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This paper explores the issue of medical qualities that were attributed to Greek wines by ancient physicians. It concentrates on the use of different wines as elements of nutritional regimens and as ingredients of certain medicines. One of the main purposes of this paper is to demonstrate the impact that Greek medicine had on Roman dietary habits. Cet article porte sur les qualités médicales attribuées aux vins grecs par les médecins anciens. On y trouve abordées les questions de l'utilisation de différents vins comme ingrédients de régimes nutritionnels et comme composants de certains médicaments. L'un des principaux objectifs de cette contribution est de démontrer l'impact de la médecine grecque sur les habitudes alimentaires romaines.

APPLICATION PAPER PRIZE (APP); International audience; Yeasts play a central role in the wine making process. To study the yeasts in a stable environment and physiological state, a Multi-Stage Continuous Fermentor (MSCF) has been designed that mimics steps of the batch fermentation process. In this paper, the problem of the control of the sugar concentrations in each of the four reactors of the MSCF is considered. The cascade structure of the device leads to a constraint on the input flow rates (the control variables). A control strategy based on a linearizing control law coupled with a state observer and an anti windup component is proposed and finally implemented on the experimental process.

En 2015, à la suite de l’inscription des coteaux, maisons et caves de Champagne ainsi que des climats du vignoble de Bourgogne sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco, le paysage audiovisuel français a été marqué par la production de nombreux films documentaires à thématique vitivinicole. Cet article se propose de considérer comment ces films participent à la pérennisation de stéréotypes et constituent en même temps un discours nouveau sur le vin. Il s’appuie sur l’étude d’un corpus de films diffusés par le programme télévisuel « Des racines et des ailes », en particulier sur les épisodes de la 19e saison, dans la collection « Passion patrimoine » (2015-2016). L’article étudie en quoi le discours sur le vin dans cette série documentaire télévisuelle est écartelé entre deux pôles, l’un patrimonial, l’autre technique, qui sont de plus en plus difficiles à concilier. Following the inclusion of The Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars and The Climats, Terroirs of Burgundy on UNESCO’s World Heritage List (2015), French television has been rich in the production of documentary films on wine culture. This paper proposes to examine how the consumption of wine is portrayed in these films, contributing to the perpetuation of stereotypes, while at the same time contributing to new discourses on wine. The study is focused on a corpus of films consisting of the episodes of the French television programme “Des racines et des ailes”, and in particular the 19th season of the programme, especially the series titled “Passion patrimoine” (2015-2016). The paper will consider how wine communication in this documentary series is torn between two discourses, one heritage-related, the other technical, which are increasingly difficult to reconcile. En 2015, tras la inscripción de las laderas, las casas y las bodegas de Champagne, así como de los climas de los viñedos de Borgoña en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO, el paisaje audiovisual francés se caracterizó por la producción de numerosos documentales con temas relacionados con el vino. Este artículo examinará cómo estas películas contribuyen a la perpetuación de los estereotipos y al mismo tiempo constituyen un nuevo discurso sobre el vino. Basándose en el estudio de un corpus de películas difundidas por el programa de televisión “Des racines et des ailes”, en particular sobre los episodios de la 19ª temporada, en la colección “Pasión patrimonio” (2015-2016). El artículo estudia cómo el discurso sobre el vino en esta serie documental de televisión, se distribuye entre dos polos, uno patrimonial y otro técnico, que cada vez son más difíciles de conciliar.

Seventy-five years after Prohibition, the United States of America became the world's largest consumer of wine and the fourth largest producer. The role of the country is comparable at the world level to the role of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe: a hub within the wine-producing economy, with a leading role in the prescribtion of taste, with a remarkable effect of construction or transformation of the territories of the wine. American cinema tends to reflect this new passion for the wine in the society. The whole point is to understand the discourse it holds, as well as the imaginary which it builds around this drink. The wine has became almost commonplace regarding its appearances on screen, not in what it means. In order to be more democratic, America seeks to get rid of old codes that rule the wine environment., Soixante-quinze ans après la Prohibition, les États-Unis d'Amérique sont devenus le premier consommateur mondial de vin et le quatrième producteur mondial. Le rôle du pays est comparable à l'échelle mondiale à ce que fut celui de l'Angleterre des XVIIIe et XIXe siècle pour l'Europe : une plaque tournante de l'économie viti-vinicole, un pays prescripteur de goûts, avec un remarquable effet de construction ou de transformation des territoires du vin. Le cinéma américain tend à refléter cette nouvelle passion de la société pour le vin. Tout l'intérêt est de comprendre le discours qu'il tient à ce propos, ainsi que l'imaginaire qu'il bâtit autour de cette boisson. Le vin est presque devenu banal en ce qui concerne ses apparitions à l'écran, non dans ce qu'il signifie. Car l’Amérique cherche à se débarrasser des anciens codes qui encadrent le vin pour en proposer de nouveaux, sensés être plus démocratiques.

