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Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between corporate investment and foreign ownership, taking into account the indebtedness of firms. Using a sample of 669 Vietnamese quoted firms from 2010 to 2021, the System Generalized Method of Moments (i.e., system-GMM) is employed to investigate the relationship between investment and foreign ownership. The paper finds that foreign shareholding reduces corporate investment, and this influence is more pronounced in highly leveraged firms. The outcome suggests that in emerging markets like Vietnam, foreign investors focus on short-term returns so that, long-term investment is cut back to save resources for earnings pushing, leading to the so-called "under-investment problem". In the context of high debt levels, besides ensuring short-term profitability, firms have to prioritize debt repayment, making the tendency stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the factors that shape gender gaps in old‐age pension coverage and outcomes in Viet Nam. The authors argue that gender norms shape not only women's roles and constraints in society, but further influence policy discourse that impact women's access to employment and social security over their life course. Drawing on a mix of quantitative, qualitative and actuarial evidence from the International Labour Organization and other key actors working on women's employment and access to social security in Viet Nam, such as Viet Nam Women's Union, the article seeks to illustrate the confluence of demand and supply side factors that underly gender gaps in old‐age pensions. A key finding from Viet Nam, relevant for many parts of the region and the world, is that women are discriminated against in social security systems by design. This is particularly stark in the legacy design of social insurance systems, that were once tailored to serve a predominantly male, formal workforce. Moreover, without introducing an explicit gender lens in the design of social insurance schemes, for example eligibility criteria and benefit calculations, any proposals for policy reform further risk exacerbating rather than mitigating existing gender gaps in social insurance schemes. The authors propose key recommendations for both Vietnamese policy makers and international actors to address such gender gaps and help achieve the government's commitments towards an inclusive social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of globalisation and the widespread dominance of English, Southeast Asian countries have experienced significant shifts in their foreign language policies, prioritising English instruction over other languages. While numerous studies have explored teacher agency in response to educational change, understanding the motivations behind their actions warrants further attention. Amidst this evolving educational landscape in culturally nuanced contexts like Southeast Asia, unpacking the influence of Asian sociocultural values on how teachers exert agency during this transition could provide in‐depth insights into teacher agency and their decision making. Employing a sociocultural approach and drawing on Bourdieu's theory of practice, this paper examines the sociocultural factors shaping the agency of 20 teachers in a Vietnamese university as they respond to a profound educational change—the transition from teaching modern foreign languages (e.g., French, Chinese, and Russian) to teaching English. Through teacher interviews with 20 transitioned teachers, supplemented by insights from interviews with two faculty and university leaders, the findings reveal the embodiment of Bourdieu's concepts of Habitus and Capital in Vietnamese adaptability, flexibility, family roles, responsibilities, and teachers’ sense of collectivity as influential factors on teacher agency. Additionally, the hierarchical nature of change implementation, as reflected in leaders’ orientations, organisational constraints, and administrative styles, viewed through the lens of Field and social networks, contributes to the intricate dynamics of the transition process. Understanding these findings is crucial for comprehending the factors that constrain and facilitate teachers’ responses to change within the complex interplay of individual dispositions, societal structures, and power distribution within the educational sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the present status and strategies to improve the quality of Vietnamese academic publications in the fields of social sciences and humanities. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative design, sourcing data from a recent journal list of Vietnam State Professorships and the ISI/Scopus database while contrasting it with recent developments in regional academic journals across Southeast Asia. This raises concerns regarding the scholarly publication, including traditional publishing methods, the quality of peer review, and issues relating to publication formatting. I propose some solutions to address these problems, facilitating their entry into the international arena for social sciences and humanities. The proposed solutions encompass editorial management, targeting niche publications, publishing exclusively in English, adopting digitalization, and improving editorial awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on testing the applicability of various financial constraints