28 results on '"Gray, Gregory C."'
Search Results
2. Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review.
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Sack A, Oladunni FS, Gonchigoo B, Chambers TM, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Bacterial Infections microbiology, Horses, Virus Diseases virology, Zoonoses, Bacterial Infections veterinary, Horse Diseases microbiology, Parasitic Diseases, Animal parasitology, Virus Diseases veterinary
- Abstract
Background: Worldwide, horses play critical roles in recreation, food production, transportation, and as working animals. Horses' roles differ by geographical region and the socioeconomic status of the people, but despite modern advances in transportation, which have in some ways altered humans contact with horses, potential risks for equine zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans occur globally. While previous reports have focused upon individual or groups of equine pathogens, to our knowledge, a systematic review of equine zoonoses has never been performed. Methods: Using PRISMA's systematic review guidelines, we searched the English literature and identified 233 previous reports of potential equine zoonoses found in horses. We studied and summarized their findings with a goal of identifying risk factors that favor disease transmission from horses to humans. Results: These previous reports identified 56 zoonotic pathogens that have been found in horses. Of the 233 articles, 13 involved direct transmission to humans (5.6%).The main potential routes of transmission included oral, inhalation, and cutaneous exposures. Pathogens most often manifest in humans through systemic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs and symptoms. Furthermore, 16.1% were classified as emerging infectious diseases and thus may be less known to both the equine and human medical community. Sometimes, these infections were severe leading to human and equine death. Conclusions: While case reports of zoonotic infections directly from horses remain low, there is a high potential for underreporting due to lack of knowledge among health professionals. Awareness of these zoonotic pathogens, their disease presentation in horses and humans, and their associated risk factors for cross-species infection are important to public health officials, clinicians, and people with recreational or occupational equid exposure.
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- 2020
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3. Surveillance for respiratory and diarrheal pathogens at the human-pig interface in Sarawak, Malaysia.
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Borkenhagen LK, Mallinson KA, Tsao RW, Ha SJ, Lim WH, Toh TH, Anderson BD, Fieldhouse JK, Philo SE, Chong KS, Lindsley WG, Ramirez A, Lowe JF, Coleman KK, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Malaysia, Male, Occupational Exposure, Diarrhea virology, Farmers, Respiratory Tract Infections transmission, Respiratory Tract Infections virology, Swine virology, Swine Diseases virology, Virus Diseases transmission, Virus Diseases virology, Viruses
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Background: The large livestock operations and dense human population of Southeast Asia are considered a hot-spot for emerging viruses., Objectives: To determine if the pathogens adenovirus (ADV), coronavirus (CoV), encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), enterovirus (EV), influenza A-D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and porcine rotaviruses A and C (RVA and RVC), are aerosolized at the animal-interface, and if humans working in these environments are carrying these viruses in their nasal airways., Study: This cross-sectional study took place in Sarawak, Malaysia among 11 pig farms, 2 abattoirs, and 3 animal markets in June and July of 2017. Pig feces, pig oral secretions, bioaerosols, and worker nasal wash samples were collected and analyzed via rPCR and rRT-PCR for respiratory and diarrheal viruses., Results: In all, 55 pig fecal, 49 pig oral or water, 45 bioaerosol, and 78 worker nasal wash samples were collected across 16 sites. PCV2 was detected in 21 pig fecal, 43 pig oral or water, 3 bioaerosol, and 4 worker nasal wash samples. In addition, one or more bioaerosol or pig samples were positive for EV, IAV, and RVC, and one or more worker samples were positive for ADV, CoV, IBV, and IDV., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that nucleic acids from a number of targeted viruses were present in pig oral secretions and pig fecal samples, and that several viruses were detected in bioaerosol samples or in the nasal passages of humans with occupational exposure to pigs. These results demonstrate the need for future research in strengthening viral surveillance at the human-animal interface, specifically through expanded bioaerosol sampling efforts and a seroepidemiological study of individuals with exposure to pigs in this region for PCV2 infection., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2018
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4. Emerging viral respiratory tract infections--environmental risk factors and transmission.
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Gautret P, Gray GC, Charrel RN, Odezulu NG, Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, and Memish ZA
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- Communicable Disease Control methods, Communicable Disease Control organization & administration, Global Health, Humans, Risk Factors, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging transmission, Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology, Respiratory Tract Infections transmission, Virus Diseases epidemiology, Virus Diseases transmission
- Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of several novel viruses that cause respiratory tract infections in human beings, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, an H7N9 influenza A virus in eastern China, a swine-like influenza H3N2 variant virus in the USA, and a human adenovirus 14p1 also in the USA. MERS-CoV and H7N9 viruses are still a major worldwide public health concern. The pathogenesis and mode of transmission of MERS-CoV and H7N9 influenza A virus are poorly understood, making it more difficult to implement intervention and preventive measures. A united and coordinated global response is needed to tackle emerging viruses that can cause fatal respiratory tract infections and to fill major gaps in the understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of these viruses., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2014
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5. Polymicrobial acute respiratory infections in a hospital-based pediatric population.