National audience; This paper aims to discuss the problems encountered while building a corpus of spoken interactions in wine tasting situations. Section 1 presents the context of the research and the goals of the project. Section 2 sketches the research questions and the aims of the paper. Section 3 introduces our understanding of specialized communication and how it can be applied to wine discourse. Section 4 presents the position of the collected data in terms of proximity and distance. Section 5 discusses the first results of the empirical research.

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the potential contribution of cluster-generated resources to the competitive advantage of firms located in it and proposes a typology for wine cluster resources. The basic premise is that the process of competitive advantage creation and sustaining by clustered firms cannot be adequately analyzed in isolation from their local or regional agglomeration effects. Design/methodology/approach – Potentially strategic cluster resources were identified from the extant cluster literature, adapted to the specificities of the wine industry through in-depth interviews with experts, and finally classified in five categories. The resulting typology was then tested with institutional actors of the Serra Gaúcha (Brazil) wine cluster. Findings – Besides proposing a typology of cluster resources, the paper provides a means for resource value assessment through the mediating role of a value creation system. Research limitations/implications – Since validation testing of the typology was limited to one cluster, empirical validation in different wine clusters/regions is necessary for assessing its inter-cluster robustness. Additionally, the firm-level process of value creation and the role played therein by cluster resources require further theoretical refinement. An important research implication of the paper, however, is that it sets the conceptual basis for the development of various types of cluster-level performance indicators, such as collective efficiency, effectiveness and resilience. Practical implications – The proposed typology allows for the mapping, from different stakeholders' perspective, of a cluster's resources profile, a diagnostic tool for cluster strategic analysis, benchmarking and upgrading efforts. Originality/value – The paper contributes to recent efforts towards the use of the resource-based perspective at the cluster level, seeking to link cluster resources to firm value creation.

Sourcing grapes from independent growers for use in top quality wines sold on the international market is a major organisational challenge for corporate wineries. Our paper adds to the small collection of existing literature addressing these coordination issues in the New World wine sector, by going deeper into the specifics of the contracts. Based on a case-study carried out in the Argentine province of Mendoza, this article presents an in-depth analysis of the technical process, in order to identify the contractual hazards posed by asset specificity, measurement costs, and non-contractible actions. Expanding Transaction Cost Economics to include contract completion and plural governance literature, this paper analyses the contractual and non-contractual mechanisms (price incentives, grower monitoring, allocation of decision rights to the winery, role of backward integration) used to govern such grape transactions. Through our analysis, we were able to arrive at four main conclusions. Firstly, most agreements are still verbal, with the exception of occasional written contracts, whose scope only encompasses minor legal points. It became clear to us that formal, rigid agreements are not always adequate in managing the inherently complex interactions between grape varieties, soil, farming practices and winemaking processes in high-end wine production. Secondly, extensive decision rights are allocated to wineries, to deal with incompleteness. These are key decisions to be taken during the cropping and harvesting process. Thirdly, pricing is generally kept flexible, with grape prices negotiated ex-post. This means that trade imbalances tend to be resolved in the long term. Winegrowers also benefit from financial rewards to compensate for the allocation of authority. Finally, any potential opportunistic behaviour by wineries with regard to asset specificity (in particular yield limitation) and allocation of rights is kept at bay by mechanisms such as winery reputations and credit third-party guarantee. This type of opportunistic behaviour by growers is similarly deterred through monitoring and vineyard ownership on the part of the wineries.

