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PurposeTo investigate the characteristics and rate of central visual field loss after optic disc hemorrhage (DH).DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsThree hundred forty-three eyes of 220 subjects who had ≥3 years of follow-up with a minimum of 5 visits with 10-2 and 24-2 visual field (VF) were recruited. Rates of 10-2 mean deviation (MD) loss in each hemifield and predefined zones were compared using linear mixed-effects models in DH and non-DH eyes. Clustered pointwise regression analysis was also used to define central VF progressors and compared with 24-2 VF loss using guided progression analysis.ResultsThirty-nine eyes with DH and 304 eyes without DH had a mean follow-up of 5.2 years. Eyes with DH had rates of 10-2 MD loss that were 3 times faster than non-DH eyes (mean difference -0.36 dB/year [95% confidence interval 0.54-0.18]; P < .001) and were 3.7 times more likely to progress (P=.002). A larger proportion of glaucomatous eyes showed central VF progression rather than peripheral VF progression in the DH group (30.8% vs. 20.5%) compared with the non-DH group (10.9% vs. 9.2%). In early glaucoma, the rate of 10-2 MD loss was 5.5 times faster in DH eyes than in non-DH eyes (P < .001). Superonasal and superotemporal central VF regions progressed more rapidly than other regions, especially in DH eyes.ConclusionCentral VF loss is accelerated in glaucoma eyes with DH and it corresponds topographically to the DH location. In patients with glaucoma with DH, one should consider supplementing 10-2 VFs with 24-2 VFS to monitor the disease.

Central visual field (VF) progression could directly threaten patientss visual function compared to glaucomatous damage. This study was designed to investigate visual field (VF) progression pattern and associated risk factors including optical coherence topography angiographic (OCT-A) findings in glaucoma patients with initial paracentral scotoma. This prospective, observational study included 122 eyes presenting as initial paracentral scotomas with serial 24-2 and 10-2 VF tests at the glaucoma clinic of Seoul St Mary's Hospital between November 2017 and August 2020. The participants underwent at least 5 serial VF exams and OCT-A at baseline. Numerical values of the initial and final 10-2 VF tests were averaged for each VF test point using the total deviation map. Innermost 10-2 VF progression was defined as three or more new contiguous points at the central 12 points on 10-2 VF. Other clinical characteristics were collected including history of disc hemorrhage and vessel density (VD) was measured from OCT-A images. Linear regression analysis was performed to obtain the change of mean deviation and a cut-off for progression was defined for both 24-2 and 10-2 VFs. The average total deviation maps of the initial 10-2 VF tests shows initial paracentral scotoma located in the superior region in an arcuate pattern that was deep in the 4°–6° region above fixation. This arcuate pattern was more broadly located in the 4°–10° region in the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) group, while it was closer to fixation in 0°–4° region in the normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) group. The final average map shows deepening of scotomas in the 4°–10° region in POAG, which deepened closer to the region of fixation in NTG. The diagnosis of NTG (β 1.892; 95% CI 1.225–2.516; P = 0.035) and lower choroidal VD in the peripapillary atrophy (PPA) region (β 0.985; 95% CI 0.975 to 0.995; P = 0.022) were significantly related to innermost 10-2 VF progression. Initial paracentral scotomas in NTG tended to progress closer to the region of fixation, which should be monitored closely. Important progression risk factors related to paracentral scotoma near the fixation were the diagnosis of NTG and reduced choroidal VD in the β-zone PPA region using OCT-A. We should consider vascular risk factors in NTG patients presenting with initial paracentral scotoma to avoid vision threatening progression of glaucoma.

Previous work has shown that motion perception in school-age children is similar to that of adults for fast speeds but is immature at slow speeds for stimuli presented in the central visual field. This study examined whether visual field location affects this developmental pattern. We measured left/right and up/down global motion direction discrimination for fast and slow speeds in 7- to 10-year-old children and in adults with stimuli presented to upper, central, or lower visual fields. For left/right direction discrimination, children showed significantly higher (worse) coherence thresholds than adults for slow, but not fast, speeds in the central visual field. In the upper and lower visual fields, children showed significantly higher coherence thresholds than adults for both speeds. For up/down direction discrimination, children showed similar performance to adults for the central visual field. In the upper and lower visual fields, children performed significantly worse than adults; this finding was speed-tuned only for the lower visual field. Thus, children show immature global motion perception in the periphery even when performance in central vision is adult-like. These results enrich our understanding of motion perception development in children with typical vision.