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Chorazy ML, Lebeck MG, McCarthy TA, Richter SS, Torner JC, and Gray GC
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- Acute Disease, Bacterial Infections microbiology, Bacterial Infections virology, Child, Child, Preschool, Coinfection virology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Infant, Male, Respiratory Tract Infections virology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Virus Diseases virology, Coinfection microbiology, Respiratory Tract Infections microbiology, Virus Diseases microbiology
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Background: The clinical impact of polymicrobial respiratory infections remains uncertain. Previous reports are contradictory regarding an association with severe disease., Methods: Three hundred forty-six specimens from children with acute respiratory illness identified at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Clinical Microbiology Laboratory were evaluated by direct immunofluorescent assay and/or viral culture by Clinical Microbiology Laboratory and later by molecular study for the presence of influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus and human bocavirus. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from medical records., Results: Multiple viruses were detected in 46 (21.7%) of 212 virus-positive specimens with the most frequent virus-virus combinations being HRV-respiratory syncytial virus (n = 12), HRV-human bocavirus (n = 6) and HRV-parainfluenza virus 3 (n = 4). Risk factors for coinfection included male gender (OR [odds ratio]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-3.46), 6 months to 1 year age (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 0.75-6.19) and history of immunosuppression (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 0.99-4.23). Children with viral coinfections were less likely than children with single virus infections to be admitted to an intensive care unit (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.08-1.27); however, this may be explained by undetected viral-bacterial coinfections., Conclusions: HRV, respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus, and polymicrobial infections were prevalent in this study. Although the cross-sectional design could not easily examine polymicrobial infection and disease severity, prospective, population-based research regarding the clinical impact of such infections is warranted.
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- 2013
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6. Marine mammal zoonoses: a review of disease manifestations.
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Waltzek TB, Cortés-Hinojosa G, Wellehan JF Jr, and Gray GC
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- Animals, Aquatic Organisms microbiology, Bacterial Infections microbiology, Humans, Mycoses microbiology, Public Health, Risk Factors, Virus Diseases virology, Zoonoses virology, Bacterial Infections veterinary, Mammals microbiology, Mycoses veterinary, Virus Diseases veterinary, Zoonoses microbiology
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Marine mammals evoke strong public affection as well as considerable scientific interest. However, the resultant close contact with marine wildlife poses human health risks, including traumatic injury and zoonotic disease transmission. The majority of zoonotic marine mammal diseases result in localized skin infections in man that resolve spontaneously or with appropriate medical therapy. However, other marine mammal zoonoses, if left untreated, induce life-threatening systemic diseases that could pose public health risks. As the number of zoonotic diseases rises, the diagnosis of and treatment for these emerging pathogens pose special challenges requiring the expertise of physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the bacterial, viral and fungal marine mammal zoonotic diseases that we hope will be utilized by public health professionals, physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists to better understand, diagnose and prevent marine mammal zoonotic diseases., (2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH)
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- 2012
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7. Additional file 1 of Molecular typing of human adenoviruses among hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary Hospital in Guangzhou, China between 2017 and 2019
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Wang, Xinye, Wang, Dawei, Umar, Sajid, Qin, Sheng, Ling, Qiong, Gray, Gregory C., and Liu, Yuntao
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viruses ,virus diseases ,eye diseases - Abstract
Additional file 1. Supplementary Material for Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis. Supplementary Table 1. List of reference human adenovirus (HAdV) strains used in the manuscript’s hexon gene phylogenetic comparisons.
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- 2021
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8. Influenza A viruses are likely highly prevalent in South African swine farms.
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El Zowalaty, Mohamed E., Abdelgadir, Anfal, Borkenhagen, Laura K., Ducatez, Mariette F., Bailey, Emily S., and Gray, Gregory C.