La supplication qu’Aion adresse à Zeus pour qu’il sauve l’humanité (Dionysiaques 7, 1-109) est une mosaïque de traditions relatives au salut. Cet article explore ces traditions à partir de concepts philosophiques et religieux partagés par différents dogmes. Il en met en lumière les caractéristiques hésiodiques, probablement utilisées à travers la Théogonie rhapsodique de la tradition orphique. Il examine les indications linguistiques et conceptuelles qui suggèrent que la supplication d’Aion pourrait être redevable de l’appel de Zeus à Cronos dans la Théogonie rhapsodique pour qu’il sauvegarde le genre humain. Cet article introduit également la notion d’allusion « négative », et l’emploi de ce concept vise à mettre en évidence des associations non explicites avec son évolution historique (c’est-à-dire chrétienne). Il est en outre montré que la joie, le vin, Prométhée comme créateur de l’homme et figure messianique avortée, la vaine consolation de l’homme que prodigue Pandora en introduisant les plaisirs de l’amour, le sacrifice et même l’apothéose de Dionysos à la fin du poème sont impliqués dans un dialogue caché avec des notions chrétiennes parfois controversées qui forment le monde spirituel de Nonnos et animent son poème non par une pédanterie d’antiquaire, mais par une création historiquement significative. La supplica di Aion a Zeus per la salvezza dell’umanità in Dion. 7.1-109 è un mosaico di tradizioni soteriologiche. Questo articolo basa l’esplorazione di queste tradizioni su concetti filosofici e religiosi comuni a diversi dogmi della stessa epoca. Esso ne mette in luce le caratteristiche esiodee, di cui forse è fatto uso per tramite della Teogonia rapsodica orfica. Passa in rassegna le sue varie indicazioni linguistiche e concettuali, suggerendo che la supplica di Aion possa essere indebitata all’appello rivolto da Zeus a Crono nella Teogonia rapsodica per risollevare le sorti della stirpe umana. L’articolo introduce anche il concetto di allusione ‘negativa’, vale a dire l’impiego di una nozione in maniera tale da destare implicite associazioni con la sua evoluzione storica (cioè cristiana). Viene inoltre mostrato che la gioia, il vino, Prometeo come creatore dell’uomo e mancata figura messianica, la vana consolazione di Pandora all’uomo con l’introduzione dei piaceri amorosi, il sacrificio e persino l’apoteosi di Dioniso alla fine del poema instaurano un sotterraneo dialogo con nozioni talvolta controverse che plasmano il mondo spirituale e animano il suo poema non come forma di pedanteria antiquaria ma come creazione storicamente significativa. Aeon’s supplication to Zeus to save mankind in Dion. 7.1-109 is a mosaic of salvation-traditions. This paper bases the exploration of these traditions on philosophical and religious concepts coevally shared by different dogmas. It highlights the Hesiodic features, probably made use through the Orphic Rhapsodic Theogony. It surveys the linguistic and conceptual indications suggesting that Aeon’s supplication might be indebted to Zeus’ appeal to Cronus in the Rhapsodic Theogony to raise up human race. The paper also introduces the notion of “negative” allusion, the employment of a concept, that is, in such a way so as to raise unsaid associations with its historical (i.e. Christian) evolution. Furthermore, it is shown that joy, wine, Prometheus as a creator of man and failed messianic figure, Pandora’s futile consolation of man by introducing the pleasures of love, sacrifice and even the apotheosis of Dionysus at the end of the poem get involved in a covert dialogue with sometimes controversial Christian notions which shape Nonnus’ spiritual world and enliven his poem not as an antiquarian pedantry but as a historically meaningful creation.

The purpose of this article is to introduce what is traditionally known in France as the wine filiere. The paper is divided into two parts. First, we will introduce the theoretical approaches and the main research questions relating to the ‘filiere analysis', by combining older references with the complementary approaches derived from more recent theoretical contributions. The filiere analysis is based on three main historical theoretical streams and on four complementary and more recent approaches: the innovation chains, the global value chain (GVC), the theory of transaction costs and the marketing approach. In the second part of the paper, we will provide a general overview of the wine filiere and conduct an analysis of the main actors, grape growers, co-operatives, wine brokers, wine merchants and clusters according to the research questions introduced previously.

International audience; In 2008 the European Union (EU) adopted a reform of its wine policy that many commentators consider has radically altered the logic of public support for this sector. Instead of seeking to structure the supply of wine in Europe through plantation rights, distillation aids and strict rules on vinification processes, the reform was instead based on a logic which reasoned in terms of consumer demand for "quality wine", the reduction of rules and encouraging European wine merchants to access third country markets. As part of a wider collective research project on the EU's government of industries, this paper presents preliminary results about the political and economic impact of this EU reform. More specifically, a comparison will be undertaken between the way French and Spanish actors have adapted to the new set of EU rules. Overall, the paper shows that although national or regional culture certainly shapes the differing translations of EU rules that have occurred, its influence is indirect. Instead the main cleavages observed have been caused by the differentiated spreading of competing narratives by interest group leaders and independent 'experts' about how to attain quality and sustained competitivity within today's wine industry. Put in the language of this conference, our question is not what constitutes 'quality' wine, nor which regions or types of firm are best placed to produce it? Instead we have sought to discover both which actors were behind the reform and who is now taking most benefit from it? Convinced that the quality of any wine is socially and politically constructed, we therefore ask who's quality has been enhanced by this European reform?