PurposeTo examine whether glaucomatous central visual field abnormalities can be more effectively detected using a qualitative, expert evaluation of the 10-2 test compared with the topographically corresponding central 12 locations of the 24-2 test (C24-2).DesignCross-sectional study.MethodsEyes with a glaucomatous optic nerve appearance or ocular hypertension (n=523) and healthy eyes (n=107) were included as cases and control subjects, respectively. The 10-2 and C24-2 visual field results of all eyes were graded by 4 glaucoma specialists for the probability that central visual field abnormalities were present.ResultsThe sensitivity of the 10-2 and C24-2 tests for detecting the cases at 95% specificity were not significantly different (e.g., 32.2% and 31.4%, respectively, for grader 1, P=.87; all graders P ≥ .25). At 95% specificity, the pattern standard deviation values from these tests had a similar sensitivity to the qualitative evaluation for the C24-2 test for all graders (P ≥ .083), but it had a significantly higher sensitivity than the qualitative evaluation for the 10-2 test for 3 graders (P ≤ .016).ConclusionsThe similarity in performance of the 10-2 and C24-2 test suggests that the increased sampling density of the former does not significantly improve the detection of central visual field abnormalities, even when based on expert assessment. These findings should not be taken to mean that the 10-2 test is not useful, but it underscores the need for its utility to be clearly established before incorporating it as routine glaucoma standard of care.

Background Existing evidence suggests that visual field defect in eyes with glaucoma significantly varies between individuals. The following study compared the central visual field defects with the peripheral visual field defects in patients with suspect glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and investigated whether using the central visual field test alone could result in loss of clinically valuable information. Methods In this prospective observational study, 167 eyes from 89 patients with suspect glaucoma or POAG were first examined with static automated perimetry (SAP), followed by a peripheral visual field test on Octopus 900 perimeter (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland). The peripheral visual field test was performed by “Auto Kinetic Perimetry” program, in which Goldmann III4e stimuli randomly moved along 16 vectors at a constant angular velocity of 5 deg/s. Results Glaucomatous peripheral visual field defects were seen in 18% of the eyes with a normal central visual field. In addition, 86% of glaucoma patients with moderate-to-severe central visual field defects had corresponding peripheral visual field defects in the form of localized or diffuse depression of the isopters. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was found between the central and peripheral visual fields. The median test duration was 71 s for the peripheral test and 803 s for the central test (p Conclusions Our study demonstrated the diversity of glaucomatous visual field defects, as well as the possibility of losing the clinically valuable information due to focusing on the central visual field test alone. The peripheral kinetic perimetry is clinically feasible to complement the central static perimetry for a comprehensive assessment of visual function in glaucoma patients.

Purpose Damage of retinal representation of the visual field affects its local features and the spared, unaffected parts. Measurements of visual deficiencies in ophthalmological patients are separated for central (shape) or peripheral (motion and space perception) properties, and acuity tasks rely on stationary stimuli. We explored the benefit of measuring shape and motion perception simultaneously using a new motion-based acuity task. Methods Eight healthy control subjects, three patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP; tunnel vision), and 2 patients with Stargardt disease (STGD) juvenile macular degeneration were included. To model the peripheral loss, we narrowed the visual field in controls to 10 degrees. Negative and positive contrast of motion signals were tested in random-dot kinematograms (RDKs), where shapes were separated from the background by the motion of dots based on coherence, direction, or velocity. The task was to distinguish a circle from an ellipse. The difficulty of the task increased as ellipse became more circular until reaching the acuity limit. Results High velocity, negative contrast was more difficult for all, and for patients with STGD, it was too difficult to participate. A slower velocity improved acuity for all participants. Conclusions Proposed acuity testing not only allows for the full assessment of vision but also advances the capability of standard testing with the potential to detect spare visual functions. Translational Relevance The motion-based acuity task might be a practical tool for assessing vision loss and revealing undetected, undamaged, or strengthened properties of the injured visual system by standard testing, as suggested here for two patients with STGD and three patients with RP.

To compare the ability of 24-2C and 10-2 test grids in measuring visual field global indices, identifying central visual field defects, and facilitating macular structure-function analysis with OCT scans in glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients.Prospective, cross-sectional study.One eye from 131 glaucoma and 57 glaucoma suspect patients recruited from a referral-only, university-based glaucoma clinic.Each subject underwent perimetric testing using 24-2C SITA-Faster and 10-2 SITA-Fast in random order, and Cirrus OCT macular imaging (Ganglion Cell Analysis) for structure-function correlations.Visual field global indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, binarized "cluster" pass/fail, and central mean sensitivity), number and proportion of visual field defects, and structure-function concordance with the Cirrus OCT deviation map following visual field location displacement for correspondence with underlying retinal ganglion cell position.Global indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and central mean sensitivity) were similar between both grids. The 10-2 detected more defects compared with the 24-2C (P0.0001 for all patients, P = 0.006 for glaucoma patients). This was preserved when analyzing the proportion of defects in the central visual field for all patients (P = 0.02) but was not significantly different for glaucoma patients (P = 0.051). The 10-2 identified more central "clusters" of 2+ contiguous points of deficit (P0.0001). Structure-function comparisons performed at locations where visual field and OCT test locations were colocalized revealed greater concordance of structural and functional deficits using the 10-2 (P0.0001). The 10-2 took a median of 201 seconds, and the 24-2C took a median of 154 seconds, corresponding to the different thresholding algorithms.The 24-2C and 10-2 test grids return similar global indices of visual field performance and proportionally similar amounts of central visual field loss. The additional points in the 10-2 grid return more "clusters" of defects and a greater rate of structure-function concordance compared with the 24-2C test grid. Thus, the 24-2C can identify the presence of a clustered central visual field defect using similar probability criteria, whereas the 10-2 may be more useful in comprehensively characterizing the defect and predicting central visual function.

