12 results on '"Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado"'
Search Results
2. Beef Cattle on Pasture Have Better Performance When Supplied With Water Trough Than Pond
- Author
-
Gabriela Schenato Bica, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, and Dayane Lemos Teixeira
- Subjects
water intake ,average daily gain ,beef cattle welfare ,extensive pasture ,behavior ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The behavior and performance of steers on pasture regarding water availability in troughs or in ponds were compared. Eight paddocks were randomly allocated to one treatment: POND (~30 m of diameter) or TROUGH (water trough, 120 cm diameter and 60 cm high and 500 L capacity). Eight groups of six beef steers were randomly assigned to one of the paddocks. The first 10 days were considered for animal habituation. Animals were individually weighed (days 0, 30, 60, and 90). Beginning in the day after each weighing on days 30 (Month 1), 60 (Month 2), and 90 (Month 3), behavior and animal distribution in the paddock were recorded by direct visual observation in three periods of 4 consecutive days. Water temperature and fecal and herbage DM were also recorded in these periods. Water intake was measured during 16 random days in the troughs. Data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with treatment and period as fixed effects. TROUGH steers gained more weight (0.44 vs. 0.34 kg/day/animal; P ≤ 0.007) during the experiment and were heavier than the others at the end of the study (P ≤ 0.05). POND steers spent more time drinking water, but TROUGH steers increased the number of drinking events throughout the study (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting an adaptation for the new type of water source. Both treatments increased grazing time throughout the study, but not ruminating time (P ≤ 0.05). Walking time differed between treatments in all periods of behavior observation (P ≤ 0.05). Events of animal licking and ingesting salt of POND steers reduced throughout the study (P ≤ 0.05). The number of drinking events of TROUGH steers increased throughout the study, and drinking events were longer for POND steers than TROUGH steers (P ≤ 0.05). TROUGH steers spent more time on pasture on Month 2 (P ≤ 0.05). Period collection did not affect the water intake of TROUGH treatment (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates that water available in troughs rather than ponds for steers on pasture has positive effects on their weight gain and affects cattle behavior.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The Equipment Used in the SF6 Technique to Estimate Methane Emissions Has No Major Effect on Dairy Cow Behavior
- Author
-
Fabiellen Cristina Pereira, Dayane Lemos Teixeira, Laura Ann Boyle, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Shaun Richard Owen Williams, and Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo
- Subjects
cattle ,enteric methane ,milk production ,lying duration ,ruminating ,habituation ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The natural behavior of animals can be disrupted by the techniques and materials of research methodologies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the equipment used in the SF6 tracer technique to estimate enteric methane emissions on the behavior of lactating dairy cows. The cows (n = 24) were allocated to one of two diets: CONTROL and experimental diet (MIX). Behavior was assessed through video recordings between milking times during four phases: 3 days before fitting the cows with the SF6 equipment (PRE), first 2 days after the cows were fitted with the SF6 equipment (ADAP), 3 days during methane emission measurements (MEAS), and 2 days after the SF6 equipment removal (POST). The behaviors recorded included eating, ruminating or idling, resting, and others. Affiliative or agonistic and discomfort behaviors (scratching or pushing the equipment) were also recorded. Lying time was recorded over 14 days using dataloggers fitted to the cows' leg. Milk production and feed intake were recorded daily. MIX cows ruminated more than CONTROL cows (P = 0.05). The cows ruminated more at MEAS than in any other phase (P < 0.01). Time spent idling gradually decreased from PRE to MEAS for MIX cows (P < 0.01). The cows were lying down longer in MEAS than in ADAP and POST (P < 0.01). The time spent lying with the head down was shorter during PRE and ADAP than during POST (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the occurrence of discomfort or agonistic behaviors (P > 0.05). Affiliative behaviors occurred more often in ADAP than in MEAS (P < 0.05). There was no difference between phases in daily lying time, number of lying bouts per day, or mean bout duration (P > 0.05). Milk production was not influenced by the SF6 equipment (P > 0.05). Dry matter intake was higher for CONTROL cows (P < 0.01), and it decreased from PRE to MEAS (P < 0.01). However, milk yield did not differ between cows wearing the SF6 equipment and those without it (P > 0.05). We conclude that the SF6 equipment had a minimal effect on dairy cow behavior.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Incorporating a Fresh Mixed Annual Ryegrass and Berseem Clover Forage Into the Winter Diet of Dairy Cows Resulted in Reduced Milk Yield, but Reduced Nitrogen Excretion and Reduced Methane Yield
