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RESUMO Salmonelose é uma doença causada por bactérias do gênero Salmonella, com importância para saúde pública e animal. Dentre os sorotipos hospedeiro-específicos, destaca-se o Gallinarum, que possui os biovares Gallinarum e Pullorum adaptados às aves e amplamente difundidos pelo mundo. Os dados sobre a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em criações avícolas alternativas no Brasil são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em galinhas coloniais encaminhadas para necropsia ao LRD/FV/UFPel. Foram realizadas análises histopatológicas, microbiológicas e moleculares das colônias bacterianas isoladas de 12 amostras de órgãos de galinhas domésticas dos municípios de Pelotas e Piratini, no Rio Grande do Sul. Na análise microbiológica, foram isoladas bactérias do gênero Salmonella sorotipo Gallinarum das 12 amostras, sendo 10/12 bioquimicamente compatíveis com biovar Gallinarum e 2/12 com biovar Pullorum. Na análise molecular PCR 11/12, 91,7% foram identificadas genotipicamente como Salmonella spp. O presente estudo demonstrou uma elevada frequência de isolamento de Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum em aves sintomáticas criadas em regime extensivo. Além disso, os dados epidemiológicos das aves analisadas demonstram que a infecção por Salmonella Gallinarum nesses casos está associada ao contato com aves silvestres e falhas de manejo sanitário.

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Fowl typhoid in apparently healthy, sick and dead birds at Rajshahi city corporation area of Bangladesh. A total of 500 birds (50 from each farm) and 30 different organs (liver from 10, ovary from 8, heart from 7, and caecal tonsils from 5) were randomly collected from different commercial poultry farms during the period from January 2018 to December 2018. The prevalence study was performed based on history, clinical signs, symptoms exhibited by the individual bird of a flock during the observation of farms, and illness of birds. The suspected birds were subjected to necropsy examination. During sample collection, clinical signs and gross necropsy changes were recorded very carefully. The collected tissues were fixed, processed, sectioned, stained, and studied light microscopically. The routine histopathological method was used for the detection of tissue-level alterations in Fowl typhoid infected cases. The prevalence of Fowl typhoid in apparently healthy birds of different poultry farms was 8.2%, and 23.33% of organs were involved. Grossly, the liver was enlarged, congested and revealed bronze discoloration with focal necrosis in the surface of the liver. Old raised hemorrhages were found in the caecal tonsils. Congested, deformed, and pedunculated ova were other important findings. Microscopically, the sections of the liver showing multifocal necrosis with infiltration of heterophils and reticulo-endothelial cells. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(2): 201-209, August 2021

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:11:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) is an avian-restricted pathogen that causes fowl typhoid in poultry. Although it has been reported frequently over many decades in poultry flocks worldwide, the microorganism is more commonly associated with poultry in developing countries, particularly those with high ambient temperatures, where the acute form of the disease results in considerable economic losses. A more detailed investigation of environmental factors that affect the course of disease may assist in identifying effective prevention and control measures. Heat stress is known to impair the immunological response to a variety of pathogens and clearly may be an important contributory factor in the prevalence of disease in countries with warm or hot climates. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of heat stress on chickens infected with SG. For this, light and semi-heavy commercial laying hens were distributed randomly within four groups as follows: infected and non-infected groups in rooms held at ambient temperature, and infected and non-infected groups under heat stress. Clinical signs, egg production, and mortality were recorded daily. Bacteriological counts in liver and spleen samples were estimated at 2, 5, 7, and 14 days post-infection. The results showed that both SG infection and heat stress had similar effects on egg production and a synergistic effect of the two stressors was observed. The data show an interaction between disease and heat stress which could point towards environmental and biosecurity approaches to resolving the possible 30% fall in production observed in such countries. School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Sao Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP)

