10 results on '"Kupers, Ron"'
Search Results
2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Visual Cortex Induces Somatotopically Organized Qualia in Blind Subjects
- Author
-
Kupers, Ron, Fumal, Arnaud, de Noordhout, Alain Maertens, Gjedde, Albert, Schoenen, Jean, and Ptito, Maurice
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Resting-state functional connectivity and cortical thickness characterization of a patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome
- Author
-
Martial, Charlotte, Larroque, Stephen Karl, Cavaliere, Carlo, Wannez, Sarah, Annen, Jitka, Kupers, Ron, Laureys, Steven, and Di Perri, Carol
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Hallucinations ,genetic structures ,Vision ,Imaging Techniques ,Rest ,Science ,Social Sciences ,Neuroimaging ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Diagnostic Radiology ,Charles Bonnet Syndrome ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Ocular System ,Echo Planar Imaging ,Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Humans ,Psychology ,Aged ,Visual Cortex ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cerebral Cortex ,Brain Mapping ,Radiology and Imaging ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Brain ,Middle Aged ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Eyes ,Medicine ,Female ,Sensory Perception ,Occipital Lobe ,Nerve Net ,Anatomy ,Head ,Research Article ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a rare condition characterized by visual impairment associated with complex visual hallucinations in elderly people. Although studies suggested that visual hallucinations may be caused by brain damage in the visual system in CBS patients, alterations in specific brain regions in the occipital cortex have not been studied. Functional connectivity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI; without hallucinations) in CBS patients, has never been explored. We aimed to investigate brain structural and functional changes in a patient with CBS, as compared with late blind (LB) and normally sighted subjects. We employed voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness analyses to investigate alterations in grey matter characteristics, and rs-fMRI to study changes in functional brain connectivity. Decreased grey matter volume was observed in the middle occipital gyrus and in the cuneus in the CBS patient, and in the middle occipital gyrus and in the lingual gyrus within LB subjects, compared to their respective control groups. Reductions in cortical thickness in associative and multimodal cortices were observed in the CBS patient when comparing with LB subjects. The precuneus exhibited increased functional connectivity with the secondary visual cortex in the CBS patient compared to the controls. In contrast, LB patients showed decreased functional connectivity compared to sighted controls between the DMN and the temporo-occipital fusiform gyrus, a region known to support hallucinations. Our findings suggest a reorganization of the functional connectivity between regions involved in self-awareness and in visual and salience processing in CBS that may contribute to the appearance of visual hallucinations.
- Published
- 2019
4. Prevalence of increases in functional connectivity in visual, somatosensory and language areas in congenital blindness.
- Author
-
Heine, Lizette, Bahri, Mohamed A., Cavaliere, Carlo, Soddu, Andrea, Reislev, Nina L., Laureys, Steven, Ptito, Maurice, and Kupers, Ron
- Subjects
GENETICS of blindness ,BRAIN imaging ,BRAIN mapping ,SOMATOSENSORY evoked potentials ,FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,ACQUISITION of data - Abstract
There is ample evidence that congenitally blind individuals rely more strongly on non-visual information compared to sighted controls when interacting with the outside world. Although brain imaging studies indicate that congenitally blind individuals recruit occipital areas when performing various non-visual and cognitive tasks, it remains unclear through which pathways this is accomplished. To address this question, we compared resting state functional connectivity in a group of congenital blind and matched sighted control subjects. We used a seed-based analysis with a priori specified regions-of-interest (ROIs) within visual, somato-sensory, auditory and language areas. Between-group comparisons revealed increased functional connectivity within both the ventral and the dorsal visual streams in blind participants, whereas connectivity between the two streams was reduced. In addition, our data revealed stronger functional connectivity in blind participants between the visual ROIs and areas implicated in language and tactile (Braille) processing such as the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), thalamus, supramarginal gyrus and cerebellum. The observed group differences underscore the extent of the cross-modal reorganization in the brain and the supra-modal function of the occipital cortex in congenitally blind individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Reduced Taste Sensitivity in Congenital Blindness.