- Author
-
Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo, Dayane Lemos Teixeira, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Deirdre Hennessy, Paula Toro-Mujica, Shaun Richard Owen Williams, and Fabiellen Cristina Pereira
- Subjects
mixed herbage ,Trifolium alexandrinum ,Lolium multiflorum ,total mixed ration ,dairy cattle ,enteric methane ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The winter diet of dairy cows in Mediterranean climate regions is usually a total mixed ration with a base of conserved summer crops such as corn silage and alfalfa hay. However, there is increased labor and financial cost related to this kind of feeding, which could be reduced if fresh forages were used in place of some of the conserved forage in the cow diet. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of including fresh mixed annual ryegrass and berseem clover into the diet of dairy cows on milk, nitrogen utilization, and methane emission. Twenty-four lactating dairy cows were split into two groups and offered either a diet similar to that usually offered to the cows (CON) or one where a mixture of fresh annual ryegrass and berseem clover was used to partially substitute the corn silage and alfalfa hay in the diet (MIX). Milk yield was recorded automatically, and methane emissions were estimated using the SF6 tracer technique. The MIX diet had lower crude protein concentration (148 vs. 170 g/kg DM) but higher DM digestibility (81.6 vs. 78.6%) than the CON diet. Compared to the cows offered the CON diet, milk yield was reduced when cows were fed the MIX diet (36.4 vs. 31.9 kg/d), but methane emissions (381 vs. 332 g/d) and nitrogen excretion were also reduced (238 vs. 180 g/d). Nitrogen use efficiency was unaffected (30.8%). In addition, milk from cows fed the MIX diet had a fatty acid profile considered to be more beneficial to human health than that of the milk from cows fed the CON diet. Increasing the protein concentration in the MIX diet, either by direct supplementation or increasing the proportion of legume in the mixed herbage, could overcome the reduction on milk and positively affect methane emission and N use efficiency.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Time of Grain Supplementation and Social Dominance Modify Feeding Behavior of Heifers in Rotational Grazing Systems
- Author
-
Gabriela Schenato Bica, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Dayane Lemos Teixeira, Karolini Tenffen de Sousa, and Maria José Hötzel
- Subjects
social hierarchy ,cattle ,resources ,agonistic interactions ,subordinate ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Social hierarchy affects the access of animals to feed resources. On daily rotational pasture systems, supplementation time may influence feeding behavior. This trial was designed to test the effect of grain delivery time on the feeding behavior of heifers. Heifers divided into two groups according to breed (n = 15 Braford and n = 19 Jersey) were tested in a crossover design with two treatments: INITIAL—supplement at 8 am (entry time to a fresh paddock), and MIDDLE—supplement at 4 pm (middle time of paddock use). Animals entered a new paddock every morning, and grain supplement at 2 kg/animal/day was offered at the fence line (1 m/animal). Then, ingestive and other behaviors were registered by direct visual observation through scan sampling at 2-min intervals for 1 h after grain supply. Agonistic interactions were recorded continuously (instigator–victim) to build a social matrix whereby each heifer was defined as dominant, intermediate, or subordinate. Weekly pasture samples were collected according to the order that animals left the feeding area, using the hand-plucking technique, to determine crude protein and fiber content. Heifers spent more time grazing on the INITIAL treatment (p < 0.0001) but exhibited more behaviors on the MIDDLE treatment (p < 0.0001). Dominant heifers spent more time eating grain (p = 0.0008), whereas subordinate heifers spent more time grazing along the paddock (p = 0.0067), but not along the fence (p = 0.0008). The crude protein content of pasture samples was higher for the INITIAL treatment (p < 0.0001). Behavioral interaction occurred with respect to the order of leaving the feeding area, social rank, and crude protein consumed (p = 0.04). Subordinate heifers consistently grazed more and ate less grain supplement than dominant and intermediate heifers. However, when grain supplement was offered at the time animals entered the paddock, more grazing activity took place during supplement feeding, and subordinate heifers could select a high-protein diet. In the INITIAL treatment, this means that subordinate animals could benefit from the better pasture available, keeping a distance from dominant heifers, reducing agonistic interactions and likely improving their welfare.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Dairy Heifer Motivation for Access to a Shaded Area
