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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil on duodenal and colonic contractions of broilers in vitro. For this purpose, 10 broiler intestines (42 days old) obtained from a slaughterhouse were brought to the laboratories by immersed in Krebs solution (NaCl, 118 mmol/L; KCl, 4.7 mmol/L; CaCl2, 2.5 mmol/L; MgSO4, 1 mmol/L; KH2PO4, 1 mmol/L; glucose, 11 mmol/L; NaHCO3, 25 mmol/L) at +4°C. Isolated duodenal and colon tissue strips were placed in a fourchannel, isolated organ bath system, where they were exposed to Krebs solution aerated with a gas mixture of 95% O2 - 5% CO2, at 39°C. The effect of peppermint essential oil (PEO) obtained by hydrodistillation method on spontaneous duodenum and colon contractions was evaluated in the concentration range of 0.1-1000 μg/mL. Subsequently, the effects of 300 and 1000 μg/mL PEO were reevaluated on acetylcholine-induced contractions after incubation with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, NOS inhibitor) and Methylene Blue (MB, cGC inhibitor). It was determined that the PEO dose-dependently decreased the amplitude of spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced contractions in both isolated tissues. This relaxant effect persisted after L-NNA and MB incubations. In conclusion, PEO induced relaxation in isolated duodenum and colon intestinal smooth muscles not through the nitric oxide-sGMP pathway.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate Adropin levels in kidney tissues after Methotrexate (MTX) administration to identify potential changes following administration of agents with antioxidant/anti–inflammatory potential. Twenty four adult rats male albino Wistar rats were used in this study, and randomly divided into four groups. Control: These rats did not receive any treatment during the 14–day (d) experiment. N–acetylcysteine (NAC): These rats were administered 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 NAC intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 d. MTX: A single dose of 20 mg·kg-1 MTX was administered i.p. at the beginning of the study. MTX+ NAC: A single dose of 20 mg·kg-1 MTX was administered i.p. at the beginning of the study, and the rats were given 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 NAC i.p. for 14 d. Total antioxidant, and serum Adropin levels were found to be the lowest in the MTX group while the oxidant levels were significantly lower in the MTX group than in the MTX+NAC group (P

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the effects of combined safflower-sunflower meal (SSM) supplementation in quail diets on fattening performance and some carcass quality parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 three-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), including both males and females were divided into one control group and four treatment groups containing 60 quails in each. Each group was sub-divided into five replicates each containing 12 quails. The control group was fed corn-soybean meal based diet without SSM. The SSM was used at level of 10% (SSM10), 20% (SSM20), 30% (SSM30) and 40% (SSM40) in treatment diets (in each treatment S and SF ratio is 1:1). The experimental period was lasted for 5 weeks. Results: There were no changes in terms of body weights, body weight gain and feed intake as well as carcass weights, relative weight of liver, heart, spleen, gizzard, proventriculus and abdominal fat in all experimental groups with SSM supplementation (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio impaired in the SSM40 group compared with the control and the other groups (P Conclusions: It may be stated that the supplementation of safflower-sunflower meal (C:S, 1:1) in combination to diets has no any adverse effect on the some performance and carcass quality characteristics, and as well as the supplementation of up to 30% of these might be more effective on feed conversion ratio in quails.

Aim: Aim of this research was to investigate the capability of Cavalieri principle (unbiased and efficient method using to volume measurement) for the in vitro estimation of the volume of the dog. Materials and Methods: Five male adult dog testes were used. First, testis volumes were measureament by water displacement method (Archimedes principle), then cavalieri method used to estimate the volume of same testis. Afterwards, the results of these methods were compared. Results: The mean volume of the left and right testis together was found 18.72 cm3 according to Archimedean principle and 18.25 cm3 according to Cavalieri principles. Statistical difference was not found (p Conclusion: The direct volume measurement method “water displacement” could not be Performed on the small testis because of the “capillary effect”. However Cavalieri principle runs free from the shape and orientation of the material. The study showed that Cavalieri principle was capable to measure the testis volume.