measurements in the context of the Vietnamese market. Using a sample of non-financial quoted firms throughout 2010-2019; our paper contributes to current corporate finance literature with a novel and simple measurement of financial shortages that is effectively applicable for Vietnamese firms, namely the Age-size-cash flow-interest coverage index (ASCIC). The index is the combination of age and size, which reflect information asymmetry; cash flow, and interest cover ratio that present repayment capacity and solvency risk respectively. The outcomes indicate that while the ASCIC index produces measurement results comparable to other indices, it utilizes a more straightforward calculation method. In light of Vietnam as a country with considerable development potential but substantial financial limitations, it is imperative to identify a financial constraint measurement index that is both simple and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After many decades of miraculous development, the end of the Cold War brought about the opportunity to realize the goal of making Japan a comprehensive power which is strong in both economy and politics, and strengthening Japan's role and position in the region. The East Asian cooperation program, which was initiated by Japan from the Southeast Asia policy in the Fukuda Doctrine in 1977, was further promoted after the Cold War through the determination to create an "East Asian Community: Acting together and developing together" of the Koizumi Doctrine in 2002. In the face of China's rise with growing ambitions to become a global power and compete strongly with Japan in regional issues, Tokyo has increasingly shown her determination to play a leading role, and may even dominate in the integration process in East Asia. During that process, Vietnam was assessed by the Japanese Government as the country with the most potential in the region, first of all because of its geostrategic position in both Southeast Asia and East Asia, then its fast and sustainable economic growth, and stable political environment. Therefore, the Japan-Vietnam relationship will play a practical role in promoting regional connectivity through ASEAN and other connectivity structures in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Japan is not a direct party to the South China Sea disputes, but it holds strategic interests in the region. Given China's increasing assertiveness in the South China Sea, the Japanese government has bolstered its policy of engagement in this maritime area in recent years. To implement this policy, Japan has collaborated with allies and partners in the region on diplomatic and legal fronts, increased its military presence in the South China Sea, and provided legal capacity-building support to coastal nations in Southeast Asia. Through policy analysis, historical context, logical reasoning and statistical methods, this research aims to elucidate Japan's involvement in the South China Sea issue from 2016 to 2023 and assess its impact on the regional situation. Additionally, the study raises certain issues for Vietnam, such as enhancing scientific-technological cooperation with Japan, maintaining a neutral policy stance, and achieving technological self-reliance in the production of essential military equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected the global economy. Simultaneously, it has brought about an era of widespread development of online activities, which is the engine of the digital economic race around the world. This requires nations to promptly introduce appropriate policies to both stimulate economic recovery and accommodate the ongoing economic structural transformation. South Korea is no exception as this country has introduced a policy of "living with the pandemic" to overcome economic consequences of the pandemic, with a series of economic stimulus and social security packages. One of them is the "Korean New Deal", which is a prompt response by The Government of South Korea's with a long-term vision and strategy in the context of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on researching the results of the Korean New Deal to draw lessons for Vietnam in the post-pandemic period of digital economic and digital society development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema in South Vietnam, managed by the Sai Gon government from 1955 to 1975, primarily operated based on market mechanism and was dominated by the local commercial bourgeoisie. Throughout its existence, the government of the Republic of Vietnam (1955-1975) continuously controlled the film industry by various measures and policies. The article aims to interpret the history of cinema in South Vietnam (1955-1975) from an institutional perspective, focusing on the role of policymakers and managers in the region's film industry. By accessing a range of archival materials and analyzing notable films relevant to the topic, the article highlights the intentions and political stances of the Republic of Vietnam (1955-1975) through its cinema policies, as well as the actual outcomes or impacts of these policies on the development of cinema in South Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of English as a Lingua Franca is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article used the survey method by questionnaire, surveying the situation of using vocabulary learning strategies of 211 students majoring in Chinese language at Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages and Information Technology. The results showed that students use the cognitive strategies more often than the metacognitive strategies. When encountering new words, students often tend to look up the dictionary to understand the meaning of these words, and the way that students guess the meaning of new words is mainly based on context and background knowledge. Students note down both the meaning and usage of the word, proceeding to memorize the word mainly by mechanical repetition. Gender factor also affects the use of planning strategies in the metacognitive strategy group. In addition, regional factor influences the use of selective attention strategies in the group of metacognitive strategies. On the basis of research results, the article makes some recommendations for teaching Chinese vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture is one of the fundamental elements constituting the strengths of a nation. In the context of the globalisation, many countries have utilized distinctive cultural elements as a tool to increase their soft power so that they can build their national image and enhance their influence in the international arena. As a result, cultural diplomacy has become one of the most important pillars in the diplomatic activities of many countries, including Vietnam. The utilization of cultural elements in diplomatic activities has been applied since early times; however, in 2009, the concept of cultural diplomacy officially came into effect and was considered one of the three main pillars of the modern and comprehensive diplomatic activities. This article aims to examine the concept and the role of cultural diplomacy in Vietnam's foreign policy. Besides, the authors also synthesize and assess some outstanding achievements of Vietnam's current cultural diplomacy activities, especially since the moment the Decision on "Cultural diplomacy campaign until 2020" was approved by the Vietnamese government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After officially establishing diplomatic relations in 1992, trade relations between Vietnam and Korea have been increasingly consolidated and developed with many important agreements being signed. The Vietnam - Korea Free Trade Agreement (VKFTA) applied from the end of 2015 is expected to create an important turning point, supporting the two countries' trade growing stronger and deeper. In fact, after 5 years of applying VKFTA, based on the background of similarities and differences, Vietnam - Korea trade exchange has continuously developed in many fields with impressive outcomes. The objectives of the presentation are: (1) to study the results of trade cooperation between Korea and Vietnam after applying VKFTA (2016-2020), (2) to find some difficulties and (3) to offer suggestions for Vietnam to improve the efficiency of trade relations with South Korea through a rudimentary SWOT analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeFollowing interventions against trachoma in Viet Nam, impact surveys conducted in 2003-2011 suggested that trachoma was no longer a public health problem. In 2014, we undertook surveillance surveys to estimate prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trichiasis.MethodsA population-based prevalence survey was undertaken in 11 evaluation units (EUs) encompassing 24 districts, using Global Trachoma Mapping Project methods. A two-stage cluster sampling design was used in each EU, whereby 20 clusters and 60 children per cluster were sampled. Consenting eligible participants (children aged 1-9 years and adults aged ≥50 years) were examined for trachoma.ResultsA total of 9391 households were surveyed, and 20,185 participants (98.8% of those enumerated) were examined for trachoma. EU-level TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds ranged from 0% to 1.6%. In one cluster (in Hà Giang Province), the percentage of children with TF was 10.3%. The overall pattern of cluster-level percentages of children with TF, however, was consistent with an exponential distribution, which would be consistent with trachoma disappearing. Among people aged ≥50 years, prevalence of trichiasis by EU ranged from 0% to 0.75%; these estimates are equivalent to 0-0.13% in all ages. The prevalence of trichiasis unknown to the health system among people aged ≥50 years, by EU, ranged from 0% to 0.17%, which is equivalent to 0-0.03% in all ages.ConclusionFindings suggest that trachoma is no longer a public health problem in any of the 11 EUs surveyed. However, given the high proportion of children with TF in one cluster in Hà Giang Province, further investigations will be undertaken.