- Author
-
Clarissa Silva Cardoso, Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, and Maria José Hötzel
- Subjects
operant conditioning ,behaviour ,heat stress ,animal welfare ,social rank ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
We used an operant conditioning paradigm to test the motivation of non-pregnant dairy heifers to access shade during the summer and autumn months (January to June) in southern Brazil. Dairy heifers (n = 18) were trained to push a weighted gate to access either an experimental area containing both a shaded (simple tree shade and shade cloth) and unshaded area (WITH SHADE) or an experimental area with no shade (BARREN). The latency to push the weighted gate, and the maximum weight pushed by each heifer, were recorded in both the summer and the autumn. Temperature and humidity were recorded continuously for the duration of the study and were used to calculate the heat index. The maximum weight pushed to enter the WITH SHADE area was greater in summer than in autumn, and was inversely related to the latency to push the weighted gate. Heifers refused to work for access to the BARREN environment. As expected, both the maximum ambient temperatures and heat index were higher in summer than in autumn, and also higher in the non-shaded areas than under the shade in both seasons. Heifers of higher social rank displaced other heifers more often, and spent more time in the shaded areas, particularly in the area with trees plus a shade cloth, than the intermediate and subordinate heifers. We conclude that shade is an important and valued resource for heifers reared on pasture-based systems in sub-tropical environments, particularly during the hot summer months.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Social Licking in Pregnant Dairy Heifers
- Author
-
Grazyne Tresoldi, Daniel M. Weary, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, and Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Subjects
allogrooming ,affiliative behavior ,cattle welfare ,grazing ,competition. ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Housing affects social behaviors, such as competition, but little work has addressed affiliative behaviors. This study compared social licking (SL) in pregnant heifers housed indoors (in a free-stall barn) versus outdoors (on pasture), and relationships with competition, feeding and physical proximity to others. Six heifer groups were observed during two six-hour-periods in both treatments. The total number of social events (SL and agonistic interactions) was four times higher when heifers were housed indoors compared to pasture (546 ± 43 vs. 128 ± 7 events/group; P < 0.05). SL as a ratio of the total number of social events was similar in the two treatments (12% vs . 8% of interactions, free-stall and pasture, respectively; P > 0.05). Housing did not affect how the SL bout was initiated and terminated, the duration, the body part licked and behavior preceding licking ( P > 0.05). Animals in close proximity showed higher rates of SL ( P < 0.0001) but not agonistic interactions ( P > 0.05). A previous agonistic event did not predict occurrence or the role of heifers in the following licking event. The higher stocking density indoors likely resulted in increased social interactions.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Farm Management in Organic and Conventional Dairy Production Systems Based on Pasture in Southern Brazil and Its Consequences on Production and Milk Quality
- Author
-
Shirley Kuhnen, Rudinei Butka Stibuski, Luciana Aparecida Honorato, and Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho
- Subjects
organic milk ,pasture-based dairy production ,sustainable agriculture ,food security ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Pasture-based dairy production is used widely on family dairy farms in Southern Brazil. This study investigates conventional high input (C-HI), conventional low input (C-LI), and organic low input (O-LI) pasture-based systems and their effects on quantity and quality of the milk produced. We conducted technical site visits and interviews monthly over one year on 24 family farms (n = 8 per type). C-HI farms had the greatest total area (28.9 ha), greatest percentage of area with annual pasture (38.7%), largest number of lactating animals (26.2) and greatest milk yield per cow (22.8 kg·day−1). O-LI farms had the largest perennial pasture area (52.3%), with the greatest botanical richness during all seasons. Area of perennial pasture was positively correlated with number of species consumed by the animals (R2 = 0.74). Milk from O-LI farms had higher levels of fat and total solids only during the winter. Hygienic and microbiological quality of the milk was poor for all farms and need to be improved. C-HI farms had high milk yield related to high input, C-LI had intermediate characteristics and O-LI utilized a year round perennial pasture as a strategy to diminish the use of supplements in animal diets, which is an important aspect in ensuring production sustainability.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Productive and Economic Responses in Grazing Dairy Cows to Grain Supplementation on Family Farms in the South of Brazil