- Author
-
Gagnon, Lea, Kupers, Ron, and Ptito, Maurice
- Subjects
- *
GENETICS of blindness , *TASTE , *FOOD habits , *OLFACTORY receptors , *AUDITORY adaptation , *STIMULUS & response (Biology) - Abstract
Sight is undoubtedly not only important for food identification and selection but also for the modulation of gustatory sensitivity. We can, therefore, assume that taste sensitivity and eating habits are affected by visual deprivation from birth. We measured taste detection and identification thresholds of the 5 basic tastants in 13 congenitally blind and 13 sighted control subjects. Participants also answered several eating habits questionnaires, including the Food Neophobia Scale, the Food Variety Seeking Tendency Scale, the Intuitive Eating Scale, and the Body Awareness Questionnaire. Our behavioral results showed that compared with the normal sighted, blind subjects have increased thresholds for taste detection and taste identification. This finding is at odds with the superior performance of congenitally blind subjects in several tactile, auditory and olfactory tasks. Our psychometric data further indicate that blind subjects more strongly rely on internal hunger and satiety cues, instead of external contextual or emotional cues, to decide when and what to eat. We suggest that the lower taste sensitivity observed in congenitally blind individuals is due to various blindness-related obstacles when shopping for food, cooking and eating out, all of which contribute to underexpose the gustatory system to a larger variety of taste stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Beyond visual, aural and haptic movement perception: hMT+ is activated by electrotactile motion stimulation of the tongue in sighted and in congenitally blind individuals
- Author
-
Matteau, Isabelle, Kupers, Ron, Ricciardi, Emiliano, Pietrini, Pietro, and Ptito, Maurice
- Subjects
- *
MOTION perception (Vision) , *BRAIN function localization , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging of the brain , *BLINDNESS , *AUDITORY learning , *TOUCH , *TEMPORAL lobe , *TONGUE - Abstract
Abstract: The motion-sensitive middle temporal cortex (hMT+ complex) responds also to non-visual motion stimulation conveyed through the tactile and auditory modalities, both in sighted and in congenitally blind individuals. This indicates that hMT+ is truly responsive to motion-related information regardless of visual experience and the sensory modality through which such information is carried to the brain. Here we determined whether the hMT+ complex responds to motion perception per se, that is, motion not perceived through the visual, haptic or aural modalities. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated brain responses in eight congenitally blind and nine sighted volunteers who had been trained to use the tongue display unit (TDU), a sensory substitution device which converts visual information into electrotactile pulses delivered to the tongue, to resolve a tactile motion discrimination task. Stimuli consisted of either static dots, dots moving coherently or dots moving in random directions. Both groups learned the task at the same rate and activated the hMT+ complex during tactile motion discrimination, although at different anatomical locations. Furthermore, the congenitally blind subjects showed additional activations within the dorsal extrastriate cortical pathway. These results extend previous data in support of the supramodal functional organization of hMT+ complex by showing that this cortical area processes motion-related information per se, that is, motion stimuli that are not visual in nature and that are administered to body structures that, in humans, are not primarily devoted to movement perception or spatial location, such as the tongue. In line with previous studies, the differential activations between sighted and congenitally blind individuals indicate that lack of vision leads to functional rearrangements of these supramodal cortical areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. High-Density EEG in a Charles Bonnet Syndrome Patient during and without Visual Hallucinations: A Case-Report Study
- Author
-
Piarulli, Andrea, Annen, Jitka, Kupers, Ron, Laureys, Steven, and Martial, Charlotte
- Subjects
QH301-705.5 ,PRECUNEUS ,visual hallucination ,SELF ,Article ,ANATOMY ,NETWORKS ,VISION ,PERMUTATION TESTS ,Charles Bonnet syndrome ,EEG ,LOBE ,Biology (General) ,BONNET,CHARLES SYNDROME ,BRAIN ,resting state - Abstract
Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is a rare clinical condition characterized by complex visual hallucinations in people with loss of vision. So far, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the hallucinations remain elusive. This case-report study aims at investigating electrical activity changes in a CBS patient during visual hallucinations, as compared to a resting-state period (without hallucinations). Prior to the EEG, the patient underwent neuropsychological, ophthalmologic, and neurological examinations. Spectral and connectivity, graph analyses and signal diversity were applied to high-density EEG data. Visual hallucinations (as compared to resting-state) were characterized by a significant reduction of power in the frontal areas, paralleled by an increase in the midline posterior regions in delta and theta bands and by an increase of alpha power in the occipital and midline posterior regions. We next observed a reduction of theta connectivity in the frontal and right posterior areas, which at a network level was complemented by a disruption of small-worldness (lower local and global efficiency) and by an increase of network modularity. Finally, we found a higher signal complexity especially when considering the frontal areas in the alpha band. The emergence of hallucinations may stem from these changes in the visual cortex and in core cortical regions encompassing both the default mode and the fronto-parietal attentional networks.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Hypersensitivity to pain in congenital blindness.