Copyright of Civilisations is the property of Institut de Sociologie - ULB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study is to examine the association between adverse childhood experiences and suicidal ideation among young adults. The online version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and The Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale were used to collect data from 381 Vietnamese youth. The results showed that the prevalence of suicidal ideation within a month was 31.1%. The frequencies of the ACEs and the specific ACE predicted the suicidal ideation. Exposure to more ACEs increased the risk of having suicide ideation by 1.43 times (95% CI= [0,999-6,320]). Having family members with mental illness or suicide increased the the risk of suicide ideation by 2.51 times, (95% CI=[0,999-6,320]), compared to ones who had no such experience. Emotional neglect increased this risk by 2.02 times, and collective abuse increased this risk by 0.52 times. Preventing ACE has the potential to reduce suicidality; therefore, mental health literacy programs for parents are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The set of indexes on gender equality is a system of indexes that measure the results of the implementation of socio-economic development strategies/programs from the gender perspective, through the collection and analysis of separate information by gender on who participates in and benefits from development activities. This set of indexes is an effective tool in the process of assessing the implementation of gender equality, and at the same time monitoring the implementation of the targets of the Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2021-2030. In recent years, there have been some statistical data on gender as a basis for assessing the level of implementation of gender equality policies; however, there is no complete set of gender equality indexes. This article presents the concept and method of building the gender equality index, some basic approaches to the development of the gender equality index, as well as international experience and legal framework on this issue. On that basis, the article introduces an analytical framework as the basis for the development of a set of gender equality indexes in Vietnam with two main index blocks: Gender Equality Outcomes and Gender Equality Promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2010 to 2020, Vietnam-China economic relations have been developing more strongly compared to the bilateral ties between two nations before 2010. Achievements in trade and investment relations have made an important contribution to promoting the socio-economic development of each country. However, an imbalance in economic relations between the two countries was also revealed during this period. The imbalance in trade between two countries remained high, with Vietnam's trade deficit rapidly increasing due to having a huge amount of import from China. While China's direct investment in Vietnam has been constantly growing, Vietnam's direct investment in China has remained modest. By analyzing the imbalance in economic relations between the two countries in the period of 2010-2020, the research analyzes and clarifies the main causes of this situation. From this, the research forecasts future trends and suggests a number of proposals to promote Vietnam-China economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam's foreign policy in the renovation period has gradually achieved success through innovative strategies in bilateral and multilateral relations. In 2020, taking on the role of ASEAN Chair in the time of COVID-19, Vietnam has made a strong impact on the international arena. Vietnam has demonstrated its flexibility in applying digital diplomacy. The paper seeks to examine Vietnam's achievements in digital diplomacy in 2020 and the period after that until September 2021. We also argue that digital diplomacy is a broad perspective that needs a comprehensive digital transformation strategy to bring digital diplomacy to reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research draws on broader inquiry that explores the construction of the spatial positioning of nurses in Vietnam and how power structures sustained that positioning. Observations and individual interviews were undertaken with 32 registered nurses. Analysis of participant data and relevant policy documents moved beyond coding to theorising and thus to the abstraction of key concepts. Social space and social value were significant concepts developed in the research. The concept of space reflected the ways in which nurses constantly engaged in processes of negotiation to embed a sense of control over their practice. The related concept of social value brought focus to a power structure whereby the fiscal priorities of health care managers reinforced a disconnect between the use and exchange values of nurses. An interpretation of power relations that underpinned the material and symbolic spaces in which nurses worked was framed within the historical context of Vietnam. Tóm lưược Bài báo này dựa trên nghiên cứu với qui mô lớn hơn nhằm tìm hiểu vị thế của nghành điều dưỡng tại Việt Nam. Phương pháp quan sát và phỏng vấn cá nhân được thực hiện với 32 nhân viên điều dưỡng làm việc tại tám khoa của một bệnh viện ở Việt Nam. Việc phân tích dữ liệu của người tham gia và các tài liệu về chính sách liên quan đã vượt ra khỏi phạm vi mã hóa dữ liệu đơn thuần, mở rộng sang học thuyết và chuyển sang trừu tượng hóa các khái niệm chính. Không gian xã hội và giá trị xã hội là những khái niệm quan trọng được phát triển trong nghiên cứu này. Khái niệm về không gian phản ánh cách thức mà các nhân viên điều dưỡng liên tục tham gia vào các quá trình thương lượng để kiểm soát được việc thực hành của họ. Khái niệm liên quan về giá trị xã hội tập trung vào cơ cấu quyền lực, theo đó ưu tiên tài chính của các nhà quản lý chăm sóc sức khỏe góp phần làm gián đoạn mối liên kết giữa giá trị sử dụng và giá trị trao đổi mà ngành điều dưỡng mang lại. Lý giải về các mối quan hệ quyền lực đã được củng cố trong không gian thực và không gian mang tính biểu tượng nơi các điều dưỡng làm việc, được định hình trong bối cảnh lịch