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INFLUENZA A virus ,INFLUENZA viruses ,SWINE farms ,INFLUENZA ,SWINE influenza ,VIRUS diseases - Abstract
Growth in pork production during the last decade in South Africa has escalated the risk of zoonotic pathogen emergence. This cross‐sectional study was conducted to evaluate evidence for transmission of influenza A virus between pigs and swine workers. Between February and October 2018, samples from swine workers and pigs were collected from three farms in KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa. Workers nasal washes and serum samples, and swine oral secretion samples (rope sampling method) were studied for evidence of swine influenza A virus infection using molecular and serological methods. Among 84 human nasal washes and 51 swine oral secretion specimens, 44 (52.4%) and 6 (11.8%) had molecular evidence of influenza A virus. Microneutralization assays with enrolled workers' sera against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses revealed a high prevalence of elevated antibodies. Multivariate risk factor analysis showed that male workers from the age‐group quartile 23–32 years, who self‐reported a recent history of exposure to someone with influenza disease and seldom use of personal protective equipment were at highest risk of molecular detection of influenza A virus. These pilot study data suggest that influenza A viruses are likely highly prevalent in South African swine farms. South Africa would benefit from periodic surveillance for novel influenza viruses in swine farms as well as education and seasonal influenza vaccine programmes for swine workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Virus detections among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, Northern Vietnam.
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Le, Yen H., Nguyen, Khanh C., Coleman, Kristen K., Nguyen, Tham T., Than, Son T., Phan, Hai H., Nguyen, Manh D., Ngu, Nghia D., Phan, Dan T., Hoang, Phuong V. M., Trieu, Long P., Bailey, Emily S., Warkentien, Tyler E., and Gray, Gregory C.
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INFLUENZA viruses ,INFLUENZA B virus ,ACUTE diseases ,VIRUS diseases ,MILITARY hospitals ,ADENOVIRUS diseases ,VIRUSES - Abstract
Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is a major cause of death and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries, however, the etiologic agents are often undetermined due to the lack of molecular diagnostics in hospitals and clinics. To examine evidence for select viral infections among patients with SARI in northern Vietnam, we studied 348 nasopharyngeal samples from military and civilian patients admitted to 4 hospitals in the greater Hanoi area from 2017–2019. Initial screening for human respiratory viral pathogens was performed in Hanoi, Vietnam at the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE) or the Military Institute of Preventative Medicine (MIPM), and an aliquot was shipped to Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore for validation. Patient demographics were recorded and used to epidemiologically describe the infections. Among military and civilian cases of SARI, 184 (52.9%) tested positive for one or more respiratory viruses. Influenza A virus was the most prevalent virus detected (64.7%), followed by influenza B virus (29.3%), enterovirus (3.8%), adenovirus (1.1%), and coronavirus (1.1%). Risk factor analyses demonstrated an increased risk of influenza A virus detection among military hospital patients (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2–3.2), and an increased risk of influenza B virus detection among patients enrolled in year 2017 (adjusted OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 2.7–22.9). As influenza A and B viruses were commonly associated with SARI and are treatable, SARI patients entering these hospitals would benefit if the hospitals were able to adapt onsite molecular diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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10. A Mini-Review of Adverse Lung Transplant Outcomes Associated With Respiratory Viruses.
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Bailey, Emily S., Zemke, Juliana N., Choi, Jessica Y., and Gray, Gregory C.
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LUNG transplantation ,RESPIRATORY syncytial virus ,VIRUS diseases ,VIRUSES ,PARAINFLUENZA viruses - Abstract
Due to their overall immunocompromised state, lung transplant recipients (LTRs) are at increased risk for the development of viral respiratory infections compared to the general population. Such respiratory infections often lead to poor transplant outcomes. We performed a systematic review of the last 30 years of medical literature to summarize the impact of specific respiratory viruses on LTRs. After screening 2,150 articles for potential inclusion, 39 manuscripts were chosen for final review. We found evidence for an association of respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus, and influenza viruses with increased morbidity following transplant. Through the literature search, we also documented associations of RSV and adenovirus infections with increased mortality among LTRs. We posit that the medical literature supports aggressive surveillance for respiratory viruses among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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11. MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1
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Heil, Gary L., McCarthy, Troy, Yoon, Kyoung‐Jin, Liu, Siyuan, Saad, Magdi D., Smith, Catherine B., Houck, Julie A., Dawson, Erica D., Rowlen, Kathy L., and Gray, Gregory C.