Context dependent top-down modulation in visual processing has been a topic of wide interest. Recent findings on context dependent modulation, combined with the tools available to investigate network mechanisms in the mouse, make the mouse primary visual cortex an ideal system to investigate context-dependent modulation. However, the distribution of inputs to V1 from across the brain is still relatively unknown. In this study, we investigate inputs to V1 by injecting cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a retrograde tracer, across the extent of V1. To identify CTB labelled cell bodies and quantify their distribution across various brain regions, we developed a software pipeline that maps each labelled cell body to its corresponding brain region. We found over fourteen brain regions that provided inputs to V1. Higher visual areas (HVAs) provided the most inputs to V1, followed by the retrosplenial, cingulate, and other sensory cortices. As our injections spanned a range of coordinates along the mediolateral axis of V1, we asked if there was any topographic organisation of inputs to V1: do particular areas project preferentially to specific regions of V1. Based on the distribution of inputs from different HVAs, injection sites broadly clustered into two groups, consistent with a retinotopic separation into sites within the central visual field and the peripheral visual field. Furthermore, the number of cells detected in HVAs was correlated to the azimuthal retinotopic location of each injection site. This topographic organization of feedback projections along the medio-lateral axis of V1 suggests that V1 cells representing peripheral vs central visual fields are differentially modulated by HVAs, which may have an ethological relevance for a navigating animal.

Background Glaucoma is a multifactorial chronic optic neuropathy characterized by typical optic nerve morphological changes and alterations of the visual field (VF). Delayed detection and treatment of glaucoma might result in irreversible blindness. Structural damage precedes the functional damage. Objective The objective of this study was to correlate between macular thickness (MT) affection and central VF changes in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Patients and methods This is a prospective cross-sectional observational study that included 51 eyes diagnosed with POAG. They were evaluated by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which was compared with several VF parameters, including mean deviation and loss variance. Results A significant correlation was found between VF parameters and decrease in MT (mean deviation: r=−0.506; P=0.000, loss variance: r=−0.492; P=0.000). There was also a significant correlation between thinning of the superior temporal and inferior temporal retinal nerve fiber layer and the decrease of the superior and inferior MT, correspondingly (P

Central visual field (CVF) loss is important in maintaining vision-related quality of life in eyes with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). The present study investigated whether nasalized location of central retinal vessel trunk (CRVT) at baseline is associated with rapid rate of CVF loss in early-stage OAG eyes. This study included 76 OAG eyes with high nasalization CRVT [HNL] group and 75 OAG eyes with low nasalization CRVT [LNL] group matched for glaucoma severity at baseline that showed progressive visual field (VF) loss. The rates of mean threshold changes at various regions were compared in the two groups using a linear mixed model. Clinical variables associated with rapid rate of CVF progression were also identified using a linear mixed model. The rate of CVF loss in the central 10° was significantly higher in the HNL group than that in the LNL group (−0.452 dB/year vs. −0.291 dB/year, P P P

Purpose A method of evaluating central visual field (VF) progression in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has still to be established. We previously reported the potential merit of applying a binomial test to pointwise linear regression (binomial PLR) in glaucoma progression. In the current study, we investigated the usefulness of binomial PLR in eyes with RP. Methods A series of 10 VFs (VF 1–10, Humphrey field analyzer, 10-2 test) from 196 eyes of 103 patients with RP were collected retrospectively. The PLR was performed by regressing the total deviation of all test points with the complete series of 10 VFs. The accuracy (positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and false-positive rate) and the time required to detect VF progression with shorter VF series (from VF 1–5 to VF 1–9) were compared across the binomial PLR, a permutation analysis of PLR (PoPLR), and a mean deviation (MD) trend analysis. Results In evaluating VF progression, the binomial PLR was comparable with the PoPLR and MD trend analyses in its positive predictive value (0.55 to 0.95), negative predictive value (0.67 to 0.92), and false-positive rate (0.01 to 0.05). The binomial PLR required significantly less time to detect VF progression (5.0 ± 2.0 years) than the PoPLR and MD trend analyses (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions The application of a binomial PLR achieved reliable and earlier detection of central VF progression in eyes with RP. Translational Relevance A binomial PLR was useful in assessing VF progression in RP.

