an important Brazilian forest species, which it can be used for timber, such as firewood and charcoal, and non-timber purposes, for culinary and medicinal use. Considering the limitations of its seminal reproduction, vegetative propagation, particularly by micropropagation, becomes an alternative for plantlets production. In this study we evaluated the effect of the phytoregulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the in vitro multiplication stage of nodal segments. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 4 factorial array, the main factors were BAP (0; 0.1 or 0.2 µM) and IBA (0; 10; 20 or 30 µM). After 60 days of in vitro inoculation, evaluations on the the number of buds, number of shoots, number of leaves, callus formation (%) and number of roots per explant were carried out. BAP had not significant effect, however, the use of IBA alone favours the callogenesis and negatively affected leaves, shoots and roots formation. A moderate multiplication rate was obtained when considering in vitro bud formation. BAP and IBA are dispensable in in vitro multiplication of E. involucrata.

From the current literature on cook stoves, it remains unclear on which is the best temper and the alternative soils that can be used in the production of charcoal cook-stoves that are resistant to thermal shock. To this end, a study was conducted to determine which soil type and mixing ratio that can produce the highest thermal shock resistance when used as grates. The grates made of clay, red and anthill soils each mixed with shale rock in ratios of 1:0; 1:1; and 3:1 were compared. The grates were fired and then heated in a furnace set at 400 °C for 1 h and subjected to two cooling treatments; rapid cooling by quenching in water and cooling at ambient temperatures, for seven subsequent cycles after being heated. The shock resistance for all the grates made from different soil types and different mix ratios was measured based on crack initiation and propagation according to ASTM C1525-04 standards. The results showed that clay soil mixed with shale rock in the ratio of 3:1 had the highest thermal shock resistance with no crack initiation throughout the heating and cooling cycles, followed by anthill soil mixed with shale rock in the ratio of 1:1. Therefore, charcoal stove users and manufacturers can expect a better quality product with high durability if shale rock is used to temper the cook-stoves in comparison to burnt bricks that are currently commonly used in Uganda. The method used in this work can be applied in other regions to come up with more material ratios that are resistant to thermal shock.

The Cretaceous “high-fire” period was a global event that reached almost all continental masses during that period in Earth’s history. The extensive wildfires directly affected plant communities. Significant palaeobotanical records in the Antarctic Peninsula have been studied from the James Ross Sub-Basin, especially from the Santa Marta Formation. However, there is no described evidence for palaeo-wildfires in the area so far. Here, we present the first occurrence of fossilized macro-charcoal coming from James Ross Island, confirming that palaeo-wildfires occurred in the Campanian vegetation preserved in the Santa Marta Formation. The new charcoal material has a gymnospermous taxonomic affinity, more specifically with the Araucariaceae, which is in accordance with previous palaeobotanical records from James Ross Island. This occurrence adds new information to the construction of the palaeo-wildfire scenario for Gondwana.

The performance was investigated of an integrated wood charcoal retort with recirculating pyro-gas, based on carbonization performance, mass and energy analysis. Bamboo and coconut shell were chosen as feedstock for charcoal production. The carbonizer included a heat radiation pipe (located in the center) to distribute the heat from wood combustion and pyro-gas recirculation (located on the perimeter) to provide additional energy for carbonization. The integrated carbonizer system required 6 h to reach complete carbonization. The peak temperature achieved was 400 °C. The charcoal yield and energy yield were in the ranges 38–45% and 56–86%, respectively, and the charcoal carbon content was in the range 62–64%. The energy efficiency of the carbonizer was 56–85%. It can be concluded that the recirculation of the volatile gas enhances the carbonizer performance compared to conventional carbonizer. Coconut shell is preferred to select for producing bio-oil as well as charcoal.

The objective of the present work has been to evaluate the impact of damage caused by defoliating insects on wood quality and charcoal production, and to quantify the losses per hectare according to the charcoal produced. Seven-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (clone A) and Eucalyptus saligna (clone B) trees, both in healthy condition and damaged by defoliating insects, were selected, with five trees to be used per treatment. Wood disks were removed from the trees at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height for analyzing the properties of the wood and for preparing and characterizing the charcoal. Damage by defoliating insects decreased the basic density of the trees at all axial positions by up to 23 kg m-3. Also, the extractives and lignin contents increased, while the holocellulose content decreased in the attacked plants. Changes in the wood characteristics led to increased fixed carbon content and gravimetric yield, and a decrease in density. The charcoal productivity from the plants damaged by defoliating insects was lower, mainly because of the decrease in volumetric production.