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Time Factors ,viruses ,virus diseases ,Original Articles ,Microarray Analysis ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,United States ,respiratory tract diseases ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ,Virology ,Influenza A Virus ,Animals ,Humans ,H1N1 Subtype ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Heil et al. (2010) MChip, a low density microarray, differentiates among seasonal human H1N1, North American swine H1N1, and the 2009 pandemic H1N1. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 411–416. Background The MChip uses data from the hybridization of amplified viral RNA to 15 distinct oligonucleotides that target the influenza A matrix (M) gene segment. An artificial neural network (ANN) automates the interpretation of subtle differences in fluorescence intensity patterns from the microarray. The complete process from clinical specimen to identification including amplification of viral RNA can be completed in
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- 2010
12. Will China's H7N9 Control Strategy Continue to Be Effective?
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Wang, Guo-Lin, Gray, Gregory C, Chen, Ji-Ming, and Ma, Mai-Juan
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INFLUENZA A virus, H7N9 subtype , *AVIAN influenza A virus , *AVIAN influenza , *VIRUS diseases , *POULTRY - Abstract
Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in early 2013, several interventions to control the transmission of H7N9 virus from poultry to humans have been implemented. Temporarily closing live poultry markets reduced the risk of human infection to an extent, but it did not prevent the spread of the H7N9 virus among poultry, and this spread eventually led to more human cases. Nevertheless, the mass vaccination of poultry after September 2017 has been highly effective in preventing the H7N9 virus infection in both poultry and humans. In light of the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 and H7N2 viruses in unimmunized ducks, vaccination among poultry, especially for ducks, should be accompanied with continued surveillance of H7N9 variants and other avian influenza A viruses that could signal a heightened pandemic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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13. High Rate of A(H1N1)pdm09 Infections among Rural Thai Villagers, 2009–2010.
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Khuntirat, Benjawan, Yoon, In-Kyu, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Krueger, Whitney S., Supawat, Krongkaew, Blair, Patrick J., Putnam, Shannon D., Gibbons, Robert V., Buddhari, Darunee, Sawanpanyalert, Pathom, Heil, Gary L., Friary, John A., and Gray, Gregory C.
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H1N1 influenza ,VIRUS diseases ,PANDEMICS ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,DISEASES in adults ,LONGITUDINAL method ,COHORT analysis - Abstract
Background: Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 emerged in Thailand in 2009. A prospective longitudinal adult cohort and household transmission study of influenza-like illness (ILI) was ongoing in rural Thailand at the time of emergence. Symptomatic and subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infection rates in the cohort and among household members were evaluated. Methods: A cohort of 800 Thai adults underwent active community-based surveillance for ILI from 2008–2010. Acute respiratory samples from ILI episodes were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRT-PCR; acute and 60-day convalescent blood samples were tested by A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Enrollment, 12-month and 24-month follow-up blood samples were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion by HI. Household members of influenza A-infected cohort subjects with ILI were enrolled in household transmission investigations in which day 0 and 60 blood samples and acute respiratory samples were tested by either qRT-PCR or HI for A(H1N1)pdm09. Seroconversion between annual blood samples without A(H1N1)pdm09-positive ILI was considered as subclinical infection. Results: The 2-yr cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in the cohort in 2009/2010 was 10.8% (84/781) with an annual incidence of 1.2% in 2009 and 9.7% in 2010; 83.3% of infections were subclinical (50% in 2009 and 85.9% in 2010). The 2-yr cumulative incidence was lowest (5%) in adults born ≤1957. The A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts was 47.2% (17/36); 47.1% of these infections were subclinical. The highest A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts (70.6%, 12/17) occurred among children born between 1990 and 2003. Conclusion: Subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infections in Thai adults occurred frequently and accounted for a greater proportion of all A(H1N1)pdm09 infections than previously estimated. The role of subclinical infections in A(H1N1)pdm09 transmission has important implications in formulating strategies to predict and prevent the spread of A(H1N1)pdm09 and other influenza virus strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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14. A Prospective Study of Romanian Agriculture Workers for Zoonotic Influenza Infections.
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Coman, Alexandru, Maftei, Daniel N., Krueger, Whitney S., Heil, Gary L., Chereches, Razvan M., Sirlincan, Emanuela, Bria, Paul, Dragnea, Claudiu, Kasler, Iosif, Valentine, Marissa A., and Gray, Gregory C.