sử của Việt Nam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After entering Indochina, Japan retained the French-Indochina colonial administration and started controlling Indochina through this administrative system. The biggest expectation of Japan towards French-Indochina was the guaranty of rice supply to satisfy requirements and in addition to take a stand in preparation for southward advance and the pursuance of the Second Sino-Japanese War. However, at that time, the mechanisms of rice distribution within French-Indochina were held by Overseas Chinese merchants who expanded the Anti-Japanese movement. As overseas Chinese had extensive economic power but held sensitive political positions in Indochina as "Asiatiques Étrangers", Japan designated that gaining the co-operation of the Overseas Chinese was an important task in order to guarantee food supply and to construct the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. By examining the actions and reactions on both sides (Japan and France) from political and economic view-point with regard to overseas Chinese, this paper aims to clarify the nature of this relation -- a competitive relation under the form of co-operation, and there is a hint of contempt, compromise and opposition between two sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marxism was introduced into Vietnam through Leninism, followed by Russian and Chinese revolutionaries a century ago. Karl Marx's legacies are the theoretical basis for the Labour Party of Vietnam, followed by the Communist Party of Vietnam, which led the Vietnamese people in the struggle for national independence and winning two wars before the final unification. In the nation's construction, Marxism also played a significant role, which is associated with ups and downs in socio-economic development both before and after the Renovation (Doi Moi). Since the start of Doi Moi and with international events that occurred after the fall of the Berlin Wall, there have been a lot of voices among researchers and politicians about a reassessment of the legacy of K. Marx. There is a need for a justified assessment of what is still relevant so that we can continue to develop those things and to enrich the legacy of Marxism. Also, it is also necessary to assess issues that may be outdated. This article adds a contribution to this assessment work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasopharyngeal cancer is the most common cancer of head and neck cancer in Vietnam. The infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to be the cause of nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis. In Vietnam, the studies relevant to EBV, especially the molecular of EBV, are still limited. In the current study, the databases were systematically analyzed to establish the scientific basis for the molecular of EBV which could be applied in further studies. This study was focused on the analysis of three families of EBV genes, included EBNAs, LMPs and EBER based on a meta-analysis. As the result, most studies were focused on the detection of EBNA-1, LMP-1 and EBER. The frequencies of EBNA-1, LMP-1 and EBER were 92.12%; 78.93% and 88.12%, respectively. Moreover, a random effect model was applied to calculate the OR and RR: EBNA-1: RR=20.10; OR= 332.75; LMP-1: RR=3.63; OR=17.9 and EBER: RR=5.4; OR=46.11. Those results indicated that the presence of EBV genes was significantly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. According to the method, PCR was the common method used for the detection of the EBV genes’ presence. Moreover, the nasopharyngeal biopsy was the main source of samples enrolled in nasopharyngeal cancer studied. In summary, we successfully conducted the molecular database about the presence of EBV genes, included the frequency, OR and RR value to be the scientific database for further studies relevant to nasopharyngeal cancer in the Vietnamese population.

Building on fieldwork between 2012–2019 in a northern Vietnamese village, this article documents the striking ways villagers have dealt with an enduring concern of those who inhabit the complex moral world of post-/ late-socialism: how to handle choices that involve thinking and acting like neoliberal subjects. I focus on a relatively undocumented livelihood strategy villagers call đa gi năng, a term with striking moral connotations that means "keeping multiple livelihood strategies and never putting all eggs in one basket." This strategy is inspired by a locally specific reference point: the well-being of the family, perceived in Xuan as both the achievement of substantial material improvements for the family and the protection of its hard-won security against unpredictable state policies. It is this reference point that grants villagers remarkable moral freedom, both to actively pursue substantial material comfort for the family by means of rational market calculations and independent decisions without being troubled by moral frameworks that treat neoliberalism as problematic, and to evade with explicit moral confidence the state's push to fully embrace neoliberal spirits and commit everything to a single profitable yet risky enterprise. I argue that the well-being of the family is the paramount moral value in Xuan. While the existing scholarship has focused mostly on how paramount values facilitate cultural reproduction of a Durkheimian kind, this article shows that the family as the paramount value