- Author
-
Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Leandro Martins Dvila, Daniele Cristina da Silva Kazama, Lauana Luiza Bento, and Shirley Kuhnen
- Subjects
livestock sustainability ,grazing behavior ,milk composition ,Voisin’s Rational Grazing ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
Pasture-based dairy production has been a major source of income for most family farms in the south of Brazil. Increasing milk prices have spurred an increase in grain supplementation, which has been poorly implemented, resulting in low levels of efficiency. To evaluate the consequences of supplementation on milk production and composition, grazing behavior and economic return, the widely used grain management system (CC-commercial concentrate, containing 21% CP, offered at 1 kg per 3.7 L of milk) was compared with an energy supplement (GC-ground corn, with 9.5% CP, offered at 0.4% of live weight). Ten Holstein cows were paired into two groups, and subjected to the two treatments in a crossover design. The cows remained in the same grazing group, and the grain supplement was offered individually at milking time and consumed completely. Each experimental period lasted 14 days, with 10 days for diet adaptation and four days for data collection; individual milk production and samples were collected to determine levels of fat, protein, lactose, carotenoids, vitamin A and N-urea. Grazing behavior was observed (scans every 5 min) in the first 4 h after the morning milking, and chemical composition of hand plucked samples of forage were measured. The cost of the supplement and profitability per treatment were calculated. Cows supplemented with GC consumed herbage with higher crude protein (CP: 16.23 vs. 14.62%; p < 0.05), had higher biting rate (44.21 vs. 39.54 bites/min; p < 0.03) and grazing time (22.20 vs. 20.55 scans; p < 0.05) than when receiving CC. There were no differences in milk composition between treatments (p > 0.05). However, higher concentrations of β-carotene and total carotenoids were detected in the milk of cows at 70–164 days of lactation, compared to
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Beef Cattle on Pasture Have Better Performance When Supplied With Water Trough Than Pond
- Author
-
Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Dayane Lemos Teixeira, and Gabriela Schenato Bica
- Subjects
040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary medicine ,Water source ,Beef cattle ,Biology ,Trough (economics) ,Pasture ,water intake ,0403 veterinary science ,Animal science ,Grazing ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,average daily gain ,Water intake ,Original Research ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,General Veterinary ,behavior ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040201 dairy & animal science ,extensive pasture ,Walking time ,beef cattle welfare ,Veterinary Science ,medicine.symptom ,Weight gain - Abstract
The behavior and performance of steers on pasture regarding water availability in troughs or in ponds were compared. Eight paddocks were randomly allocated to one treatment: POND (~30 m of diameter) or TROUGH (water trough, 120 cm diameter and 60 cm high and 500 L capacity). Eight groups of six beef steers were randomly assigned to one of the paddocks. The first 10 days were considered for animal habituation. Animals were individually weighed (days 0, 30, 60, and 90). Beginning in the day after each weighing on days 30 (Month 1), 60 (Month 2), and 90 (Month 3), behavior and animal distribution in the paddock were recorded by direct visual observation in three periods of 4 consecutive days. Water temperature and fecal and herbage DM were also recorded in these periods. Water intake was measured during 16 random days in the troughs. Data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with treatment and period as fixed effects. TROUGH steers gained more weight (0.44 vs. 0.34 kg/day/animal; P ≤ 0.007) during the experiment and were heavier than the others at the end of the study (P ≤ 0.05). POND steers spent more time drinking water, but TROUGH steers increased the number of drinking events throughout the study (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting an adaptation for the new type of water source. Both treatments increased grazing time throughout the study, but not ruminating time (P ≤ 0.05). Walking time differed between treatments in all periods of behavior observation (P ≤ 0.05). Events of animal licking and ingesting salt of POND steers reduced throughout the study (P ≤ 0.05). The number of drinking events of TROUGH steers increased throughout the study, and drinking events were longer for POND steers than TROUGH steers (P ≤ 0.05). TROUGH steers spent more time on pasture on Month 2 (P ≤ 0.05). Period collection did not affect the water intake of TROUGH treatment (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates that water available in troughs rather than ponds for steers on pasture has positive effects on their weight gain and affects cattle behavior.