Sound is a vital cue in helping hearing people orient their gaze and attention towards events outside their central line of sight, especially in the far periphery, where vision is poor. Without sound cues, deaf individuals must rely on vision as an ‘early warning system’ for peripheral events, and in fact numerous behavioural studies demonstrate that deaf adults have superior visual sensitivity, particularly to far peripheral stimuli. We asked whether an increased demand on peripheral vision throughout development might be reflected in early visual brain structures. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we mapped visual field representations in 16 early, profoundly deaf adults and 16 hearing age-matched controls. To target the far periphery, we used wide-field retinotopic mapping stimuli to map visual field eccentricity out to 72°, well beyond conventional mapping studies. Deaf individuals exhibited a larger representation of the far peripheral visual field in both the primary visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Importantly, this was not due to a total expansion of the visual map, as there was no difference between groups in overall size of either structure, but a smaller representation of the central visual field in the deaf group, suggesting a redistribution of neural resources. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the demands placed on vision due to lifelong hearing loss can sculpt visual maps at the first level of inputs from the retina, increasing neural resources for processing stimuli in the far peripheral visual field.

A brain computer interface whose operation is transmitted by SSVEP is often investigated to control a wheelchair. The operation is generated by the user’s attention to blinking visual stimulus. In order to avoid various accidents, the user needs to pay own attention to the surrounding situation and visual stimulus, simultaneously. Miura showed the relationship between the position of visual stimulus and the amount of SSVEP. In addition, the amount of SSVEP is rapidly decreased when the visual stimulus is located on the outside of the central visual field. However, a square visual stimulus used in the previous research is not suitable since the distance from eye-sight to visual stimulus is not constant. In this paper, we adopt the circle-form pattern reversal stimulus to clear the relationship between the visual field and SSVEP.

To evaluate the relationship between peripapillary tilt and visual field (VF) defects in glaucomatous eyes with axial myopia. Retrospective cross-sectional study. One hundred four eyes of 104 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with myopia were included (52 eyes with high myopia [HM], 26.5 mm ≤ axial length [AL]

Standard automated perimetry (SAP), the most common form of perimetry used in clinical practice, is associated with high test variability, impacting clinical decision making and efficiency. Contrast sensitivity isocontours (CSIs) may reduce test variability in SAP by identifying regions of the visual field with statistically similar patterns of change that can be analysed collectively and allow a point (disease)-to-CSI (normal) comparison in disease assessment as opposed to a point (disease)-to-point (normal) comparison. CSIs in the central visual field however have limited applicability as they have only been described using visual field test patterns with low, 6° spatial sampling. In this study, CSIs were determined within the central 20° visual field using the 10-2 test grid paradigm of the Humphrey Field Analyzer which has a high 2° sampling frequency. The number of CSIs detected in the central 20° visual field was greater than previously reported with low spatial sampling and stimulus size dependent: 6 CSIs for GI, 4 CSIs for GII and GIII, and 3 CSIs for GIV and GV. CSI number and distribution were preserved with age. Use of CSIs to assess visual function in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) found CSI guided analysis detected a significantly greater deviation in sensitivity of AMD eyes from normal compared to a standard clinical pointwise comparison (−1.40 ± 0.15 dB vs −0.96 ± 0.15 dB; p

Population receptive field (pRF) analysis is a popular method to infer spatial selectivity of voxels in visual cortex. However, it remains largely untested how stable pRF estimates are over time. Here we measured the intersession reliability of pRF parameter estimates for the central visual field and near periphery, using a combined wedge and ring stimulus containing natural images. Sixteen healthy human participants completed two scanning sessions separated by 10–114 days. Individual participants showed very similar visual field maps for V1-V4 on both sessions. Intersession reliability for eccentricity and polar angle estimates was close to ceiling for most visual field maps (r>.8 for V1-3). PRF size and cortical magnification (CMF) estimates showed strong but lower overall intersession reliability (r≈.4–.6). Group level results for pRF size and CMF were highly similar between sessions. Additional control experiments confirmed that reliability does not depend on the carrier stimulus used and that reliability for pRF size and CMF is high for sessions acquired on the same day (r>.6). Our results demonstrate that pRF mapping is highly reliable across sessions., Highlights • We assess the intersession reliability of population receptive field (pRF) estimates. • Reliability of visual field position estimates in V1-3 is excellent (r >.8). • Reliability of pRF size and local cortical magnification factor are good (r≈.3-.6), especially when tested on the same day (r>.6). • Natural images are an effective stimulus for visual field mapping.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the extent to which central visual field (VF) loss reflects peripheral VF loss in patients with varying degrees of glaucoma severity. METHODS A total of 232 patients with glaucoma or suspect glaucoma completed static central VF testing using the 24-2 pattern and peripheral VF testing using the suprathreshold 30-60 pattern. Points from 24-2 tests were reclassified as normal/abnormal based on pattern deviation values. RESULTS Strong positive correlations (r ≥ 0.7) were observed between the proportion of abnormal central and peripheral points for the full VF, superior hemifield, and inferior hemifield, although the percentage of total central and peripheral abnormal points differed by ≥10% in 45% of eyes. In eyes with an average of 10%-40% abnormal points in the central and peripheral VFs, 12.0% more abnormal peripheral points were noted compared with the percentage of abnormal central points (P < 0.001; SD, 16.7%; range, 61% more to 37% less). In eyes with an average of 60%-90% abnormal points in the central and peripheral VFs, 16.4% fewer abnormal peripheral points were noted compared with the percentage of abnormal central points (P = 0.04; SD, 20.9%; range, 19% more to 49% less). CONCLUSIONS Central 24-2 testing generally reflects the extent of damage to the more peripheral VF in glaucoma, although significant disagreement exists for individual eyes. Further work is needed to determine whether integration of peripheral test points can improve detection of true VF loss in early glaucoma or be useful in monitoring progressive glaucomatous damage to areas of preserved VF in advanced glaucoma.