can grant freedom. Although subjects are confined within the moral domain the paramount value creates, it is within that confined space that they can find the freedom to choose the kind of self they wish to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnamese customs is a topic that has been researched by ethnologists and historians since the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Although there have been many outstanding achievements, there are still many gaps in research. Our article explores the problems in a low-lying countryside with its own characteristics, through sources of documents about customs that have never been investigated until now - the custom documents of Bach Sam Commune. The content includes 8 issues of focus in the villages, including: worship practices, funeral, wedding, officers in different positions, patrol, robbery, study promotion, and issues about land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the growing popularity and consumption of Korean popular culture, known as Hallyu (Originating from Chinese, the Korean term, Hallyu is "Hàn lưu" in Vietnamese and pronounced similarly. During our interviews, we used the latter term, and in our survey we referred to "Korean cultural products") (Korean Wave) amongst young Vietnamese women and examine its socio-cultural implications. To this end, we used in-depth interviews and a survey questionnaire as the main methods of data collection and endeavored to identify the trends and meaning of young women's consumption of Hallyu products in Vietnam. Findings suggest that these signify the following: (i) the emergence of a new generation of womanhood in Vietnam and their empowerment as modern consumers who navigate consumer choices and complement information through the use of diverse channels, and (ii) their desire to construct a modern and cosmopolitan femininity and lifestyle underpinned by the changing role and status of women in the country. These findings add to a growing body of literature on the transnational consumption of media and goods as well as on women's empowerment, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a "disease of power" that appeared quite early in human society, ever since society divided power, forming classes and states. Looking back on history, during the thousands of years of building and defending the state, to realize the political goals of a "peaceful country and people, prosperous people, and a strong nation", the Vietnamese people realized from early on the evils of corruption and its dangers. They have actively condemned and prevented it, found the "cure-all" of this disease and created meaningful lessons to be learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the concepts of philosophy and other sciences, history, generations, and human live cycles are linear and go in one direction from the past to the present to the future. However, ancient legends and recent studies have shown that time is cyclical and has its internal laws, similar to the cycles of change. The following article will address the cycle of time, generation, and human life, from historical saeculum lore to scientific theory, then make some suggestions for usage in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1979 to 1991 Vietnam faced many difficulties at home and abroad when participating in the problem-solving process in Cambodia. In Vietnam, the socio-economic situation was a serious crisis and greatly affected the contribution of human and financial resources to the Cambodian people. Abroad, hostile forces misrepresented and slandered Vietnam for invading Cambodia. They found ways to surround and isolate Vietnam in the international arena. From the time when the volunteer troops were brought into Cambodia (1979), Vietnam determined that this was an international mission, with the motto "saving a friend's life is like saving oneself". Even if Vietnam had to sacrifice as much as needed, the nation was determined to eliminate the Khmer Rouge genocidal regime to bring peace on the Indochinese peninsula, and independence and revival for the Cambodian people. In this article, we will clarify the context of the Cambodian issue, international opinions on the issue, the policy of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) when sending Vietnamese volunteer soldiers to Cambodia, Vietnam's cooperation with other countries (mainly ASEAN countries and China) to solve Cambodia's problem, and Vietnam's participation in peace negotiations for Cambodia at the Paris Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral relations between South Korea and Vietnam have remarkably improved in the past 25 years, since the normalization of relations in 1992. They have been acknowledged positively as the result of a successful process of the diplomatic ties. Meanwhile, it is plausible that conflicting issues were raised while establishing diplomatic ties because the two countries were hostile during the war in Vietnam. This research explores the process of normalization, which coincided with their mutual economic and geopolitical interests in international relations in the decline of socialism and the post-Cold War era. As Vietnam urgently needed to establish cooperative relations with capitalist countries, this served as a concession in overcoming the historical legacy of the war. The process of diplomatic negotiations between South Korea and Vietnam shows that the foreign policies