The aim ol this study was to investigate the origines, courses and innervation areas of the cranial nerves, innervating the tongue in Anatolian Buffaloes, The lingual nerve terminated in the rostral two thirds of the tongue. The chorda tympani joined to Ihe lingual nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve stemmed from the medulla oblongata, then, dispersed in the caudal one third of the tongue. The hypoglossal nerve scattered in the tongue muscles after arising from the medulla oblongata.

The aim of this study is to investigate macroscopicaily blood supply to the facial region of Anatolian buffaloes. A total of 8 buffalo heads were used. It was observed that the main vessel of facial region is facial artery, in addition to this a. mentalis, a. masseterica, a. transversa faciei and branches of infraorbital, superficial temporal and malar arteries were join to blood supply of facial region.

Aim: The aim of this study was investigated the bones which formed the skull in chinchilla and compared the results with other rodents and same carnivores. Material and method: In this study, 10 adult chinchilla (S female. 5 male) were used. The animals were euthanatized by ordinary methods, Maceration method was used to show skull Result: It was observed that the important features of skull were a wide orbita, long and sharp incisive tooth, and well developed tympanic bulla at the behind of parietal bones. Protuberantia occipitalis externa was well developed and crista facialis was absent. Dental formula was found as II CO P1 M3 in upper and lower jaw. In conclusion, becomes a member of suborder of Rodentia. Chinchilla has nearly same macroanatomic features of bones which consist of skull like their relatives such as Squirrel and Hystrix cristata.

ln this study, it was exceminated bones which consisted of the vertebral column and thorax in chinchilla. It was determined that chinchilla had C7,T14,L6,S2,C22 vertebras. Atlas has foramen vertebrale laterale, foramen alare and foramen transversarium. Proccessus transversus of axis is well expanded. It was observed that anticlinal vertebra was 11. vertebra and Processus accessroius was present only in L1-L4 vertebra. Proccessus transversus and corpus of sacral vertebra only were joined one another.lt was found out that ossa arcus hemalis were present ventral aspect of joints which were consisted of vertebra between S2 and S10. The body of the sternum was consisted of 5 sternebras.

The aim of this study ıs to investigate macroscopically blood supply to the linguae ol Anatolian buffaloes. A total of 8 buffalo heads were used. It was observed that the main vessel ol linguae is lingual artery, and this artery ramified rr. perihyoidei, a. sublingualis, a. profunda linguae and rr. dorsales linguae.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to show macroanatomical conformation of saphenous and popliteal artery in Angora Rabbits and to compare results with other domestic animals. Material and method: fn this study 10 adult Angora Rabbits of both sexes were used. The animals were sacrtficsd by ordinary method and injected colored latex by means of the abdominal aorta. Results: Giving the highest (descending) genicular artery, saphenous artery coursed superficially to medial surface of the leg and then gave off lateral and medial plantar arteries on the one of fourth distal surface of tibia. Highest genicular artery had two branches which were called superficial and prolund. First branch supplied to fascia and subcutan tissue on the medial surface of the stifle joint. Second branch gave branches which supplied to femoropatellar joint and cranial region of the stifle joint. Flexor tendons and their tendovagina which passed through plantar surface of tarsal joint and this joint were mostly supplied by lateral plantar artery. Alter giving branches to heel plexus, medial plantar artery divided into profund and superficial ramit. First branch joined arcuate artery lor composing of deep plantar arch. Second branch initially supplied to sole and then gave off plantar common digital arteries to supply to digits. After giving lateral proximal and medial proximal and middle genicular, sural and caudal tibial arteries, popliteal artery continued as cranial tibial artery. Caudal tibial artery vascularized popliteal and some llexor muscles which placed on caudal region of calf. Cranial tibial artery gave medial distal genicular and recurrens crania! tibial arteries and nutrient artery to the libula behind crus and then divided into proximal and distal branches. These branches reached front of the crus by perforating interosseal membran. After giving branches which supply extensor muscles on the lateral surface of tibia, proximal branch reached upper surface of foot as superficial ramus and composed of dorsal common digital arteries. Distal branch initially gave nutrient artery of the tibia and then passed front of the crus and continued its course as dorsal pedal artery to the tarsal joint. Conclusion: The findings o( our study suggest that the origin, movement and vascularization area of saphenous and popliteaı artery ot this stsecies demonstrated closely resembles to that of the New Zealand white rabbits.