- Author
-
Slimani, Hocine, Danti, Sabrina, Ricciardi, Emiliano, Pietrini, Pietro, Ptito, Maurice, and Kupers, Ron
- Subjects
- *
ALLERGIES , *GENETICS of blindness , *VISUAL perception , *SENSES , *THERMOTHERAPY , *PAIN management , *QUESTIONNAIRES - Abstract
Abstract: Vision is important for avoiding encounters with objects in the environment that may imperil physical integrity. We tested whether, in the absence of vision, a lower pain threshold would arise from an adaptive shift to other sensory channels. We therefore measured heat and cold pain thresholds and responses to suprathreshold heat stimuli in 2 groups of congenitally blind and matched normal-sighted participants. We also assessed detection thresholds for innocuous warmth and cold, and participants’ attitude toward painful encounters in daily life. Our results show that, compared to sighted subjects, congenitally blind subjects have lower heat pain thresholds, rate suprathreshold heat pain stimuli as more painful, and have increased sensitivity for cold pain stimuli. Thresholds for nonpainful thermal stimulation did not differ between groups. The results of the pain questionnaires further indicated that blind subjects are more attentive to signals of external threats. These findings indicate that the absence of vision from birth induces a hypersensitivity to painful stimuli, lending new support to a model of sensory integration of vision and pain processing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Impact de la cécité sur le système nociceptif
- Author
-
Slimani, Hocine, Ptito, Maurice, and Kupers, Ron
- Subjects
Nociception ,Douleur ,Compensation Sensorielle ,Brain Plasticity ,Plasticité Cérébrale ,Vision ,Sensory Compensation ,Intégration Multi-sensorielle ,Cécité ,Thermoception ,Pain Perception ,Blindness ,Multisensory Integration - Abstract
La vision joue un rôle très important dans la prévention du danger. La douleur a aussi pour fonction de prévenir les lésions corporelles. Nous avons donc testé l’hypothèse qu’une hypersensibilité à la douleur découlerait de la cécité en guise de compensation sensorielle. En effet, une littérature exhaustive indique qu’une plasticité intermodale s’opère chez les non-voyants, ce qui module à la hausse la sensibilité de leurs sens résiduels. De plus, plusieurs études montrent que la douleur peut être modulée par la vision et par une privation visuelle temporaire. Dans une première étude, nous avons mesuré les seuils de détection thermique et les seuils de douleur chez des aveugles de naissance et des voyants à l’aide d’une thermode qui permet de chauffer ou de refroidir la peau. Les participants ont aussi eu à quantifier la douleur perçue en réponse à des stimuli laser CO2 et à répondre à des questionnaires mesurant leur attitude face à des situations douloureuses de la vie quotidienne. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les aveugles congénitaux ont des seuils de douleur plus bas et des rapports de douleur plus élevés que leurs congénères voyants. De plus, les résultats psychométriques indiquent que les non-voyants sont plus attentifs à la douleur. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons mesuré l’impact de l'expérience visuelle sur la perception de la douleur en répliquant la première étude dans un échantillon d’aveugles tardifs. Les résultats montrent que ces derniers sont en tous points similaires aux voyants quant à leur sensibilité à la douleur. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons testé les capacités de discrimination de température des aveugles congénitaux, car la détection de changements rapides de température est cruciale pour éviter les brûlures. Il s’est avéré que les aveugles de naissance ont une discrimination de température plus fine et qu’ils sont plus sensibles à la sommation spatiale de la chaleur. Dans une quatrième étude, nous avons examiné la contribution des fibres A∂ et C au traitement nociceptif des non-voyants, car ces récepteurs signalent la première et la deuxième douleur, respectivement. Nous avons observé que les aveugles congénitaux détectent plus facilement et répondent plus rapidement aux sensations générées par l’activation des fibres C. Dans une cinquième et dernière étude, nous avons sondé les changements potentiels qu’entrainerait la perte de vision dans la modulation descendante des intrants nociceptifs en mesurant les effets de l’appréhension d’un stimulus nocif sur la perception de la douleur. Les résultats montrent que, contrairement aux voyants, les aveugles congénitaux voient leur douleur exacerbée par l’incertitude face au danger, suggérant ainsi que la modulation centrale de la douleur est facilitée chez ces derniers. En gros, ces travaux indiquent que l’absence d’expérience visuelle, plutôt que la cécité, entraine une hausse de la sensibilité nociceptive, ce qui apporte une autre dimension au modèle d’intégration multi-sensorielle de la vision et de la douleur., Vision is important for avoiding