Depuis l'Antiquité, les signes distinctifs sont utilisés pour identifier et différencier l'origine commerciale ou géographique des marchandises, ou pour indiquer la propriété d'un produit. Il semble que, à travers de l'histoire, il ya eu un progrès dans la construction et la consolidation de l'utilisation de ces signes dans l'arène internationale, en particulier pour les produits qui ont été le plus identifies avec leur origine: le vin. Ainsi, le but de cette étude est de voir comment une telle avance a été produite et quels résultats peuvent être trouvés sous la protection des signes distinctifs d'origine.Dans ce but, l’étude , l est divisée en deux parties. En guise d'introduction, on explore l'évolution historique de l'utilisation de ces signes en la Mésopotamie, en Grèce et à Rome, où on a élaboré des vins Falernun, comme le bronze de Corinthe et de marbre de Carrare. Au Moyen Age, s'origine l´usage de la marque collective et de la marque de certification, en provenance de corporations de métiers. Cette pratique se développe avec le mercantilisme, consolidée par la Révolution Industrielle. Avec les changements operés par la Révolution française, on arrive à la naissance de la marque pour des produits individuels et, par la suite, aux services. Sur la base de cette évolution, la première partie est consacrée à une analyse comparative de l'évolution législative dans les pays producteurs traditionnels situés en Europe - Portugal, France, Espagne, Italie, Allemagne et Grande-Bretagne - ainsi que les pays du vin du Nouveau Monde - Etats-Unis, Chili, Australie et Brésil. La portée de cette recherche est de vérifier à quel point les règlements intérieurs de ces pays sont harmonisées entre eux. La deuxième partie vise à examiner l'évolution des traités internationaux dans le but de comprendre comment ces signes ont été réglés. des traités internationaux dans le but de comprendre comment ces signes ont été réglés. On a évalué, au niveau bilatéral, les accords multilatéraux tels que la Convention de Paris, l'Arrangement de Madrid, l'Arrangement de Lisbonne et l'Accord sur les ADPIC, les accords régionaux comme ceux de la Communauté Européenne, le MERCOSUR, l'ALENA, la CAN et d'éventuels accords bi-regionaux. L'objectif est de déterminer s'il existe une harmonie entre ses conceptions de l'indication géographique et de réfléchir sur le développement possible de leurs futures négociations. En conclusion, Il nous semble qu'il y a un certain équilibre entre les règlements internes des pays examines, car Ii y a des pays qui donnent une protection d'une manière positive par l'enregistrement ou la reconnaissance des appellations d'origine contrôlée, indication géographique, l'indication de provenance, région viticole americaine, marque collective et de marque de certification. Les autres donnent la protection d'une façon négative, faisant usage de la répression de la fausse désignation d'origine, fondés sur le droit de la concurrence et la protection des consommateurs. Beaucoup des pays essayent de combiner ces deux formes. Dans le domaine des accords internationaux, il y a une évolution et un élargissement du concept d’ ndication géographique, qui couvre, en harmonie, les définitions des pays examinés. Toutefois, les accords bilatéraux et régionaux ont tendance à promouvoir l'uniformité de la définition et de la forme de la protection de ces signes. Comme les accords multilatéraux ont été imprégnés par des accords bilatéraux et régionaux, ces cycles ont abouti à une approche progressive pour la consolidation de la protection des signes distinctifs d'origine, bien qu'ils n'aient pas atteint un point commun dans la voie de la protection. On finit par comprendre que, dans les négociations internationales en cours, en particulier dans le cycle de Doha à l'OMC, on peux concevoir des progrès réels dans cette consolidation, mais à moyen terme, puisque c'est celle la façon, que la protetion de la propriété industrielle avance, dans le domaine des relations internationales, au cours des deux derniers siècles. Desde a Antiguidade os signos distintivos são utilizados para identificar e diferenciar a origem de bens, ou para indicar a propriedade de um produto, sua origem comercial ou geográfica. Verifica-se que, ao longo da história, tem havido avanço na construção e consolidação do uso desses signos no âmbito internacional, em especial, para o produto que mais tem sido identificado com sua origem: o vinho. Desta forma, o que se objetiva neste trabalho é verificar como tem-se dado tal avanço e quais resultados podem ser constatados no âmbito da proteção de signos distintivos de origem. Para isso, o texto é dividido em duas partes. Como introdução, analisa-se a evolução histórica do uso desses sinais, desde a Mesopotâmia, passando pela Grécia e Roma, onde se elaboravam os vinhos de Falernun, assim como o bronze de Corinto e o mármore de Carrara. Na Idade Média, tiveram origem a marca coletiva e a marca certificação, provenientes das corporações de ofício. Essa prática se expande com o Mercantilismo, consolida-se com a Revolução Industrial e modifica-se com a Revolução Francesa, que sinaliza o nascimento da marca individual para produtos e, posteriormente, para serviços. Com base nessa evolução, a primeira parte é dedicada a uma análise comparativa da evolução legislativa de tradicionais países vitivinícolas localizados na Europa – Portugal, França, Espanha, Itália, Alemanha e Inglaterra –, bem como de países oriundos do Novo Mundo Vitivinícola – Estados Unidos da América, Chile, Austrália e Brasil. O escopo é verificar o quanto a regulação interna desses países está harmonizada. A segunda parte busca examinar a evolução dos tratados internacionais com o propósito de compreender como eles têm regulamentado esses signos. Avaliam-se acordos bilaterais; acordos multilaterais, como a Convenção União de Paris, o Acordo de Madri, o Acordo Lisboa e o TRIPS; acordos regionais, como a Comunidade Europeia, MERCOSUL, TLCAN, CAN e possíveis acordos birregionais. A finalidade é ponderar se há harmonia entre suas concepções acerca da indicação geográfica e refletir sobre o possível desenvolvimento de suas negociações futuras. Como resultado, constatase que há certo equilíbrio entre as normas internas dos países analisados. Algums estabelecem a proteção de forma positiva, por meio do registro ou reconhecimento de “appellation d’origine controlée”, indicação geográfica, indicação de procedência, denominação de origem, área vitícola americana, marca coletiva e marca de certificação. Outros realizam a proteção de forma negativa, fazendo uso da repressão à falsa indicação de proveniência, com base no direito de concorrência e na proteção ao consumidor. Muitos combinam essas duas formas. Nos acordos internacionais, verifica-se uma evolução e um alargamento do conceito de indicação geográfica, o que abrange, harmonicamente, as definições dos países analisados. Todavia, os acordos bilaterais e regionais tendem a promover uma uniformização da definição e da forma de proteção desses signos. Como os acordos multilaterais têm sido permeados pelos acordos bilaterais e regionais, esses ciclos têm resultado em um avanço gradativo da consolidação da proteção aos signos distintivos de origem, embora não tenham alcançado uma uniformização no seu modo de proteção. Conclui-se que, nas negociaçoes internacionais em curso, especialmente na Rodada Doha, no âmbito da OMC, pode-se projetar avanço efetivo nesta consolidação, não no curto, mas no médio prazo, posto que é dessa forma que as relações internacionais, no âmbito da propriedade industrial, têm-se firmado nos últimos dois séculos. Since ancient