Static automated perimetry is an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of glaucoma. It is used to study the differential light sensitivity of the retina in different points of the visual field. The most important is the central zone of the visual field, many perimetric programs and strategies have been developed for its examination. Using standard background brightness, we can vary sizes, location methods and the type of stimulus delivery. The proper use of standard achromatic perimetry is crucial for the correct management of glaucoma patients. This review analyzes literature on the basic principles of static perimetry in the examination of differential photosensitivity of the retina.Статическая периметрия в настоящее время является незаменимой методикой в диагностике глаукомы. Ее используют для исследования дифференциальной световой чувствительности сетчатки в различных точках поля зрения. Наиболее важной является центральная зона поля зрения, для тестирования которой разработано множество периметрических программ и стратегий. При стандартной яркости фона они различаются размерами, способами расположения и характером подачи стимулов. Правильное использование стандартной, ахроматической, периметрии крайне важно для корректного ведения пациентов с глаукомой. В обзоре проанализированы данные литературы о базовых принципах статической периметрии в исследовании дифференциальной светочувствительности сетчатки.

Localized decibel loss in central visual field usually suggests maculopathy. Inconsistencies between visual acuity and visual field change, between disease severity and visual field damage, or between symptoms and signs could usually be noticed, due to the complexity of the diseases in the macula. Besides, a proper visual field examination strategy is also very important for the evaluation of disease.

The impact of visual field defects on conducting Activities of Daily Living (ADL) is significant. These defects include central and peripheral visual field loss. Many studies have revealed that patients of visual field defects need to increase visual scanning on performing visual tasks. Compensation training of eye movements has been shown to be effective to improve the visual exploration and extent the visual search fields. However, since it takes sufficiently long and intense period, the training needs to incorporate easy and fun tasks to promote an ongoing effort to patients. This study proposes a compensatory visual field training using game-like dynamic scenes presented by a head-mounted display eye tracker (HMD-ET). The head mounted display will eliminate the necessity of head movements during visual exploration. Each scene induces saccadic eye movements to complete given tasks. To simulate the patient of central scotoma, the participant’s central visual field was masked while performing a training consists of obstacle course game. On the other hand, to simulate the patient with peripheral vision defects, the participant’s peripheral visual field was partly masked. During training, eye movements were recorded at 240 Hz, which enable the detection of saccadic eye movements. Experiments using the proposed training conducted by 10 participants with normal visual acuity were able to reveal the differences in patterns of visual exploration between participants with simulated central scotoma and peripheral visual field defects. Questioners taken after the training shows that tasks and scenes used for the training are relatively easy and may encourage patients to continue the training.

Purpose To compare the performance of the pattern standard deviation (PSD) values derived from the central 12 locations of the 24-2 visual field test (C24-2) to the entire 10-2 test for detecting central visual field abnormalities in eyes with, suspected of having, or at risk of having glaucoma. Design Cross-sectional case-control study. Methods Eyes with, suspected of having, or at risk of having glaucoma, based on masked grading of optic disc stereophotographs and/or ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure ≥ 22 mm Hg) were included as cases (n = 523). Eyes from healthy participants were included as controls (n = 107) to allow the 2 tests to be compared at matched specificities. The sensitivity to detect cases at 95% specificity using PSD values derived from the entire 10-2 test and C24-2 were compared. Results The sensitivity of the 10-2 and C24-2 PSD values was not significantly different between the 10-2 and C24-2 at matched specificities (35.9% and 35.4% respectively; P = .900). There was also a substantial agreement between the cases detected by both methods (kappa = 0.80 ± 0.04), and a very strong association between the PSD values from the 2 methods (R2 = 0.91). Conclusions 10-2 and 24-2 tests identified a similar number of eyes with, suspected of having, or at risk of having glaucoma as having central visual field abnormalities using PSD values. These findings do not mean that 10-2 tests are not useful, but highlight the need for further studies to determine the potential advantages of 10-2 tests through equivalent comparisons against 24-2 tests to ensure appropriate recommendations are made about its incorporation into the glaucoma standard of care.

