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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of goat bile in BALB/c mice since some Indonesian people consume raw goat gallbladder to treat malaria and increase stamina. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity test was done in six groups of BALB/c mice using 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.75% of goat bile and negative control. The death of mice was observed within 14 days. In the subacute toxicity test, the body weight and hematology parameters on day 0 and day 4 post-treatment were evaluated. The mice were closely observed for 28 days before plasma collection for the blood biochemistry evaluation. Results: Mild diarrhea was observed in acute and subacute toxicity tests. No death of mice was observed in acute test. Goat bile did not inhibit the increase of the body weight of mice. A slight reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in mice treated with 25% and 50% goat bile, however, remained normal in mice treated with 100% goat bile. The red and white blood cell count were not affected. Liver and kidney functions were not affected by goat bile treatment as revealed by the plasma level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, which remained in the normal range. Conclusion: Goat bile treatment in BALB/c mice caused mild toxicity in mice. Hydrophobic bile acids may cause the toxicity of goat bile in mice; therefore, it is recommended that goat bile consumption not to be taken oftenly to avoid its harmful effect.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites from the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes. This study was an observational analytic research by using adult mosquito specimens. The mosquitoes were caught using indoor net trapping and outdoor cow baited net trapping started at 18.45 to 24.00 for six catching times. Outdoor cow baited net trapping caught 61 mosquitoes from seven different species namely An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. indefinitus, An. kochi, and An. vagus. Human bait trap only trapped one species, An. indefinites. The most often caught mosquito was a zoophilic An. barbirostris, while An. indefinitus was the only spesies of anthropozoophilic mosquito and suspected as the malaria vector because they were caught using indoor human bait trap.

The phenomena of increasing total IgE level in Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and its protective role in resistance of infection remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between total IgE and the intensity of Soil transmitted helminthiasis among farmers in these area. Total 162 farmer, age ranged 25-80 years participated in this cross sectional analytic study. Kato-Katz method was used to diagnose Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and to determined infection intensity based on egg per gram (EPG). Total IgE levels were measured by enzyme linked flourescent assay (ELFA). The results of this study showed that 13,56% farmer positive for Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis, with single infection of Ascaris lumbricoides were 1,85%, 9,26% for Trichuris trichiura, 0,61% for Hookworm and mixed infection that were 1,23% for A.lumbricoides+T.trichiura 0,61% for A.lumbricoides+Hookworm. The intensity of infection were in mild category. Total IgE level in Soil transmitted Helminthiasis group was significantly different compared with noninfected group (p

Malaria is a disease which is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This study aimed to analyse the difference of type of Anopheles larva breeding places between low malaria case area, namely Mandor Village, and high malaria case area, namely North Amboyo Village, both in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The samples of Anopheles mosquito breeding places was acquired through accidental sampling from all Anopheles larva breeding places and spatial mapping of breeding place points. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Mann-whitney test. This study found 70 breeding place points which consisted of 8 types of place, namely dig well, drilled well, Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) well, puddle, fish pond, sewer, swamp, and rice field. The lowest larva density in Mandor Village was at PETI well (0.48/dip) and the highest was at dig well (0.75/dip). In North Amboyo Village, the lowest density was at number 3 dig well (0.2/dip) and the highest was at rice field (2.3/dip). It can be concluded that there was a significant difference of Anopheles breeding places between low and high malaria case areas.

Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases are still a burden worldwide, including in Indonesia. Some of those diseases, such as filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, are transmitted by some species of Culex mosquitoes. We aimed to describe the fauna of Culex mosquitoes in Salamwates village, Dongko subdistrict, Trenggalek district. Methods: Female Culex mosquitoes were collected in Salamwates village at night using the methods of indoor human-baited double bed-net trap and outdoor cow-baited double bed-net trap. The spesies of collected Culex mosquitoes were identified based on identification guide published by Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia. Results: There were 67 identifiable female mosquitoes collected using cow-baited methods and no female mosquitoes collected using human-baited methods. Those mosquitoes consisted of nine species. Culex tritaeniorhynchus (29.85%), C. gelidus (23.88%), C. vishnui (13.43%), C. pseudovishnui (11.94%) were the dominant species. The peaks of biting activities were at 18.45-19.00 and 23.45-24.00. Conclusion: Nine species of Culex mosquitoes collected using cow-baited methods. C. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species. Those mosquitoes were zoophilic and exophagic. The peaks of biting activities of the Culex mosquitoes were at dusk and midnight.

Background : Dengue virus infection is still a health problem in Surabaya. On 2015 Insidence Rate (IR) for Surabaya is 22.50 and the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) is 2%. This figure has decreased compared to 2014, but has not met the target achievement indicator for the P2DBD target CFR Method : The study was conducted in the rainy season, May 2015 in several Puskesmas areas in Surabaya. Samples were randomly selected as many as 378 houses spread in eight health centers (Pegirian, Krembangan Selatan, Hamlet Wall, Tambak Rejo, Putat Jaya, Simomulyo, Sawahan and Tanahkali Kedinding). The larvae survey was conducted using the single larva method. Larvae were taken from breeding sites and stored in specimen bottles for species identification at the Parasitology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga.Result : The highest House Index (HI) was obtained (60.46%) or the 39.54% larvae free rate in Simomulyo and the lowest HI (33.33%) or 66.67% ABJ in Pegirian Puskesmas. Larvae species identification showed 100% was Aedes aegypti. The high HI value at the Simomulyo Health Center is not in line with the number of cases of dengue virus infection in 2015 which was 4 cases. Whereas in Pegirian Health Center with the lowest HI value found 11 cases.Discussion : These results could be due to the possibility because the study did not calculate larval density and high population mobility in the area.Conclusion: House Index values are linier with container index but not linear with the number of cases of dengue virus infectionKeywords: House Index, larvae free rate, dengue virus infection, single larva method