times, distinctive signs are used to identify and differentiate origin of goods, or to indicate ownership of a product, its commercial origin or geography. It appears that, throughout history, there has been some progress in the construction and consolidation of the use of these signs in the international arena, particularly for the product which more has been identified through its origin: the wine. In this sense, the aim of this work is to see how it has been given such advance and what results can be found under the protection of distinctive signs of origin. For this, the present study is divided into two parties. As an introduction, it is explored the historical evolution of the use of these signals, since the Mesopotamia through Greece and Rome, where the Falernun wines were elaborated, as well as the bronze of Corinth and the Carrara marble. In the Middle Ages, the collective brands and the marks of certification were created by the guilds. This practice was expanded with Mercantilism, consolidated with the Industrial Revolution and changed with the French Revolution, which indicates the birth of the individual mark of goods and, subsequently, of services. Based on this evolution, the first part of this paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of the legislative developments of traditional wine producing countries located in Europe - Portugal, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Britain - as well as countries from New World wine - USA, Chile, Australia and Brazil. Our proposal is to verify how much the internal regulation of these countries is harmonized. The second part of this paper aims to examine the advancement of the international treaties, in order to understand how they have regulated the distinctive signs of origin protection and register. The bilateral agreements, the multilaterals agreements, such as the Paris Union Convention, the Madrid Agreement, the Lisbon Agreement and the TRIPS, and regional agreements such as the European Community, MERCOSUR, NAFTA, CAN, and possible bi-regional agreements were evaluated in this section. The intention is to evaluate whether there is an harmony between these conceptions of geographical indication expressed in these normative frameworks, and to reflect on the possible development of the future negotiations. As a result, it appears that there is some balance between the internal rules of countries analyzed. Some of them provide protection in a positive way, by register or recognition of the appellation d'origine contrôlée, geographical indications, indications of origin, denomination of origin, in the American viticulture area (AVA), collective marks and marks of certification. Others protect in a negative way, using repression mechanisms against the false indication of origin, based on competition law and consumer protection. Many combine these two forms. Besides, in the international agreements, there is an evolution and an extension on the concept of geographical indication, which covers, harmonically, the definitions of the countries examined. However, bilateral and regional agreements tend to promote uniformity of definition and forms of protection of these signs. As the multilateral agreements have been permeated by bilateral and regional agreements, such cycles have resulted in a gradual consolidation of the distinctive signs of origin protection; although they have not reached standardization in the form of protection. It concludes that, in the on going international negotiations, especially under the Doha Round in WTO, we can forecast effective progress in this consolidation, not in a short term but in a medium one. It is in this sense that international relationships between the industrial property arena have been based in the last two centuries. Desde la antigüedad los signos distintivos se utilizan para identificar y diferenctar el orígen de las mercancías, o para indicar la propiedad de un producto, su origen geográfica. Parece que, a lo largo de la história, se ha avanzado en la construcción y consolidación del uso de estos signos en la arena internacional, especialmente para el producto que ha sido más identificado con su origen: el vino. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de que esta investigación es ver cómo se le ha dado tal avance y los resultados que se pueden encontrar bajo la protección de signos distintivos de origen. Para ello, el texto se divide en dos partes. A modo de introducción, se explora la evolución histórica de la utilización de estos señales desde la Mesopotamia hasta Grécia y Roma, donde se elaboraban los vinos de Falernun, como el bronce de Corintio y mármol de Carrara. En la Edad Media, los gremios deran origen a la marca colectiva y marca de certificación. Esta práctica se expande con el mercantilismo, consolidado con la Revolución Industrial. Con la Revolución Francesa hay un cambio de la marca colectiva y el nacimiento de la marca individual. Sobre la base de esta evolución, la primera parte desta exposición está dedicada a un análisis comparativo de la evolución legislativa de los vinos tradicionales produzidos en los países situados en Europa - Portugal, Francia, España, Italia, Alemania y Gran Bretaña -, así como los países del Nuevo Mundo Vitivinícolas - Estados Unidos de América, Chile, Austrália y Brasil. El ámbito de aplicación es verificar hasta que punto los reglamentos internos de esos países están armonizados. La segunda parte visa examinar la evolución de los tratados internacionales con el fin de entender cómo se han regulado estas señales. Serán evaluados los acuerdos bilaterales, los acuerdos multilaterales, como el Convenio de París, el Arreglo de Madrid, el Arreglo de Lisboa y el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, así como acuerdos regionales como la Comunidad Europea, el MERCOSUR, el TLC, la CAN y los posibles acuerdos bi-regionales. El estúdio consiste en examinar si hay armonía entre sus concepciones de la indicación geográfica y investigar el posible desarrollo de sus futuras negociaciones. Como resultado, parece existir cierto equilibrio entre las normas internas de los países examinados. Alguns hacen la protección de una manera positiva a través del registro o el reconocimiento de la denominación de orígen controlada, la indicación geográfica, la indicación de procedencia, la denominación de origen, la zona vitivinícola americana, la marca colectiva y la marca de certificación. Otros hacen la protección de una manera negativa, haciendo uso de la represión a la declaración falsa de orígen, sobre la base de la legislación sobre competencia y protección de los consumidores. Muchos combinan esas dos formas. De otro modo, en los acuerdos internacionales, existe una evolución y una concepción ampliada de la indicación geográfica, que cubre, armónicamente, las definiciones de los países examinados. Sin embargo, los acuerdos bilaterales y regionales tienden a promover la uniformidad de la definición y forma de protección de esos signos. Como los acuerdos multilaterales han sido permeados por los acuerdos bilaterales y regionales, esos ciclos se han traducido en un acercamiento gradual a la consolidación de la protección a los signos distintivos de orígen, aunque no han llegado a una uniformidad en la forma de protección. Llegamos a la conclusión de que, en las negociaciones internacionales en curso, especialmente en la Ronda de Doha en la OMC, podemos percibir un progreso real en esa consolidación, en definitiva, pero en un mediano plazo, ya que, así como ocurió en la relación internacional en el ámbito de la propiedad industrial, se ha consolidado en los últimos dos siglos.