This research discusses the use of coconut coir waste into flower pots to support the economy of the residents of Pengalihan Village in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. The main income of the majority of the people of Pengalihan Village is from coconut plantations. As for what people produce from coconut plantations, only round coconut, white copra, and shell charcoal are produced, but currently the selling price of coconut has decreased slightly so that it affects people's income. Actually, the utilization of the results of the coconut plant is very large, one of which is from the coir itself. This study concludes that the use of coconut coir waste is very effective and can be an alternative choice to support the economy of the Pengalihan Village community in the Covid-19 Pandemic era. Coconut coir waste is one of the easily obtained biomass and is a by-product of agriculture. Coconut coir waste has the potential to be used as flower pots because it contains cellulose which in its molecular structure contains a carboxyl group and lignin which contains phenolic acid which is needed for plants.

Shallot is one of the seven strategic commodities in Indonesia. The demand for shallot continues to increase every year as the population increases, therefore the expansion of shallot planting areas in dryland is an alternative to increase production. This study aims to investigate the response of growth and yield of shallot (Batu Ijo variety) to various doses of inorganic fertilizers coated with activated charcoal in dryland. This research was conducted at the Sandubaya Experimental Station - West Nusa Tenggara Institute for Assessment of Agricultural Technology from March to June 2019. The research location is at the coordinates of -8o30'47, 116o39'14, 56.4ft at an altitude of 46.0 m above sea level. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 1 factor and 5 levels of treatment dose of inorganic fertilizer coated with activated charcoal. Treatment of inorganic fertilizer dosage, namely B1: farmer practices of inorganic fertilizer (100%), B2: inorganic fertilizer 25% + coated with activated charcoal, B3: inorganic fertilizer 50% + coated with activated charcoal, B4: 75% inorganic fertilizer + coated with activated charcoal and B5: 100% inorganic fertilizer + coated with activated charcoal. The results showed that there was a correlation between plant height, number of leaves, number of bulbs and yields. The application of inorganic fertilizer as much as 75% of the standard dose + activated charcoal coating can have the highest effect on plant height, number of leaves, number of bulbs, yield and weight of the shelf life of 30 to 60 days after harvesting.

The purpose of this study aims to get the best combination of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib in making charcoal briquettes. The study was conducted experimentally using a complete randomized design method consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments in this study were the ratio of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib charcoal as follows: KSK1 (100:0), KSK2 (75:25), KSK3 (50:50), KSK4 (25:75) and KSK5 (0:100). The parameters observed were density, water content, ash content, vapour content, bound carbon content and heating value. The result of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib shells had a significant effect on density, water content, ash content, vapour content, bound carbon content and heating value. Based on the results of the analysis, the best treatment in this study were KSK4 of palm oil midrib and coconut midrib (25:75) with a density of 0,58 g/cm3, water content 5,82%, ash content 5,87%, evaporating content 15,01%, bound carbon content 79,12%, and heating value content 6596,65 cal/g.

This study investigated the use of African Elemi (Canarium Schweinfurthii) resin as a binder for the production of carbonized briquettes from charcoal fines. The binder and charcoal fines were char...

A simple low-temperature method for the deposition of apatite on porous charcoal from rice husk is proposed. The deposition was carried out by impregnation and subsequent treatment of porous charco...

Charcoal production from woody species from fast-growth plantations has gained importance in a variety of uses. The objective of the present work is to determine the density, compression resistance...

Inappropriate disposal of solid waste materials leads to environmental problems. Therefore, the present work promoted the novelty of an environmentally friendly destination of the waste materials s...