Background Trenggalek district is a hypoendemic malaria area with mainly imported cases brought by migrant workers from islands outside Java. During malaria surveillance in 2015, no malaria cases were found microscopically, but some cases were positive by PCR. Therefore, a study was conducted to prove that local malaria transmission still occur. Methods The adult villagers were invited to the house of the head of this village to be screened for malaria using aseptic venipuncture of 1 mL blood upon informed consent. Thin and thick blood films as well as blood spots on filter paper were made for each subject. The blood films were stained with Giemsa and the blood spots were used to extract DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to determine the malaria infection. In addition, the history of malaria infection and travel to malaria endemic areas were recorded. Entomologic survey to detect the existence of anopheline vector was also conducted. Results Of the total 64 subjects that participated in the survey, no malaria parasites were found through microscopic examination of the blood films. The PCR analysis found six positive cases (two Plasmodium falciparum, one Plasmodium vivax and two mixed infection of both species), and two of them had no history of malaria and have never travelled to malaria endemic area. Entomologic survey using human bait trap detected the existence of Anopheles indefinitus that was found to be positive for P. vivax by PCR. Conclusions The results indicated that although we did not find any microscopically slide positive cases, six PCR positive subjects were found. The fact that 2 of the 6 malaria positive subjects have never travelled to malaria endemic area together with the existence of the vector confirm the occurence of local transmission of malaria in the area.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the worms which transmitted through the soil. The people of Dusun Semen, Grogol, Kediri have a habit of defecating in the river. Farmers who work in direct contact with water and soil is possible to be infected with STH. The purpose of this study was to determine STH species in water, soils, and farmer's fecal samples. Water samples were collected from three spots of river A and B, soil samples from 43 rice fields, and fecal samples from 50 farmers. Water samples were examined by sedimentation, soil samples by floatation, and fecal samples by Kato-Katz method. The data were then analyzed by Chi square test. Out of 18 water samples, 12 samples (66.7%) were positive, consisted of 4 samples (22.2%) contained of Ascaris lumbricoides and 8 samples (44.4%) contained Trichuris trichiura. Total soil samples were 129, where 8 samples (6.2%) were positive for A. lumbricoides, and 10 samples (7.7%) for T. trichiura. Out of 50 villagers, only 39 gave the fecal samples, where 12 samples (31.0%) were positive consisted of 5 samples (12.8%) for A. lumbricoides, 8 samples (20.5%) for T.trichiura. In conclusion, the STH species found in the media of water, soil, and feces of farmers are the similar namely A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Positive farmer samples prove STH transmission from STH contaminated water and soil.Keyword: Water, soil, feces, soil transmitted helminths

In STH infection, the most important innate immune response on resistance to worm infections are eosinophils and basophils. The purpose of this research is to examine the correlation of eosinophils and basophils with intensity of STH infection among farmers in Bali. In this cross-sectional analytic study, 162 fecal samples from farmers aged 25-80 years were examined by Kato-Kats thick smear method and determined infection intensity based on number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG). Twenty blood samples from STH infected farmer and 20 blood samples from uninfected farmers were examined by flowcytometry method to obtain eosinophils and basophils. The results showed that prevalence of A. lumbricoides single infection was 1.85%, 9,3% of T. trichiura, 0,61% of Hookworm, mixed infection between A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were 1.2%, mixed infection of A. lumbricoides and Hookworm were 0.61%. There was significant difference of eosinophils and basophils between STH-infected group and uninfected group (p> 0.05). Significant correlation was found between eosinophil count and EPG (rs = 0,572, p = 0,00), also between basophil count and EPG (rs = 0.50, p = 0.001). Eosinophils and basophils are significantly correlated with intensity of STH infection among farmer in Bali.

This research was aimed to describe the density pattern and the fluctuation of Aedes aegypti larval based on the season in dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) endemic area in Surabaya city. The population of the research was the house of people together with its breeding sites either inside and outside the house. The 55 houses were randomly chosen in 11 RWs in Nginden Subdistrict. The sample of this research was Aedes aegypti larva obtained from its breeding sites. The sample sizes were all of the larval in the containers existed in the chosen houses. The samples of the larval were taken and carried for identification and documentation of the species. This research was applied in the same houses in January, March, and May 2008 in rainy season. The results indicated that the highest larval index occurred in January with House Index (HI) 76.8%, Container Index (CI) 40.5%, and Breteau Index (BI) 137.5%. There was a decrease in March with HI 63.3%, CI 31.3%, and BI 92.7%. It continued to decrease in May with HI 42.6%, CI 21.1%, and BI 57.4%. All of those larval indices in the three observed months showed a high percentage of larval which was much higher than the safe limit or the critical threshold (5%) as defined by WHO. It implied that people in Nginden Subdistrict were threaten by the infection of DHF. The three indices achieved the peak in January, which was also the peak of the rainy season. It gradually decreased in March and May as the rainy season decreased its intensity of rain. Larval Density Index (LDI) also showed a high value. There were 173 larval/house in January, 187 larval/house in March, and 84.8 larval/house in May. The containers or breeding sites of Aedes were mostly found in January then their existences gradually decreased in March and May. Traditional bath tub was the most productive container inside the house, while drum and bucket were the most productive containers outside the house. Other containers which contributed abundance of larval were refrigerator, flower pot, well, and PDAM meter box.