- Published
- 2021
11. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of milk pathogen isolated from dairy production systems
- Author
-
Priscila Arrigucci Bernardes, Shirley Kuhnen, Isadora Nicole Piccinin, Dario Fernando Milanez de Mello, Juliana Martins, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, and Luciana Aparecida Honorato
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,medicine.drug_class ,Staphylococcus ,Antibiotics ,Cattle Diseases ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,Antibiotic resistance ,Food Animals ,Ampicillin ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,medicine ,Animals ,Agar diffusion test ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Streptococcus ,Staphylococcal Infections ,medicine.disease ,Mastitis ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Penicillin ,Multiple drug resistance ,Dairying ,Milk ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Gentamicin ,Cattle ,Female ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Livestock has been recognized as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Prevalence of resistance has been associated with herd size and intensification of animal production systems. Brazil is one of the emergent hotspots of bacterial resistance, which is also associated with animal husbandry. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance profile of pathogens that cause subclinical mastitis and the relationship between resistance status at farm level and different production systems. Milk samples from cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were collected from farms that adopt different husbandry systems with different production intensities, i.e., agroecological, low input, high input, Free-Stall and Compost-bedded pack barn. Etiological agents were isolated and microbiologically identified, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted, using the disk diffusion method. The main isolated agents were Streptococcus spp. (n = 54, 30.5 %) and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) (n = 54; 30.5 %). The recovered isolates displayed high antibiotic resistance against Sulfamethazine (80.2 %), Gentamicin (29.37 %), Penicillin (29.37 %), Oxacillin (28.82 %) and Ampicillin (26 %). Multidrug resistance was found for all agents and in all farming systems (39.54 %). Neither production systems (p = 0.26) nor farming systems (p = 0.24) significantly affected the resistance rates of samples. Therefore, intensive production systems may not be a root cause of increased rates of antimicrobial resistance in the milk production chain, suggesting that other environmental factors should be investigated. It is noteworthy that high levels of multidrug resistance were even found in bacteria earlier considered as minor pathogens. This development can be taken as a warning that environmental bacteria are potential transmitters of resistance genes to the environment.
- Published
- 2021
12. Behaviour of sows and piglets reared in intensive outdoor or indoor systems
- Author
-
Maria José Hötzel, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado F, Fernando Machado Wolf, and Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa
- Subjects
Litter (animal) ,Veterinary medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Animal science ,Food Animals ,Lactation ,medicine ,Weaning ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Social behaviour ,Biology ,Close contact - Abstract
In this study, we compared the behaviour of sows and piglets, as well as the mother–offspring interactions of sows and piglets during lactation, and the post-weaning behaviour of piglets reared in the outdoors or in confinement throughout the whole production period. An experiment was carried out at the outdoor and indoor units of the experimental station of EMBRAPA-CNPSA, south Brazil. The behaviour of sows ( n =8 per treatment) from delivery to weaning (at 21 days) and their litters ( n =5–8 per treatment) from birth to 50 days was recorded for 7 h per day on seven occasions, at the approximate age of 1, 12, 20, 21, 35 and 50 days. Results were transformed to relative frequency and analysed by ANOVA. In contrast to sows confined in crates, which spent 100% of the time in close contact with the litter, the time outdoor sows were inside the hut decreased from 86% on day 1 to less than 30% on days 12 and 19 after delivery. Outdoor sows spent more time standing ( P P P P P P P P P P P P
- Published
- 2004
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.