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AGRICULTURE ,ZOONOSES ,INFLUENZA ,VIRUS diseases ,SEROLOGY ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS - Abstract
Background: In this prospective study we sought to examine seroepidemiological evidence for acute zoonotic influenza virus infection among Romanian agricultural workers. Methods: Sera were drawn upon enrollment (2009) and again at 12 and 24 months from 312 adult agriculture workers and 51 age-group matched controls. Participants were contacted monthly for 24 months and queried regarding episodes of acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members meeting ILI criteria permitted respiratory swab collections as well as acute and convalescent serum collection. Serologic assays were performed against 9 avian, 3 swine, and 3 human influenza viruses. Results: During the two-year follow-up, a total of 23 ILI events were reported. Two subjects' specimens were identified as influenza A by rRT-PCR. During the follow-up period, three individuals experienced elevated microneutralization antibody titers ≥1∶80 against three (one each) avian influenza viruses: A/Teal/Hong Kong/w312/97(H6N1), A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), or A/Duck/Alberta/60/1976(H12N5). However, none of these participants met the criteria for poultry exposure. A number of subjects demonstrated four-fold increases over time in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay titers for at least one of the three swine influenza viruses (SIVs); however, it seems likely that two of these three responses were due to cross-reacting antibody against human influenza. Only elevated antibody titers against A/Swine/Flanders/1/1998(H3N2) lacked evidence for such confounding. In examining risk factors for elevated antibody against this SIV with multiple logistic regression, swine exposure (adjusted OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8) and tobacco use (adjusted OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–2.9) were important predictors. Conclusions: While Romania has recently experienced multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza among domestic poultry, this cohort of Romanian agriculture workers had sparse evidence of avian influenza virus infections. In contrast, there was evidence, especially among the swine exposed participants, of infections with human and one swine H3N2 influenza virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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15. Genotype Prevalence and Risk Factors for Severe Clinical Adenovirus Infection, United States 2004-2006.
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Gray, Gregory C., McCarthy, Troy, Lebeck, Mark G., Schnurr, David P., Russell, Kevin L., Kajon, Adriana E., Landry, Marie L., Leland, Diane S., Storch, Gregory A., Ginocchio, Christine C., Robinson, Christine C., Demmler, Gail J., Saubolle, Michael A., Kehl, Sue C., Selvarangan, Rangaraj, Miller, Melissa B., Chappell, James D., Zerr, Danielle M., Kiska, Deanna L., and Halstead, Diane C.
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research , *ADENOVIRUSES , *DNA viruses , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *VIRUS diseases , *DISEASE prevalence , *PUBLIC health , *CLINICAL trials , *DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Background. Recently, epidemiological and clinical data have revealed important changes with regard to clinical adenovirus infection, including alterations in antigenic presentation, geographical distribution, and virulence of the virus. Methods. In an effort to better understand the epidemiology of clinical adenovirus infection in the United States, we adopted a new molecular adenovirus typing technique to study clinical adenovirus isolates collected from 22 medical facilities over a 25-month period during 2004-2006. A hexon gene sequence typing method was used to characterize 2237 clinical adenovirus-positive specimens, comparing their sequences with those of the 51 currently recognized prototype human adenovirus strains. In a blinded comparison, this method performed well and was much faster than the classic serologic typing method. Results. Among civilians, the most prevalent adenovirus types were types 3 (prevalence, 34.6%), 2 (24.3%), 1 (17.7%), and 5 (5.3%). Among military trainees, the most prevalent types were types 4 (prevalence, 92.8%), 3 (2.6%), and 21 (2.4%). Conclusions. For both populations, we observed a statistically significant increasing trend of adenovirus type 21 detection over time. Among adenovirus isolates recovered from specimens from civilians, 50% were associated with hospitalization, 19.6% with a chronic disease condition, 11% with a bone marrow or solid organ transplantation, 7.4% with intensive care unit stay, and 4.2% with a cancer diagnosis. Multivariable risk factor modeling for adenovirus disease severity found that age <7 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-7.4), chronic disease (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.6-5.1), recent transplantation (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2), and adenovirus type 5 (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5-4.7) or type 21 infection (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 2.6-22.3) increased the risk of severe disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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16. Pandemic influenza planning: Shouldn’t swine and poultry workers be included?
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Gray, Gregory C., Trampel, Darrell W., and Roth, James A.
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VIRUS diseases , *RESPIRATORY infections , *INFLUENZA viruses , *COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
Abstract: Recent research has demonstrated that swine and poultry professionals, especially those who work in large confinement facilities, are at markedly increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infections. In serving as a bridging population for influenza virus spread between animals and man, these workers may introduce zoonotic influenza virus into their homes and communities as well as expose domestic swine and poultry to human influenza viruses. Prolonged and intense occupational exposures of humans working in swine or poultry confinement buildings could facilitate the generation of novel influenza viruses, as well as accelerate human influenza epidemics. Because of their potential bridging role, we posit that such workers should be recognized as a priority target group for annual influenza vaccines and receive special training to reduce the risk of influenza transmission. They should also be considered for increased surveillance and priority receipt of pandemic vaccines and antivirals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2007
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17. Maximizing power in seroepidemiological studies through the use of the proportional odds model.