encounters with objects in the environment that may imperil physical integrity. Since pain also plays a major role in preventing bodily injury, we tested whether, in the absence of vision, pain hypersensitivity would arise from an adaptive shift to other sensory channels. Indeed, a wealth of literature indicates that blindness leads to sensory compensation and crossmodal plasticity. Furthermore, studies have shown that pain perception can be modulated by vision and by temporary visual deprivation. In a first study, we measured innocuous and noxious thermal thresholds using a Peltier-based thermotester in congenitally blind and normal sighted participants. We also assessed their suprathreshold pain ratings using a CO2 laser device and evaluated their attitude towards daily pain encounters using questionnaires on attention and anxiety. Results show that congenitally participants have lower pain thresholds and higher suprathreshold pain ratings. The psychometric data further indicates that they are more attentive to pain compared to their sighted peers. In a second study, we investigated whether visual experience has an impact on pain perception by replicating the first study in late blind participants. Results indicate that individuals who lost sight later in life are similar to the sighted in every aspect of pain perception that we measured. In a third study, we tested whether blind individuals have supranormal skills in detecting small and quick increases in temperature, as these thermal cues of the environment might help identifying and avoiding potentially harmful objects. Results show that congenitally blind participants outperform their sighted peers and that they are more susceptible to spatial summation of heat. In a fourth study, we examined the contribution of A∂ and C-fibres to blind individuals’ nociceptive processing, as these fibres are thought to signal the first and second pain, respectively. Our findings indicate that congenital blindness leads to an enhanced detection to C-fibre mediated sensations and to faster reaction times to these nociceptive inputs. In a fifth and final study, we probed the potential changes in the descending modulation of nociceptive inputs following visual deprivation by measuring the effects of psychological factors like anticipation and anxiety on blind individuals’ pain perception. Results show that congenitally blind participants are more sensitive to pain in response to uncertainty about threat, suggesting that they are more susceptible to top-down modulation of pain. Overall, this work indicates that visual deprivation from birth, but not later in life, causes a leftward shift in the stimulus–response function to nociceptive stimuli and lends new support to a model of sensory integration of vision and pain processing.
- Published
- 2016
10. Le sens du goût chez l'aveugle congénital
- Author
-
Gagnon, Léa, Ptito, Maurice, and Kupers, Ron
- Subjects
Smell ,Anosmie ,Vision ,Anosmia ,Crossmodal plasticity ,Plasticité intermodale ,Cécité ,Blindness ,Gustation ,Odorat - Abstract
La vision est cruciale dans la recherche et l’identification de nourriture. Non seulement elle déclenche le réflexe céphalique de la digestion mais, combinée à l’expérience alimentaire, elle aide à raffiner nos prévisions par rapport aux aliments. En un simple clin d’œil, la vue renseigne sur la disponibilité, l’identité, la comestibilité, les saveurs, les textures et les contenus nutritionnel, calorique et toxique des aliments qui nous entourent. Étant donnée l’importance de la vue dans l’expérience gustative, il est judicieux de se poser la question suivante : Qu’arrive-t-il au goût en absence de vision? Cette thèse répond à cette question par l’étude de cette modalité chez l’aveugle de naissance grâce aux techniques de psychophysique et d’imagerie cérébrale. De plus, les conséquences gustatives de la cécité sont comparées à celles suivant la perte d’un autre sens important dans l’appréciation des aliments, soit l’odorat (anosmie). Les résultats comportementaux démontrent premièrement que l’absence de vision depuis la naissance abaisse la sensibilité gustative, reflétée par des seuils élevés de détection et d’identification des cinq goûts de base (sucré, salé, acide, amer, umami). Deuxièmement, bien que les aveugles congénitaux aient plus de facilité à identifier les odeurs comestibles par leurs narines (voie olfactive orthonasale), ceux-ci perdent leur avantage par rapport aux voyants quand ils doivent identifier ces stimuli placés sur la langue (voie olfactive rétronasale). Les résultats d’imagerie indiquent en outre que les aveugles congénitaux activent moins leur cortex gustatif primaire (insula/opercule) et leur hypothalamus par rapport aux voyants durant une tâche gustative. De plus, l’absence d’activation dans le cortex (« visuel ») occipital chez l’aveugle pointe vers le manque de plasticité intermodale en gustation. Chez les anosmiques congénitaux d’autre part, non