Microperimetry, also referred to as fundus perimetry or fundus-driven perimetry, enables simultaneous acquisition of visual sensitivity and eye movement data. We present sensitivity data collected from 60 participants with normal vision using gaze-contingent perimetry. A custom designed spatially dense test grid was used to collect data across the visual field within 13° of fixation. These data are supplemental to a study in which we demonstrated a spatial interpolation method that facilitates comparison of acquired data from any set of spatial locations to normative data and thus screening of individuals with both normal and non-foveal fixation “Methods for normative data comparison in gaze-contigent microperimetry” (Denniss and Astle, 2016) [1].

Aim. To detect abnormality of the visual function in naïve patients with cystoid diabetic macular edema (DME) using M-charts, Amsler test, and white on white (W/W) and blue on yellow (B/Y) perimetry. Methods. There were 64 eyes included in the study: 30 eyes with DME, 22 eyes with diabetes without DME, and 12 eyes of normal subjects. Conventional W/W perimetry and B/Y perimetry were performed within the central 10° of the visual field. To assess metamorphopsia, Amsler test and M-charts were used. Results. The rate of detection of metamorphopsia was 37% with Amsler test examination and 50% with M-charts. Specificity of both tests was 100%. We found a significant difference between vertical scores of M-charts in all groups, but not in horizontal scores (p<0.0001). Mean defect (MD) was 8.9 dB and 3.6 dB and loss variance (LV) 4.8 dB and 3.3 dB (p<0.0001). Conclusions. M-chart is more sensitive than Amsler test method for detection of metamorphopsia. The MD and LV are higher in b/y in comparison to W/W perimetry. B/Y perimetry and M-charts are more sensitive than conventional methods for detecting the visual function loss in cystoid DME.

The aim of this study is to determine the progress of the visual field defects obtained by the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 program (HFA 10-2) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The medical records of 45 eyes of 45 RP patients who had at least 3 visual field tests were reviewed. Linear mixed models were used to follow the changes of the mean deviation and the average sensitivity of 4, 12, and 20 points in three concentric squares, designated as S4, S12, and S20. The median follow-up time was 3.86 years [range: 1.93 to 9.86, IQR (Interquartile range): 3.01 to 4.93]. The median number of the visual field tests was 3 (range: 3 to 15, IQR: 3 to 4). The mean change of the MD was −0.46 dB/year (−5.80%/year). When the patients were grouped by the average initial MD, the less advanced group had slower progressions than the more advanced group in S4, S12, and S20. These results should be useful in understanding the pathological changes of RP in the central visual field.

Purpose To determine the locus of test locations that exhibit statistically similar age-related decline in sensitivity to light increments and age-corrected contrast sensitivity isocontours (CSIs) across the central visual field (VF). We compared these CSIs with test point clusters used by the Glaucoma Hemifield Test (GHT). Methods Sixty healthy observers underwent testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer 30-2 test grid using Goldmann (G) stimulus sizes I-V. Age-correction factors for GI-V were determined using linear regression analysis. Pattern recognition analysis was used to cluster test locations across the VF exhibiting equal age-related sensitivity decline (age-related CSIs), and points of equal age-corrected sensitivity (age-corrected CSIs) for GI-V. Results There was a small but significant test size-dependent sensitivity decline with age, with smaller stimuli declining more rapidly. Age-related decline in sensitivity was more rapid in the periphery. A greater number of unique age-related CSIs was revealed when using smaller stimuli, particularly in the mid-periphery. Cluster analysis of age-corrected sensitivity thresholds revealed unique CSIs for GI-V, with smaller stimuli having a greater number of unique clusters. Zones examined by the GHT consisted of test locations that did not necessarily belong to the same CSI, particularly in the periphery. Conclusions Cluster analysis reveals statistically significant groups of test locations within the 30-2 test grid exhibiting the same age-related decline. CSIs facilitate pooling of sensitivities to reduce the variability of individual test locations. These CSIs could guide future structure-function and alternate hemifield asymmetry analyses by comparing matched areas of similar sensitivity signatures.