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Capuano, Ana W., Dawson, Jeffrey D., and Gray, Gregory C.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY ,DISEASE risk factors ,VIRUS diseases ,INFLUENZA ,RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
Epidemiological studies of zoonotic influenza and other infectious diseases often rely upon analysis of levels of antibody titer. In most of these studies, the antibody titer data are dichotomized based on a chosen cut-point and analyzed with a traditional binary logistic regression. However, cut-points are often arbitrary, particularly those selected for rare diseases or for infections for which serologic assays are imperfect. Alternatively, the data can be left in the original form, as ordinal levels of antibody titer, and analyzed using the proportional odds model. We show why this approach yields superior power to detect risk factors. Additionally, we illustrate the advantages of using the proportional odds model with the analyses of zoonotic influenza antibody titer data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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18. Human metapneumovirus in turkey poults.
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Velayudhan, Binu T., Nagaraja, Kakambi V., Thachil, Anil J., Shaw, Daniel P., Gray, Gregory C., and Halvorson, David A.
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VIRUSES ,TURKEYS ,BIRD diseases ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,ZOONOSES ,DISEASES ,ANIMAL experimentation ,CELL lines ,ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay ,IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ,LUNGS ,CELLULAR pathology ,POLYMERASE chain reaction ,POULTRY ,RESEARCH funding ,RESPIRATORY infections ,RNA ,RNA viruses ,TRACHEA ,VIRAL antibodies ,VIRUS diseases ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ,RNA virus infections ,GENOTYPES - Abstract
This study was conducted to reexamine the hypothesis that human metapneumovirus (hMPV) will not infect turkeys. Six groups of 2-week-old turkeys (20 per group) were inoculated oculonasally with 1 of the following: noninfected cell suspension; hMPV genotype A1, A2, B1, or B2; or avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C. Poults inoculated with hMPV showed nasal discharge days 4-9 postexposure. Specific viral RNA and antigen were detected by reverse-transcription PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation, respectively, in nasal turbinates of birds exposed to hMPV. Nasal turbinates of hMPV-infected turkeys showed inflammatory changes and mucus accumulation. Each of the 4 hMPV genotypes caused a transient infection in turkeys as evidenced by clinical signs, detection of hMPV in turbinates, and histopathologic examination. Detailed investigation of cross-species pathogenicity of hMPV and aMPV and its importance for human and animal health is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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19. Preventing Zoonotic Influenza Virus Infection.
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Ramirez, Alejandro, Capuano, Ana W., Wellman, Debbie A., Lesher, Kelly A., Setterquist, Sharon F., and Gray, Gregory C.
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SWINE diseases ,INFLUENZA viruses ,INFLUENZA ,RESPIRATORY infections ,VIRUS diseases - Abstract
We evaluated 49 swine industry workers and 79 nonexposed controls for antibodies to swine influenza viruses. Multivariate modeling showed that workers who seldom used gloves (odds ratio [OR] 30.3) or who smoked (OR 18.7) most frequently had evidence of previous H1N1 swine virus. These findings may be valuable in planning for pandemic influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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20. Human metapneumovirus, Peru.
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Gray, Gregory C., Capuano, Ana W., Setterquist, Sharon F., Sanchez, Jose L., Neville, James S., Olson, James, Lebeck, Mark G. A., McCarthy, Troy, Abed, Yacine, and Boivin, Guy
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INFLUENZA , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *RESPIRATORY infections , *VIRUS diseases - Abstract
We retrospectively studied 420 pharyngeal swab specimens collected from Peruvian and Argentinean patients with influenzalike illness in 2002 and 2003 for evidence of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Twelve specimens (2.3%) were positive by multiple assays. Six specimens yielded HMPV isolates. Four of the 6 isolates were of the uncommon B1 genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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21. First Evidence of H10N8 Avian Influenza Virus Infections among Feral Dogs in Live Poultry Markets in Guangdong Province, China.
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Su, Shuo, Qi, Wenbao, Zhou, Pei, Xiao, Chencheng, Yan, Zhongshan, Cui, Jin, Jia, Kun, Zhang, Guihong, Gray, Gregory C., Liao, Ming, and Li, Shoujun
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AVIAN influenza A virus ,DOG diseases ,POULTRY farms ,VIRUS diseases - Abstract
The article discusses a study conducted to examine the cause of reported cases of human infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) H10N8 in Jiangxi Province, China as of Feruary 15, 2014. To conduct the study, AIV infected dogs living in close proximity to live poultry markets (LPMs) in China were used for evidence of infection with the H10N8 virus. The results suggest continuous epidemiological monitoring of dogs to reduce the threat from novel zoonotic influenza strains.
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- 2014
22. Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 Virus among Healthy Show Pigs, United States.
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Gray, Gregory C., Bender, Jeffrey B., Bridges, Carolyn B., Daly, Russell F., Krueger, Whitney S., Male, Michael J., Heil, Gary L., Friary, John A., Derby, Robin B., and Cox, Nancy J.