Although it has rapidly decreased since the early 2000s, fowl typhoid still occurs in commercial layer chickens, causing a significant economic loss in Korea. There is growing concern about the emergence of new pathogenic strains of the causative agent, Salmonella Gallinarum, which is able to overcome vaccine immunity. It has also been suspected that the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, which is commonly found in layer chicken farms, may be an important cause of the recurrence of fowl typhoid in the farms. This study was conducted to examine changes in the virulence of recent isolates of S. Gallinarum obtained from layer farms and estimate the potential of the disease transmission of D. gallinae in the farms. Clinical and environmental samples and mites collected from layer farms affected by fowl typhoid between 2013 and 2018 were tested for S. Gallinarum. The isolates were characterized by genotypic analyses and in vitro virulence assays with chicken-derived cell lines. Vaccine protection against recent isolates was examined in the chickens. A total of 45 isolates of S. Gallinarum were collected and there was no evidence of changes in their virulence. It has also been demonstrated that the S. Gallinarum 9R vaccine strain widely used in Korea is still effective in controlling fowl typhoid if the susceptibility of birds to the disease is not increased by stress. Salmonella Gallinarum isolated from the outer and inner parts of D. gallinae, environmental dust, and dead birds of the same farm showed the same or closely related genotypes. Consequently, the present study indicated that the horizontal transmission and environmental persistence of S. Gallinarum and the increased disease susceptibility of chickens in layer farms could be mediated by D. gallinae, causing persistent outbreaks of fowl typhoid.

Background The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder flocks have also been reported to be affected. Mite infestation has detrimental effects on animal welfare, it causes significant economic losses, and, additionally, D. gallinae is often considered as a vector for pathogens. Despite suspicion of a close relationship between the poultry red mite and Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (serovar Gallinarum), the causative agent of fowl typhoid disease (FT), there has been no definitive proof of mite-mediated transmission. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to determine if D. gallinae-mediated transmission of serovar Gallinarum could be demonstrated among four different hen groups. Methods Two groups of 8 hens (A and B) were experimentally infected with serovar Gallinarum in two isolators. After 7 days, when birds showed signs of FT, about 25,000 mites were introduced. After 3 days, mites were harvested and used to infest two other hen groups of 8 (C and D), in two separate isolators. The health status of hens was constantly monitored; detection and quantification of serovar Gallinarum were performed by PCR and qPCR from mites and organs of dead hens. The maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate and mite vectorial capacity were calculated. Results Clinical disease was observed in groups infected with serovar Gallinarum (A and B) and in hens of groups C and D infested with mites harvested from the isolators containing groups A and B. In all four groups, serovar Gallinarum was detected from liver, spleen, ovary, and cecum of hens, thus confirming the diagnosis of FT. Mite analysis demonstrated the presence of the pathogen, with an estimated infection rate ranging between 13.72 and 55.21 infected per thousand mites. Vectorial capacity was estimated to be 73.79. Conclusions Mites harvested from birds infected with serovar Gallinarum were shown to carry the mite, and then to transfer serovar Gallinarum to isolated groups of pathogen-free birds that subsequently showed signs of FT. Mite vectorial capacity was high, demonstrating that D. gallinae should be considered an effective vector of FT.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T17:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:37:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352020000200499.pdf: 199842 bytes, checksum: e7ab656569326ae0e52a26cd0630a88d (MD5) Coturniculture has increased significantly in the last decades. There are several pathogens that can affect these birds. Among the diseases, fowl typhoid stands out as a disease with a potentially great impact to the poultry industry. The objective of this the study was to evaluate the effect of doses and administration routes of live 9R vaccine on protection of Japanese quails against experimental infection with Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). Two hundred and fifty birds were used, divided into five groups: G1, oral vaccination with one dose; G2, oral vaccination with 2 doses; G3, subcutaneous vaccination with one dose; G4, subcutaneous vaccination with two doses and G5 not vaccinated. All birds from all five groups were challenged with SG at an age of 45 days. SG was quantified in the periods of one, four, seven and twelve days after the challenge. The presence of clinical signs and macroscopic lesions of the disease were observed. The groups vaccinated by subcutaneous route had a higher egg production and lower mortality rate. Birds receiving a dose of the vaccine by subcutaneous route also showed lower amount of SG in the liver and spleen seven days after the challenge. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