Purpose To investigate the clinical manifestations and prognosis of eyes with cilioretinal artery sparing central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 90 eyes diagnosed with complete CRAO, including 16 cases of cilioretinal artery sparing CRAO. Clinical features, visual outcome, papillomacular bundle involvement, and remnant visual field were analyzed according to cilioretinal artery sparing. Results Among eyes with complete CRAO, the proportion of cilioretinal artery sparing CRAO was 17.8% (16 / 90). Mean initial best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) (2.04 ± 0.69 vs. 2.34 ± 0.47, p = 0.039) and final BCVAs (1.65 ± 0.87 vs. 2.22 ± 0.84, p = 0.001) were significantly better in eyes of the cilioretinal artery sparing group than the non-sparing group. The proportion with poor visual outcome (final BCVA

Purpose To test the hypothesis whether semi-automated kinetic perimetry (SKP) provides additional information to static automated perimetry (SAP) in the assessment of the remaining visual field in end-stage glaucoma, as defined by disc appearance (cup-to-disc ratio worse than 0.9) and SAP criteria (MD worse than 20 dB). Methods Fifty eyes of 44 patients presenting with end-stage glaucoma were examined first with SAP within the central 30° using stimulus size III, followed by SKP within 90° using test targets III4e and V4e. Results Overall, SKP provided additional information over SAP in more than half (54%) of the cases. In 16 instances (32%), SKP revealed visual field island beyond 30° that was undetected by SAP. In eight cases (16%), SKP showed both a central island and peripheral island of visual field. In three cases (6%) altitudinal scotomatous loss was found using SKP, but not in SAP. In 23 cases (46%) the central visual field island was defined both with SAP and SKP. The mean examination duration was 4 min for SAP and 9 min for SKP. Conclusions In clinical practice, SKP with III4e and V4e test targets provides more information than 30° SAP regarding the remaining peripheral VF in patients with end-stage glaucoma; however, a longer test time is required for SKP.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of polymorphisms of the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) gene on the central visual field defects in retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Subjects and Methods: The visual field was evaluated using the 10-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm Fast Program and mean deviation (MD) slope, and regression coefficients of average sensitivity of the central 4 points (Cent4) were compared between each genetic subgroup. Results: The MD slope (right/left) was as follows: GG, -1.37 ± 2.18/ -0.89 ± 1.15; GT, -0.56 ± 1.40/-0.77 ± 1.04; TT, -0.75 ± 0.64/ -0.38 ± 0.92 dB/year. The Cent4 was as follows: GG, -1.34 ± 2.37/-1.60 ± 3.21; GT, -1.15 ± 2.08/1.07 ± 1.80; TT, -1.20 ± 0.91/-0.65 ± 1.37 dB/year. No significant differences in the degree of progression were observed when comparing groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that polymorphisms of the ARMS2 do not modify the progression of the central field of vision in RP patients.

Purpose. To investigate the relationship between macular retinal thickness (MRT) and central visual field sensitivity (VFS) in patients with glaucoma.Methods. This retrospective study enrolled patients diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma. All study patients underwent Humphrey 10-2 visual field (VF) test and Spectralis spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) exam for MRT measurement.Results. Sixty-eight eyes of 68 patients were examined. The correlation coefficients between VFS and MRT were 0.331 (P=0.006) and 0.491 (P=0.000) in the superior and inferior hemispheres, respectively. The average MRT in the eyes with abnormal 10-2 VF hemifields was significantly thinner than that in the eyes without abnormal hemifields in both hemispheres (P=0.005and 0.000 in the superior and inferior hemisphere, resp.). The average MRT values with an optimal sensitivity-specificity balance for discriminating the abnormal VF hemifield from the normal hemifield were 273.5 μm and 255.5 μm in the superior and inferior hemisphere, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.701 in the superior hemisphere and 0.784 in the inferior hemisphere (bothP<0.05).Conclusions. MRT measured through SD-OCT was significantly correlated with central VFS. Lower MRT values might be a warning sign for central VF defects in glaucoma patients.

It has been demonstrated that optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) gain increases through attention to peripheral motion when the central visual field is occluded. However, how the properties of OKN change when two areas containing motion in different directions are presented in the peripheral visual field is still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether OKN corresponding to the attended motion in the periphery occurred while the observer was maintaining fixation at the center. We presented two areas with different directions of motion arranged on the left and right, top and bottom, or center and surrounding (concentric) areas in the display. Observers counted targets appearing on the attended area in the stimulus to maintain their attention on it. The results indicate that attention enhances the gain and frequency of OKN corresponding to the attended motion even in the case of stimuli having several areas with different directions of motion.

It has long been thought that vision is the most essential factor in maintaining stable quiet standing compared to other sources (i.e., vestibular and somatosensory inputs) of information. Specifically, several vision studies on postural control have shown evidence for the importance of the visual system, particularly peripheral vision rather than central vision, and optical flow. Nevertheless, to date, no study has manipulated both visual field and optical flow concurrently. In the present study, we experimentally manipulated both the visual field (the central and peripheral visual fields) and the occurrence of optical flow during quiet standing, examining the effects of the visual field and optical flow on postural sway measured in terms of the center of pressure (CoP). Stationary random dot stimuli were presented exclusively in either the central or peripheral visual field, while the occurrence of optical flow was manipulated using a desktop (DTD) or a head-mounted (HMD) display. The optical flow that occurred while using the DTD was a function of the postural sway during quiet standing, while for the HMD, no optical flow occurred even when the body/head swayed during quiet standing. Our results show that the extent of postural sway (e.g., CoP area) was smaller when visual stimuli were presented in the peripheral visual field than that in the central visual field; this was the case while using the DTD alone, with no effects of the peripheral vision on the extent of postural sway while using the HMD. It is therefore suggested that the optical flow occurring in the peripheral visual field is essential for stable quiet standing.