of small- and middle-power countries are determined not only in cooperation with their allies but also with some degree of relative autonomy in the post- Cold War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issues related to tourism management at two attractive World Heritage sites in Vietnam, namely Ha Long Bay and the Trang An Landscape Complex in the viewpoint of economy and social aspects. In general, both sites are well-managed by local authorities with a strong commitment to preserving its outstanding universal values. However, there are several issues in governance, crowd management and tourism impact that affect local residents which need to be improved by the following recommendations. Firstly, reforming governance model to privatization or transferring operation authority to the private firm and strengthening public-private partnership with strong compliance to the laws and regulations are recommended. The type of investment should be widened to a less detrimental impact on the heritage site, such as technology infrastructure, heritage-based performance, generating creative content in heritage and so on. Secondly, in terms of crowd management, it is necessary for local authorities to implement appropriate assessments, increase ticket prices and develop new tourist attractions in order to disperse overcrowded areas and enhance tourists’ experience rather than massive tourism development. Thirdly, local authorities need to pay more attention to guarantee the social and economic benefits to the vulnerable local community so that their lives are not disrupted by visitors, simultaneously promoting interactive activities between local residents and visitors for cross-culture understanding through community-based tourism and creating sustainable high-paid jobs. Báo cáo so sánh hiện trạng quản lý du lịch tại hai di sản của Việt Nam được công nhận là Di sản Thế giới, Vịnh Hạ Long và Quần thể Danh thắng Tràng An, theo góc độ hiệu quả kinh tế và tác động xã hội. Hoạt động du lịch tại Vịnh Hạ Long và Quần thể Danh thắng Tràng An được quản lý chặt chẽ với cam kết của cơ quan quản lý trong việc bảo vệ giá trị toàn cầu nổi bật của di sản. Tuy nhiên, hiện trạng quản lý vẫn còn tồn tại một số vấn đề về cơ chế, xử lý tình trạng quá tải do đám đông và tác động của du lịch đến cộng đồng sống trong di sản. Bài viết cũng đưa ra các kiến nghị nhằm góp phần cải thiện hiện trạng quản lý du lịch tại các điểm Di sản Thế giới. Thứ nhất, cần đổi mới cơ chế của cơ quan quản lý theo mô hình tư nhân hoá hoặc chuyển giao quyền khai thác kinh doanh du lịch cho công ty tư nhân, đồng thời tăng cường hợp tác công – tư với cam kết tuân thủ theo luật lệ và quy tắc; cần mở rộng lĩnh vực đầu tư theo hướng hạn chế tác động gây hại trực tiếp đến di sản như xây dựng cơ sở hạ tầng công nghệ, sản phẩm sáng tạo, tổ chức trình diễn trên bối cảnh của di sản, v.v. Thứ hai, về biện pháp xử lý tình trạng quá tải do đám đông, cơ quan chức năng cần tiến hành nghiên cứu đánh giá thích hợp sức chứa của di sản, tăng mức giá vé và khai thác hoạt động thu hút du lịch mới để phân tán khách du lịch tập trung tại một số điểm nhất định, tăng chất lượng trải nghiệm cho du khách, tránh phát triển du lịch đại trà. Thứ ba, chính quyền địa phương cần quan tâm hơn nữa đến việc đảm bảo lợi ích kinh tế và xã hội cho nhóm cư dân địa phương yếu thế, để tránh tình trạng cuộc sống của người dân bị hoạt động du lịch xâm hại, đồng thời tăng cường hoạt động tương tác giữa người dân địa phương với khách du lịch, nhằm thúc đẩy sự hiểu biết giao thoa văn hoá thông qua hình thức du lịch cộng đồng và tạo thêm nhiều việc làm thu nhập cao cho người dân địa phương.

While first-wave Vietnamese immigrants adapted well to life in the United States, subsequent immigrants have had greater adjustment difficulties, including more evidence of psychological distress. This study aimed to analyze psychosocial adaptation differences among three generations of recent Vietnamese immigrants, as well as to examine predictors of mental distress in the sample as a whole. A community sample of 184 recent Vietnamese immigrants, categorized as either elderly, middle-aged, or young adults, was assessed for levels of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD, as well as family conflict, dissatisfaction with life in the U.S., acculturation and biculturalism, social support, coping, and premigratory stressors. Young Vietnamese adults were most acculturated, most bicultural, and reported themselves as healthiest and least depressed. They were most often working, least often on welfare, and had the highest family income. However, they also reported most dissatisfaction with their current lives in the U.S. and most family conflict. Regression analysis explaining approximately one-quarter of the variance in mental distress implicated current dissatisfaction with and lack of adjustment of life in the United States, as well as greater acculturation and increased family conflict. Although young adults scored significantly higher than other generations on most of the risk factors for psychological distress, they appeared to be buffered against poorer mental health outcomes by factors of generation and perceived positive overall well-being. In terms of testing a predictive model of psychological distress, this study found current adjustment factors significantly more important in determining mental health outcomes than premigratory stressors such as war-related traumas.