The study aimed to determine the effects of adhesive content on rubber wood charcoal briquette characteristics. Wood charcoal was produced using a double-drum retort kiln at > 500°C. Wood charcoals were crushed into powder and then mixed with tapioca adhesive of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The charcoal-adhesive mix was then pressed using a hydraulic press machine. For comparison, rubber wood biomass briquettes were also produced using wood particle-adhesive mix with similar adhesive content. Biomass and charcoal briquettes characteristics as physical properties (density and water absorption), chemical properties (ultimate analysis, and FTIR analysis) and energy properties (calorific value) were evaluated. The results showed that density ranged between 0.52-0.56 g/cm3, water absorption of 6.54-7.47%, C content of 82.67-84.41%, H content of 3.28-3.60%, N content of 0.67%-0.74%, and calorific value of 30.76-32.86 MJ/kg. The results of FTIR analysis showed changes in the spectrum of the wave band on the functional groups OH, CH, C≡H, C=C, and C=O, indicating the decomposition of the chemical components of rubber wood due to pyrolysis. The results prove that increasing the adhesive content can reduce the quality of briquettes. Based on physical, chemical, and energy properties, charcoal briquettes with 5% adhesive showed better characteristics than briquettes with 10% and 15% adhesive content, showing water absorption of 6.54%, C content of 84.41%, H content of 3.28%, and heating value of 32.86 MJ/kg. Keywords: adhesive content, charcoal briquette, pyrolysis, rubber wood waste, tapioca starch

International audience; The recovery and identification of wood charcoals from soil not associated to archaeological excavation is called pedoanthracology. Researchers in this field use different sampling methods, and only one study, in a temperate context, has compared their efficiency so far. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of three sampling methods on charcoal concentration (> 4 mm) and on taxonomic representativeness in a tropical environment for the first time. These methods are pit sampling, auger sampling and opportunistic handpicking of charcoal on tree uprooted mounds or in the soil excavated during the digging of a pit. Our results suggest that the two digging methods (pit and auger) allow to recover similar charcoal concentrations whatever the site and the depth under consideration. But as expected, the charcoal concentration of a site depends on its history (e.g. type of activity). We also show that the estimation of the minimal sampling effort required to obtain taxonomically representative assemblages, in terms of number of charcoals and of auger samplings, varied greatly depending on the site and on the presence of overrepresented taxa. Finally, our results show that auger cores were often monospecific (34 %). Nevertheless, they allowed to recover different taxa from the pit method, with 18 to 21 % of the taxa exclusive to the first method and 30 to 40 % of the taxa exclusive to the second one in the sites under consideration. Charcoals from opportunistic handpicking also allowed to improve the taxonomic diversity of the whole assemblage of a site with 5 to 15 % of the taxa being exclusive to this method. The three methods are therefore complementary and we suggest to use the three of them to obtain the best taxonomic diversity in an anthracological assemblage and to overcome the specific biases of each method. With this study, we hope that we will help tropical (pedo)anthracologists to optimize charcoal sampling in anthropogenic sites were the sampling design cannot benefit from archaeological excavations.; La collecte et l'identification de charbons de bois de sol non associées à des fouilles archéologiques est appelée pédoanthracologie. Les chercheurs dans ce domaine utilisent différentes méthodes d'échantillonnage, et une seule étude, dans un contexte tempéré, a comparé leur efficacité jusqu'à présent. Dans cet article, nous comparons pour la première fois l'efficacité de trois méthodes d'échantillonnage sur la concentration en charbon de bois (> 4 mm) et sur la représentativité taxonomique dans un environnement tropical. Ces méthodes sont l'échantillonnage en fosse, l'échantillonnage à la tarière et le prélèvement manuel opportuniste de charbon de bois sur des monticules d'arbres déracinés ou dans le sol excavé lors du creusement d'une fosse. Nos résultats suggèrent que les deux méthodes de creusement (fosse et tarière) permettent de retrouver des concentrations de charbon de bois similaires quels que soient le site et la profondeur considérés. Mais comme prévu, la concentration en charbon de bois d'un site dépend de son histoire (ex. : type d'activité). Nous montrons également que l'estimation de l'effort d'échantillonnage minimal requis pour obtenir des assemblages taxonomiquement représentatifs, en termes de nombre de charbons de bois et de nombre de prélèvements à la tarière, varie fortement en fonction du site et de la présence de taxons surreprésentés. Enfin, nos résultats montrent que les tarières étaient souvent monospécifiques (34 %). Néanmoins, ils ont permis de récupérer des taxons différents de la méthode de la fosse, avec 18 à 21 % des taxons exclusifs à la première méthode et 30 à 40 % des taxons exclusifs à la seconde dans les sites considérés. Les charbons provenant d'une collecte manuelle opportuniste ont également permis d'améliorer la diversité taxonomique de l'ensemble de l'assemblage d'un site avec 5 à 15 % des taxons exclusifs à cette méthode. Les trois méthodes sont donc complémentaires et nous proposons de les utiliser toutes les trois pour obtenir la meilleure diversité taxonomique dans un assemblage anthracologique et pour surmonter les biais spécifiques de chaque méthode. Avec cette étude, nous espérons aider les (pédo)anthracologues tropicaux à optimiser l'échantillonnage des charbons de bois dans les sites anthropiques où le plan d'échantillonnage ne peut bénéficier des fouilles archéologiques.