NACE Corrosion 2000, 26-31 March 2000, Orlando, FL, USA, Ed. Nace International, Publication Division, PO Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340, Paper 00313, 2000, pp. 1-24.NACE Corrosion 2000, 26-31 March 2000, Orlando, FL, USA, Ed. Nace International, Publication Division, PO Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340, Paper 00313, 2000, pp. 1-24.; Membrane processes have become major tools in food processing for more than 25 years. The food industry represents a significant part of the turnover of the membrane manufacturing industry worldwide. The main applications of membrane operations are in the dairy industry (whey protein concentration, milk protein standardization, etc.) far before beverages (wine, beer, fruit juices, etc.) and egg products. Among the very numerous applications on an industrial scale a few striking particular separations which represent the last advances in food processing are reported. Clarification of fruit, vegetable and sugar juices by microfiltration or ultrafiltration allows the flow sheets to be simplified or the processes made cleaner and the final product quality improved. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined to selective ultrafiltration can produce beverages from vegetable proteins. In the beer industry, recovery of maturation and fermentation tank bottoms is already applied at industrial scale. During the last decade significant progress has been performed with microfiltration membrane in rough beer clarification which is the most important challenge of this technology. In the wine industry the cascade cross-flow microfiltration (0.2 ~m pore diameter) - electrodialysis allows limpidity, microbiological and tartaric stability to be ensured. In the milk and dairy industry, recent developments of cross-flow microfiltration (1.4 p.m) for the production of drinking milk and cheese milk are reported. Cross-flow microfiltration (0.1 ~m) makes it possible to achieve the separation of skim milk micellar casein and soluble proteins. Both streams are given high added value in cheese making (retentate) and through fractionation and isolation of soluble proteins (13-1actoglobuline; cx-lactalbumine) (permeate). At last, a large field of applications is emerging for the treatment of individual process streams at source for water and technical fluids re-use and end of pipe treatment of combined effluent streams, while reducing sludge production and improving the final purified water quality.