seulement l’absence d’odorat diminue l’habileté à reconnaître les goûts mais elle abaisse également la force du signal dans les aires olfactives (ex : cortex orbitofrontal médial) durant une tâche gustative. Les résultats chez l’aveugle contrastent grandement avec les études antérieures soulignant l’amélioration de leurs sens extéroceptifs tels que l’audition, l’olfaction (orthonasale) et le toucher qui font tous intervenir la plasticité intermodale. Par ailleurs, les données chez l’anosmique concordent avec ceux de la littérature indiquant une diminution similaire de la chémosensation trigéminale, laquelle est également associée à un affaiblissement du circuit neural des saveurs. Ceci suggère que le sens du goût ne soit pas utile aux handicapés visuels pour percevoir l’environnement extérieur et ainsi compenser leur perte de vision. De plus, bien que l’odorat participe à l’appréciation de la nourriture en bouche, sa perte n’entraîne pas de compensation sensorielle chez l’anosmique. Prises ensemble, ces données indiquent différents mécanismes d’adaptation suivant la cécité et l’anosmie. Elles soutiennent également le point de vue selon lequel la perception unifiée de goûts et de saveurs inclut non seulement les sens chimiques et le toucher mais également la vision. Considérant l’importance du goût et de l’alimentation dans la qualité de vie, ces résultats encouragent la société tout comme les professionnels de la réadaptation à faciliter l’accès à la nourriture ainsi qu’à l’enseignement culinaire chez les handicapés sensoriels., Vision is crucial for seeking and identifying food. Not only does it trigger the cephalic digestion reflex but, when combined with the experience of eating, it helps to refine expectations about foods. In a single eye blink, sight informs us about the availability, identity, palatability, flavours, textures as well as nutritional, caloric and toxic contents of foods surrounding us. Given the importance of sight in the gustatory experience, one may therefore ask the following question: What happens to gustation without vision? This thesis answers this question by studying this modality in congenitally blind subjects using psychophysical and brain imaging techniques. Additionally, the gustatory consequences of blindness are compared to those following the loss of another important modality involved in the appreciation of food, i.e. the sense of smell (anosmia). Behavioural results first show that the absence of vision from birth reduces the gustatory sensitivity, as reflected by higher detection and identification thresholds of the five basic tastes (sweet, salty, acid, bitter, umami). Second, although congenitally blind subjects are better at identifying palatable odorant stimuli through their nostrils (orthonasal olfactory route), they lose this advantage over sighted people when identifying these stimuli placed on their tongue (retronasal olfactory route). Neuroimaging results also reveal that congenitally blind subjects activate the primary gustatory cortex (insula/operculum) and the hypothalamus less compared to blindfolded sighted participants. Moreover, the absence of occipital (“visual”) cortex activity in the blind points towards the lack of crossmodal plasticity in gustation. In congenitally anosmics, on the other hand, not only does the absence of smell lower the ability to recognize tastes but it also lowers the strength of the signal in olfactory areas (e.g. medial orbitofrontal cortex) during a gustatory task. The results in the blind greatly contrast with previous studies highlighting the enhancement of their exteroceptive senses such as audition, (orthonasal) olfaction and touch, all of which involve crossmodal plasticity. Moreover, data in the anosmic group are consistent with previous literature describing similar decrease of trigeminal chemosensation that is also associated with a weakening of the flavour neural network. This suggests that the sense of taste is not useful to the visually impaired to perceive their exterior environment and compensate for their lack of vision. Furthermore, although olfaction contributes to the appreciation of foods in the mouth, the lack of this modality does not drive sensory compensation in anosmic subjects. Taken together, these data indicate different adaptation mechanisms following blindness and anosmia. They also support the view according to which the unified perception of tastes and flavours includes not only the chemical senses (taste, smell and trigeminal chemosensation) and touch but also vision. Given the importance of taste and eating experience in quality of life, these results encourage society as well as rehabilitation professionals to facilitate access to foods and culinary lessons in sensory deprived subjects., Thèse réalisée en collaboration avec le Département de neurosciences et pharmacologie de l'Université de Copenhague, Danemark.
- Published
- 2015
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.