- Subjects
- *
INFLUENZA viruses , *INFLUENZA A virus, H1N1 subtype , *INFLUENZA A virus , *VIRUS diseases , *INFLUENZA research - Abstract
Within 5 months after the earliest detection of human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, we found molecular and culture evidence of the virus in healthy US show pigs. The mixing of humans and pigs at swine shows possibly could further the geographic and cross-species spread of influenza A viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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23. Occupational Exposure to Streptococcus suis among US Swine Workers.
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Smith, Tara C., Capuano, Ana W., Boese, Brenda, Myers, Kendall P., and Gray, Gregory C.
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STREPTOCOCCUS ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,VIRUS diseases in swine ,VIRUS diseases ,GRAM-negative bacterial diseases - Abstract
Despite numerous cases of human infection with Streptococcus suis worldwide, human disease is rarely diagnosed in North America. We studied 73 swine-exposed and 67 non-swine-exposed US adults for antibodies to S. suis serotype 2. Serologic data suggest that human infection with S. suis occurs more frequently than currently documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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24. Avian influenza among waterfowl hunters and wildlife professionals.
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Gill, James S., Webby, Richard, Gilchrist, Mary J. R., and Gray, Gregory C.
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AVIAN influenza ,VIRUS diseases in poultry ,VIRUS diseases ,RESPIRATORY infections ,VIRUSES ,INFLUENZA diagnosis ,ANIMAL experimentation ,ANIMAL populations ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONSERVATION of natural resources ,HEMAGGLUTINATION tests ,INFLUENZA ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,POULTRY ,RECREATION ,RESEARCH ,EVALUATION research ,INFLUENZA A virus ,NEUTRALIZATION tests ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
We report serologic evidence of avian influenza infection in 1 duck hunter and 2 wildlife professionals with extensive histories of wild waterfowl and game bird exposure. Two laboratory methods showed evidence of past infection with influenza A/H11N9, a less common virus strain in wild ducks, in these 3 persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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25. High Prevalence of Viral Infections Among Hospitalized Pneumonia Patients in Equatorial Sarawak, Malaysia.
- Author
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Toh, Teck-Hock, Hii, King-Ching, Fieldhouse, Jane K, Ting, Jakie, Berita, Antoinette, Nguyen, Tham Thi, Wong, See-Chang, Wong, Toh-Mee, Lim, Wei-Honn, Ha, Siaw-Jing, Lau, Chuet-Zou, Kong, Sing-Ling, Bailey, Emily S, Warkentien, Tyler E, Husain, Tupur S, and Gray, Gregory C
- Subjects
VIRUS diseases ,RESPIRATORY syncytial virus ,HOSPITAL patients ,CORONAVIRUS diseases ,PARAINFLUENZA viruses ,PUBLIC hospitals - Abstract
Background Although pneumonia is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in Sarawak, Malaysia, the etiology and epidemiology of pneumonia are not well described in this equatorial region. Routine clinical diagnostics for pneumonia etiology at government hospitals in Sarawak had historically involved only bacterial diagnostics. Viral diagnostics were only obtained through outside consultations. Methods From June 15, 2017 to May 14, 2018, we collected nasopharyngeal swabs from 600 patients of all ages older than 1 month hospitalized with pneumonia at Sibu and Kapit Hospitals. Specimens were examined at our collaborating institutions with a panel of molecular assays for viral pathogens including influenza A (IAV), IBV, ICV, and IDV, human adenovirus (AdV), human enterovirus (EV), human coronavirus (CoV), respiratory syncytial virus subtype A (RSV-A) or RSV-B, and parainfluenza virus (PIV) types 1–4. Results Of 599 samples examined, 288 (48%) had molecular evidence of 1 or more respiratory viruses. Overall, the most prevalent virus detected was RSV-A (14.2%) followed by AdV (10.4%) and IAV (10.4%), then RSV-B (6.2%), EV (4.2%), IBV (2.2%), PIV-3 (1.7%), CoV (1.0%), PIV-1 (1.0%), PIV-4 (0.7%), and PIV-2 (0.2%). No specimens were confirmed positive for ICV or IDV. Conclusions The high prevalence of viruses detected in this study suggest that respiratory viruses may be responsible for considerable morbidity in equatorial regions such as Sarawak. Access to viral diagnostics are very necessary for medical staff to determine appropriate pneumonia treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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26. Detection of Antibodies against Turkey Astrovirus in Humans
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Kayali, Ghazi, Meliopoulos, Victoria A., Schultz-Cherry, Stacey, Oshansky, Christine M., Burnham, Andrew, Gray, Gregory C., Beck, Melinda A., and Thomas, Paul G.