International audience; This paper explores the role of the manager in the sustainable development (SD) certification decision in wine firms. A theoretical analysis, based on a literature review and a stakeholder approach, provides a conceptual framework for estimating the probability of adopting a SD certification. The logistical regressions show that SD certification adoption first relies on the managers’ convictions and their personal involvement in SD.; Cet article analyse le rôle de l’engagement des managers pour l’adoption de certifications environnementales et durables dans la filière vitivinicole. Une analyse théorique, basée sur une revue de la littérature et une approche par les parties prenantes, fournit le cadre conceptuel permettant d’estimer la probabilité d’adopter de telles certifications. Les régressions logistiques montrent que la décision est motivée en premier lieu par les convictions et l’engagement des managers.

Cet article propose une lecture axée sur la prégnance du vin et du monde rural et viticole dans deux romans de l’historien, journaliste et écrivain français contemporain, Jean-Charles Chapuzet : Verticale (2009) et À l’aveugle (2013). En effet, ces deux récits procurent respectivement une approche de la fiction que l’on pourrait désigner de « œnotouristique », ainsi qu’un polar qui enquête cavistes et vignerons. Ce faisant, ces deux textes – qui appellent, entre autres, une lecture écocritique – plantent un décor, et invoquent un imaginaire, qui exaltent le vin comme élément mythique et fusionnel du terroir. This paper offers a reading focused on the importance of wine and the rural world in two novels by the historian, journalist and contemporary French writer, Jean-Charles Chapuzet: Verticale (2009) and À l’Aveugle (2013). Indeed, these two novels respectively provide an approach to fiction that could be called “wine tourism”, as well as a thriller that investigates wine merchants and winegrowers. In doing so, these two texts - which call for, among other things, an ecocritic reading - set the scene, and invoke an imagination, which exalt wine as a mythical and fused element of the terroir.

Cet article analyse le r��le de l���engagement des managers pour l���adoption de certifications environnementales et durables dans la fili��re vitivinicole. Une analyse th��orique, bas��e sur une revue de la litt��rature et une approche par les parties prenantes, fournit le cadre conceptuel permettant d���estimer la probabilit�� d���adopter de telles certifications. Les r��gressions logistiques montrent que la d��cision est motiv��e en premier lieu par les convictions et l���engagement des managers., This paper explores the role of the manager in the sustainable development (SD) certification decision in wine firms. A theoretical analysis, based on a literature review and a stakeholder approach, provides a conceptual framework for estimating the probability of adopting a SD certification. The logistical regressions show that SD certification adoption first relies on the managers��� convictions and their personal involvement in SD.

Il s’agit ici d’une analyse contrastive allemand/français de la langue des vins, et notamment de son lexique. Nous étudierons le caractère floral des vins, un élément important de l’analyse sensorielle résultant de la dégustation méthodique des vins par les œnologues, viticulteurs, sommeliers et amateurs de vins. Par exemple, un riesling se caractérise par un « nez vif de citron vert nuancé de fleurs blanches » ou bien par « rassige Fruchtaromen, die an Aprikosen, Honigmelonen und Zitrusfrüchte erinnern, sowie ein dezenter Blumenduft ». Pourquoi la dégustation du vin fait-elle appel à des désignations de fleurs? Quels sont les moyens lexicaux utilisés ? Avec quels procédés ? Quelles sont les ressemblances et les différences en allemand et en français et pourquoi ? Pour cela, nous nous concentrerons sur les vins blancs, dont le goût et l’arôme sont souvent comparés aux fleurs, et nous analyserons en particulier le célèbre cépage de riesling, cultivé à la fois en Allemagne et en France, pour pouvoir mener une étude parallèle, qui sera qualitative mais aussi quantitative., This paper presents a contrastive (French-German) analysis of the language of wine. It focuses on the floral character of wines, as an important element of the sensorial analysis made by oenologists, wine producers, wine waiters or wine drinkers when tasting the wines. For example the taste and aroma of a riesling wine can be described as follows: « un nez vif de citron vert nuancé de fleurs blanches » or « rassige Fruchtaromen, die an Aprikosen, Honigmelonen und Zitrusfrüchte erinnern, sowie ein dezenter Blumenduft ». Which flower designations are necessary to describe the aroma of wines? Which lexical items can be used? Are there differences between descriptions of floral wines in French and German? We will present both a quantitative and qualitative analysis of white wines, especially the riesling wine, which is grown in France as well as in Germany.