Macro-anatomic structure of end-branches of aorta abdominalis in chinchilla was examined in this study. Five healthy, adult chinchilla obtained from the Experimental Animal Unit of Afyon Kocatepe University. After injecting latex, that coloured with red ink, into the arteria carotis communis, dissection was carried out under a loop. Arteria iliaca communis, arteria iliaca externa and arteria iliaca interna, and arteria sacralis mediana were examined. The end-branch of arteria abdominalis was divided into two divisions as arteria iliaca communis dexter and sinister. These branches were further divided into two branches as arteria iliaca externa and interna. Arteria umbilicalis became a ligament that was originated from arteria iliaca externa. Arteria abdominalis caudalis rooted from arteria iliaca externa in 2 cadavers but it was not the case in 3 cadavers. Arteria sacralis mediana originated from aorta abdominalis in 2 cadavers whereas it originated from arteria iliaca communis sinister in 3 cadavers.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed that stereolojically investigation to effect of soybean extract to renal tissue in female rats. Materials and Methods: Totally 16 female Sprague Dawley rats were used. Rats were divided into control and soy extract groups. In Control group, 1 mL solvent was given perorally, while 200 mg/kg/day doses soybean extract were given to experiment group orally for 1 month. Finally, the kidneys taken from rats were analyzed by using stereological methods. Results: Morphometric features and diameters of glomerulus in medulla and cortex were failing a change in rats of experiment groups. Conclusion: As a result, it may be stated that ethyl acetate extract of the soybean has no effect to the glomerulus and morphometric features of the renal tissue.

Aim: The effects of plant soya (Glycine max L.) on the female genital system have been investigated. Materials and Methods: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol extracts of soya plant were administered to the rats by oral route at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses (SID) for 1 month. By monitoring the menstrual cycle with vaginal smear method, diestrus stage of the rats were determined. At the end of experimental period the animals were euthanized. Genital system organs taken of rats were analyzed by stereological methods. Follicules were counted with optical dissector method in the ovaryum stereologically, the weights of the ovaries, uterus were also evaluated. Results: Some changes occured in genital system of the rats which were given at 200 mg/kg dose of soy ethanol extract. In test groups vaginal aperture increased, uterine appeared likehyperemia while significant weight increase did not occur. The weight of relative ovarium, uterus weight increased, coarsening of epithelial cells was observed. No significant difference was observed in all groups regarding the numbers of primordial, primary follicles. Diameter of secondaryfollicule reduced while the number of secondary follicule increased in 200 mg/kg ethanol extract administered group, when compared to control group. The amount of isoflavone content was determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography technique on the active extract. The amount of daidzein, genistein were found to be 3.851 μg/gand 3.127 μg/g, respectively in the ethanol extract. Conclusion: It could be stated that phytoestrogens in soya plant dose-dependently affect the female genital system.

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of essential oil mixtures rich in carvacrol, alpha-pinene and cineole supplementation in laying quail diets on performance, egg quality, and egg lipid peroxidation. Materials and Methods: A total of 420 (280 females and 140 males) eight-week-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used. They were divided into 1 control group and 6 treatment groups containing 60 quails in each. Each group was divided into four replicate groups each containing 15 quails. The control group was fed basal diet. The diets of treatment groups occurring from carvacrol (C), alpha-pinene (P) and cineole (Cn) were supplemented with 100 and 1000 mg/kg essential oil mixed. The experimental period was lasted for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that feed consumption decreased in the P1000 and Cn1000 groups (P Conclusions: It was concluded that essential oil mixed supplementation rich in carvacrol or alpha-pinene can be used in laying quail diets because of these might be positive effect on feed conversion and the egg lipid peroxidation during storage periods.