- Subjects
fluids and secretions ,virus diseases ,3. Good health - Abstract
Astroviruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis in mammals and birds worldwide. Although historically thought to be species-specific, increasing evidence suggests that astroviruses may cross species barriers. In this report, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to screen sera from three distinct human cohorts involved in influenza studies in Memphis, TN or Chapel Hill, NC, and Midwestern poultry abattoir workers for antibodies to turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2). Surprisingly, 26% of one cohort’s population was TAstV-2 positive as compared to 0 and 8.9% in the other cohorts. This cohort was composed of people with exposure to turkeys in the Midwestern United States including abattoir workers, turkey growers, and non-occupationally exposed participants. The odds of testing positive for antibodies against turkey astrovirus among abattoir workers were approximately 3 times higher than the other groups. These studies suggest that people with contact to turkeys can develop serological responses to turkey astrovirus. Further work is needed to determine if these exposures result in virus replication and/or clinical disease.
27. Animal influenza virus infections in humans: A commentary.
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Borkenhagen, Laura K., Salman, Mo D., Ma, Mai-Juan, and Gray, Gregory C.
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VIRUS diseases , *INFLUENZA A virus , *SWINE farms , *SWINE influenza , *SWINE industry , *BIOSURVEILLANCE , *H7N9 Influenza - Abstract
• Influenza A viruses (IAVs) that are enzootic in animals often have potential to infect humans, however this risk is not equal for all viruses. • In this report we briefly review the risk of human infections from swine, avian, feline, equine, and canine IAVs. • We conclude that given equal animal exposures, humans are most likely to be infected with swine influenza IAVs. • Worldwide, the variety of IAVs in swine farms is increasing and surveillance for IAVs with pandemic potential is woefully neglected. • New One Health collaborations with swine industries must be brokered to help mitigate these growing pandemic risks. Here we review evidence for influenza A viruses (IAVs) moving from swine, avian, feline, equine, and canine species to infect humans. We review case reports, sero-epidemiological, archeo-epidemiological, environmental, and historical studies and consider trends in livestock farming. Although this focused review is not systematic, the aggregated data point to industrialized swine farming as the most likely source of future pandemic viruses, yet IAV surveillance on such farms is remarkably sparse. We recommend increased biosafety and biosecurity training for farm administrators and swine workers with One Health-oriented virus surveillance throughout industrialized farming and meat production lines. Collaborative partnerships with human medical researchers could aid in efforts to mitigate emerging virus threats by offering new surveillance and diagnostic technologies to livestock farming industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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28. Comparison of commercial influenza A virus assays in detecting avian influenza H7N9 among poultry cloacal swabs, China.
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Ma, Mai-Juan, Yang, Xiao-Xian, Xia, Xian, Anderson, Benjamin D., Heil, Gary L., Qian, Yan-Hua, Lu, Bing, Cao, Wu-Chun, and Gray, Gregory C.
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- *
INFLUENZA A virus, H7N9 subtype , *VIRUS diseases , *MEDICAL technology , *POULTRY as laboratory animals , *SURGICAL swabs - Abstract
Abstract: Background: Avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in February 2013 and has since spread widely among China's poultry, causing numerous human infections. Objectives: To compare World Health Organization (WHO) and US commercial influenza assays in detecting avian H7N9 virus in poultry cloacal specimens. Study design: Between April 6 and July 15, 2013, 261 cloacal swabs were collected from commercial poultry in Nanjing and Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. Swabs were screened with the WHO's influenza A and H7N9 real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. A blinded panel of 97 specimens (27 H7N9-positive and 70 influenza A-negative) was then used to compare 3 antigen based commercial assays (Remel Xpect Flu A&B, Quidel Quickvue influenza, and Quidel Sofia Influenza A+B), and 2 molecular commercial assays (Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay and Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit). None of these commercial assays were approved for use with poultry specimens. Results: Considering the WHO H7N9 qRT-PCR assay as the gold standard, all assays except the Quidel Quickvue influenza assay had high specificity (ranging from 96 to 99%). Regarding sensitivity, the Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit (100%; 95% CI 87–100%) and the Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay (85%; 95% CI 66–96%) performed the best. The sensitivities of the non-molecular antigen detection assays were either unable to detect small amounts of H7N9 viral RNA or were inhibited by specimen type. Conclusions: The Life Technologies VetMAX™-Gold SIV Detection Kit and the Quidel Molecular Influenza A+B assay are comparable in performance to the WHO H7N9 qRT-PCR assay in detecting H7N9 from poultry cloacal specimens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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