Fermentation by microorganisms is a key step in the production of traditional food products such as bread, cheese, beer and wine. In these fermentative ecosystems, microorganisms interact in various ways, namely competition, predation, commensalism and mutualism. Traditional wine fermentation is a complex microbial process performed bySaccharomycesand non-Saccharomyces(NS) yeast species. To better understand the different interactions occurring within wine fermentation, isolated yeast cultures were compared with mixed co-cultures of one reference strain ofS. cerevisiaewith one strain of four NS yeast species (Metschnikowia pulcherrima, M. fructicola, Hanseniaspora opuntiae and H. uvarum). In each case, we studied population dynamics, resource consumed and metabolites produced from central carbon metabolism. This phenotyping of competition kinetics allowed us to confirm the main mechanisms of interaction between strains of four NS species.S. cerevisiaecompeted withH. uvarumandH. opuntiaefor resources although bothHanseniasporaspecies were characterized by a strong mortality either in isolated or mixed fermentations.M. pulcherrimaandM. fructicoladisplayed a negative interaction with theS. cerevisiaestrain tested, with a decrease in viability in co-culture, probably due to iron depletion via the production of pulcherriminic acid. Overall, this work highlights the importance of measuring specific cell populations in mixed cultures and their metabolite kinetics to understand yeast-yeast interactions. These results are a first step towards ecological engineering and the rational design of optimal multi-species starter consortia using modeling tools. In particular the originality of this paper is for the first times to highlight the joint-effect of different species population dynamics on glycerol production and also to discuss on the putative role of lipid uptake on the limitation of some non-conventional species growth although interaction processes.

Cet article analyse le double processus de la circulation du vin comme marchandise et des significations qui l’entourent dans le contexte de la mondialisation. À la lumière de l’étude de Bestor (2004) concernant la circulation transnationale du thon, j’identifie certaines caractéristiques de la commercialisation transnationale du vin, notamment l’existence de deux systèmes de connaissances (les lois et les normes oenophiles) qui influencent la manière pour les consommateurs et les producteurs de penser et de se représenter le vin, systèmes qui participent au caractère fétiche de cette marchandise. Via une analyse du développement de l’industrie vitivinicole à Cirò Marina, en Calabre, je démontre l’influence conjointe des législations et de l’internationalisation du commerce du vin sur l’évolution la production locale. Sont aussi relevés des décalages au niveau des représentations locales du vin. Plutôt que de circuler, la manière avec laquelle les personnes produisent et interprètent les significations du vin varie davantage en fonction de leur position au sein de la production., This paper studies a twin object : wine circulation as a commodity and the circulation of wine’s meanings in the larger context of globalization. By analyzing wine circulation through the lenses of Bestor’s work on the global tuna trades (2004), I highlight some of the specific characteristics of wine’s transnational commoditization, especially the presence of two knowledge systems (laws and oenophiles’ norms) that influence the ways consumers and producers alike conceive and think about wine – the foundations of contemporary wine fetishism. I follow by illustrating this with the example of the development of the wine industry of Cirò Marina in Calabria. I demonstrate the joint impact of laws and the internationalization of the trade on that local industry. I then analyze some local discrepancies regarding wines meanings. Rather than circulating, the way people produce and interpret transnational meanings depends more on their specific position in the local production., Este artículo analiza el doble proceso de la circulación del vino en tanto que mercancía y los significados que le rodean en el contexto de la globalización. A la luz de un estudio de Bestor (2004) sobre la circulación transnacional del atún, identifico ciertas características que la comercialización transnacional del vino, particularmente la existencia de dos sistemas de conocimientos (las leyes y las normas de la enología) que influyen en la manera en que los consumidores y los productores piensan y se representan el vino, sistemas que forman parte del carácter fetiche de esta mercancía. A través de un análisis del desarrollo de la industria vitivinícola de Ciro Marina, en Calabria, demuestro la influencia conjunta de las legislaciones y de la internacionalización del comercio del vino sobre la evolución de la producción local. Se destacan los desfases al nivel de las representaciones locales del vino. Más que circular, la manera en que las personas producen e interpretan los significados del vino varía sobre todo en función de su posición en el seno de la producción.