We compared photopic and scotopic multifocal pupillographic stimuli in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Both eyes of 18 normal and 14 AMD subjects were tested with four stimulus variants presented at photopic and 126 times lower luminances. The multifocal stimuli presented 24 test regions/eye to the central 60°. The stimulus variants had two different check sizes, and when presented either flickered (15 Hz) for 266 ms, or were steady for 133 ms. Mean differences from normal of 5 to 7 dB were observed in the central visual field for both photopic and scotopic stimuli (all p < 0.00002). The best areas under receiver operating characteristic plots for exudative AMD in the photopic and scotopic conditions were 92.9 ± 8.0 and 90.3 ± 5.7% respectively, and in less severely affected eyes 83.8 ± 9.7% and 76.9 ± 8.2%. Damage recorded at photopic levels was possibly more diffusely distributed across the visual field. Sensitivity and specificity was similar at photopic and scotopic levels.

Background and aims: For safe locomotion, visual attention must be directed toward not only the central visual field but also the peripheral visual field. This study explored the effect of stepping task on reaction time for the central and peripheral visual fields in young and older adults. Methods: Nine older (mean age 83.8±6.8 years) and 11 young adults (mean age 22.9±1.3 years) participated in this study. Reaction times to press a handheld button in response to stimuli for the central and peripheral visual fields were measured in static standing and stepping task conditions. Results: Vision angle and condition were significantly associated with reaction time in the older group (p=0.006), while reaction time in the young group was affected by vision angle only. Reaction times for visual stimulus at a 45° vision angle were significantly longer in the older group in stepping task conditions than in static standing conditions. Conclusions: Effective visual field may diminish during lightly loaded exercise in older adults.

Purpose To investigate the changes of color vision and central visual field in a cohort of patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome. Methods Sixteen VKH patients (32 eyes) were enrolled in this study. All the patients were treated with immunosuppressive agents. The best visual acuity, visual field testing and color vision testing were available from the records in all these patients at different time points, i.e. before treatment and 1 month (±7 days), 3 months (±15 days), 6 months (±20 days) and 12 months (±30 days) after treatment. Results All patients showed active intraocular inflammation at their first visit. A decreased visual acuity, abnormality of color vision and abnormal visual field were observed at presentation. Visual acuity and color vision rapidly improved at 1 and 3 months and gradually improved thereafter. Visual field defects significantly improved at 6 months and gradually improved thereafter. However, visual field defects were still observed in 27.5% of the tested patients following a 12-month treatment. Color vision returned to the normal level only in about one-third of these patients at this time point. Conclusions Visual function was severely impaired in VKH patients with active uveitis but rapidly improved following immunosuppressive therapy. Visual fields are much more severely affected by the disease than visual acuity and its improvement lagged behind that of visual acuity and color vision.

AimsTo evaluate the relationship between macular vessel density (mVD) and central visual field sensitivity (cVFS) at different stages of glaucoma and to compare this relationship with that between the thickness of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPLT) and cVFS.MethodsThe mVD and mGCIPLT were measured by optical coherence tomography angiography in 139 patients with glaucoma. The cVFS was defined as the average of 12 central points on 24-2 visual field (VF) testing. Vasculature–function and structure–function relationships were analysed by comparing mVD and mGCIPLT with cVFS in eyes with early and moderate-to-advanced glaucoma.ResultsGlobal and regional mVD–cVFS associations were statistically significant in eyes with moderate-to-advanced (all p0.05) glaucoma. The global association between average mVD and cVFS was significantly stronger than that between average mGCIPLT and cVFS in eyes with moderate-to-advanced glaucoma (p=0.049). Reduced mVD was independently associated with cVFS loss after adjusting for age and mGCIPLT in eyes with moderate-to-advanced glaucoma.ConclusionsThe macular vasculature–function relationship using mVD was stronger than the structure–function relationship using mGCIPLT in eyes with moderate-to-advanced glaucoma. The mVD may be useful in monitoring cVFS in advanced glaucoma.

We have examined the hypothesis that normal and only normal isopters of the central visual field are elliptical, except for random deviations. Statistical methods capable of recognizing small deviations from elliptical shape have been developed. These methods have been devised to meet the special demands of clinical testing of visual fields and require only simple calculations. The qualities of these methods were examined by theoretical analysis, by large-scale simulations, and by experimental comparison with subjective evaluations. The new methods proved very useful in these examinations. A clinical study using a servo-equipped Goldman perimeter demonstrated that normal central isopters are elliptical enough for the proposed test characteristic to be of practical value in clinical work. The method allows an objective recognition of abnormal isopters with a high degree of sensitivity.