In this paper, primarily the export specialisation pattern of Vietnam has been examined from the perspective of domestic value added exports. In addition, an effort has been made to identify presence of exaggeration in gross exports measures of industries level competitiveness. Empirical findings suggest that the export specialisation of Vietnam has reversed, and there is presence of exaggeration in the estimates of comparative advantage of 'human capital and technology intensive' industries that has also caused in ballooning up their shares in gross exports. Such pattern has arisen because intra-industry trade has become increasingly significant in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The War in Vietnam (1962 - 1975) left a legacy of mixed-race children fathered by American or other foreign soldiers and born to Vietnamese mothers. These Vietnamese Amerasian children often had difficulties integrating into their post-conflict societies due to stigmatization, and they were typically economically disadvantaged. To address the paucity of knowledge about life courses of Amerasians who remained in Vietnam, we used SenseMaker®, a mixed-methods data collection tool, to interview adult Amerasians living in Vietnam. Qualitative analysis of first-person narratives categorized by participants as being about "emotions" identified five major themes: discrimination, poverty, identity, the importance of family, and varying perceptions of circumstances. Experiences of discrimination were broad and sometimes systemic, affecting family life, the pursuit of education, and employment opportunities. Poverty was also an overarching theme and was perceived as a barrier to a better life, as a source of misery, and as a source of disempowerment. The resulting cycle of poverty, in which under-educated, resource constrained Amerasians struggled to educate their children, was evident. The negative emotional impact of not knowing one's biological roots was also significant. Although there was a decrease in perceived stigma over time, and some Amerasians were satisfied with their current lives, years of experiencing discrimination undoubtedly negatively impacted emotional well-being. The results highlight a need for community programs to address stigmatization and discrimination and call for support in facilitating international searches for the biological fathers of Vietnamese Amerasians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology plays a crucial role in the self-guided learning of a second language in general and English in particular. Nevertheless, many students in different contexts still ignore the application of technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) tools in enhancing their foreign language proficiency. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the attitudes towards the use of TELL tools in English-language learning (ELL) among English majors at one university in Vietnam. To collect data, 197 English majors participated in finishing the questionnaire, and 20 students were invited to join the interviews. The findings are that the majority of students have positive attitudes towards the use of TELL tools and the frequency of using these tools is very high. In addition, the results also reveal that there is no significant difference in attitudes towards and frequency of using TELL tools in learning English in terms of the year of study. However, students of different levels of academic achievements have different attitudes towards using TELL tools and use TELL tools to learn English differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes in some natural forests in the Ngoc Linh mountain (Quang Nam province) and the Thuong Xuan forest (Thanh Hoa province) revealed three new species of plant parasitic nematodes belonging to the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). These new species were named Helicotylenchus castanus sp. n., Helicotylenchus madhucus sp. n. and Helicotylenchus digitus sp. n. with morphological characteristics described and illustrated. The new species Helicotylenchus castanus sp.n. is characterized by the highly hemispherical shape of the lip region, extremely short and rounded tail without projection. The second new species Helicotylenchus madhucus sp. n. is characterized by high lip region with 4-5 annuli, hemispherical and not set off from body contour, stylet 31.3-35.9 (33.3 ± 1.3) µm long, tail with a short ventral projection and the presence of males in the population. The third new species, Helicotylenchus digitus sp.n. was recognized by broad rounded tail with strong annulated projection in the digital shape, and also the presence of males in population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in psychological well-being and correlates to general health have blossomed in the last 20-25 years. However, little research exists in health and psychological well-being of the Vietnamese population, partially due to a lack of valid and reliable research instruments available in the Vietnamese language. This study aimed to produce a short, valid and reliable research instrument in Vietnamese to assess the psychological well-being of university students. The 54-item Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), a widely used and validated instrument, was the instrument of choice. A research questionnaire, which included the RSPWB, was translated and completed by 253 Vietnamese undergraduate students (18-27 years of age). Analyses included the use of partial least squares, structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) - a second generation statistical technique for testing complex path models, to evaluate the validity and reliability of the 54 items. As a result of the research, the PLS-SEM analyses produced a multidimensional model with six factors (autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth, positive relations with others, and self-acceptance) and 28 items that demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity and reliability. Moreover, the 28-item Vietnamese version of the RSPWB supported the same multidimensional six-factor structure as proposed in the original RSPWB. In conclusion, the adapted 28-item Vietnamese version of the RSPWB is shorter in length, has good psychometric properties, and helps to fill a current gap of available research instruments for advancing the current understanding of psychological wellbeing and relationships to health in Vietnamese university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, twenty two nematodes species were recognized in the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920 from mangrove, river and estuary ecosystems in Vietnam, of those, eighteen species were from Vietnam's nematode fauna. Three species, D. dihystera Gagarin and Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2005, D. salvum Gagarin, Nguyn Vu Thanh & Nguyen Thi Thu, 2005 and D. rigidum Gagarin, Nguyn Vu Thanh & Nguyen Thi Thu, 2005 were found in fresh water, while other species were distributed in the mangrove forest, estuaries and seagrass ecosystem. The distribution and taxonomic keys to the already known species of the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920 in Vietnam was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]