Burkholderia sp. strain MS389, an endophytic bacterium, was isolated from a healthy soybean plant growing adjacent to a patch of plants affected by charcoal rot disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Preliminary studies demonstrated that strain MS389 possesses antimicrobial activities against multiple plant pathogens. Burkholderia sp. strain MS389 was found to have three circular chromosomes of 3,563,380 bp, 3,002,449 bp, and 1,180,421 bp in size, respectively. The 7,746,250-bp genome, with 66.73% G+C content, harbors 6,756 protein coding genes in the predicted 6,985 genes. In total, 18 rRNAs, 68 tRNAs, and four ncRNAs were identified and 139 pseudogenes were annotated as well. The findings of this study will provide valuable data to explore the antimicrobial mechanisms of the endophytic bacterial strain.

This research employs machine learning (Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks [Mask R-CNN]) and cluster analysis (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise [DBSCAN]) to identify more than 20,000 relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) organized in large “fields” within and around State Game Lands (SGLs) in Pennsylvania. This research has two important threads that we hope will advance the archaeological study of landscapes. The first is the significant historical impact of charcoal production, a poorly understood industry of the late eighteenth to early twentieth century, on the historic and present landscape of the United States. Although this research focuses on charcoal production in Pennsylvania, it has broad application for both identifying and contextualizing historical charcoal production throughout the world and for better understanding modern charcoal production. The second thread is the use of open data, open source, and open access tools to conduct this analysis, as well as the open publication of the resultant data. Not only does this research demonstrate the significance of open access tools and data but the open publication of our code as well as our data allow others to replicate our work, to tweak our code and protocols for their own work, and reuse our results.

This research aims to find the comparison of the chemical-physical characters of coffee waste activated charcoal using ZnCl2 with HCl, to calculate the highest adsorption efficiency, and to determine the quality of waste cooking oil after purification. The washed and dried of coffee waste are carbonized by the temperature 700oC and chemically activated using ZnCl2 5% and HCl 5%. The adsorption process used by batch system. The object of this research is the character of activated charcoal from coffee waste such as water content, ash content, iodine adsorption capacity of activated charcoal, peroxide number and free fatty acid (FFA) number of waste cooking oil before and after purification. Morphological analysis of activated charcoal was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Analysis of the number of peroxide and FFA were carried out respectively using the titration method. The results of the characterization of activated charcoal showed that the activated charcoal with ZnCl2 5% activator had a water content of 6.55%, an ash content of 6.046%, adsorption of iodine 1039.5 mg/g, and had clean and wide pores. Activated charcoal with HCl 5% activator has a water content of 7.25%, an ash content of 7.55%, and 1008 mg/g of iodine adsorption. The highest adsorption efficiency of activated charcoal was 49.9749% in reducing the peroxide number and 50.1113% for reducing FFA, these results were obtained at 3 hours contact time with 3 g adsorbent mass. The peroxide number in the waste cooking oil that has been purified has not qualitified the standard SNI 01-3741-2013, but the FFA at 3 hours contact time with 3 g adsorbent mass qualitified the standard