The present study was conducted to determine egg production and weight in layers experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum. Twenty layers were used for the research. The layers were purchased at the age of 18 weeks from certified commercial poultry farm in Kujama farm, Kaduna State, Nigeria and housed in the Animal Research Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The birds were examined to certify that they were disease free by collecting samples from the cloacal. The birds were assigned to two groups (infected and control) of ten layers each. The infected group was challenged with Salmonella gallinarum orally at the dose of 0.5 ml of 9 x 108 CFU/ml. All the birds in the control group were orally given 0.5 ml of normal saline. After the infection, all the infected layers were closely observed for clinical signs of fowl typhoid. Percentage of egg production and body weight were measured from each group at days zero (Day 0), 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42, post-infection (pi). By day seven post infection, all birds in the infected group showed clinical signs typical of fowl typhoid, namely, ruffled feathers, weakness, somnolence, greenish-yellow diarrhea, huddling together, decrease in feed and water consumption, and five of the layers died. There were, however, significant drop in egg production and loss of body weight in the S. gallinarum infected group. Key words: Fowl typhoid, Salmonella, inoculum, layers, egg production, body weight.

A selected yeast fraction (SYF) was tested for the purpose of preventing pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in breeder chickens. In a challenge-protection experiment, commercial Three-Yellow breeder chicks were initially divided into groups A, B (challenged, treated), C (challenged, untreated), and D (unchallenged, untreated). The group A diet was supplemented with SYF and group B was supplemented with Acidipure via drinking water. At 7 D, birds of groups A, B, and C were divided into 2 equal subgroups (A1-A2, B1-B2, and C1-C2). Subgroups A1, B1, and C1 were challenged with Salmonella pullorum (SP), while subgroups A2, B2, and C2 were challenged with Salmonella gallinarum (SG). Clinical signs and mortality were recorded daily. At intervals, antibodies against SP and SG were detected by a plate agglutinate test (PAT). At 42 D, all birds were weighed and necropsied, lesions were recorded and challenge pathogens were isolated. Results showed that SP and SG isolation positive rates of groups A1-A2 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of B1-B2 and C1-C2, respectively. The average body weight (BW) of groups A1-A2 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of B1-B2 and C1-C2, respectively. In the field trial, chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 birds were fed a diet supplemented with SYF, group 2 diet was supplemented with Acidipure via drinking water, and group 3 was fed the same but un-supplemented diet as the control group. Antibodies against SP and SG were detected by PAT at 120 D. The antibodies positive rate of group 1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of groups 2 and 3, while no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between groups 2 and 3. The results demonstrated that SYF supplementation could significantly decrease SP and SG infection rates, improve the BW of birds challenged with SP and SG, and was more effective than Acidipure via drinking water.

Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are septicemic avian diseases transmitting through egg by trans-ovarian infections. A series of tests has been performing in breeding flocks of chickens and test plans for proper inspection have been modified by government veterinary institute to control of such diseases. To improve inspection plans, different test methods were compared using fowl typhoid positive samples from a poultry farm located in Jeonbuk state in 2012. Based on first inspection, 11 samples among total 200 samples were positive by rapid slide agglutination (RSA) test and 7 samples among RSA positive samples were finally diagnosed as Salmonella Gallinarum infection by ELISA, bacterial isolation, PCR, and histopathologic examination. In the second inspection, 20 samples among total 100 samples were positive by RSA test. Among RSA positive ones, 19 samples were positive by ELISA, S. Gallinarm were successfully isolated in 3 samples, and 16 samples were positive by PCR in the cecal tonsils where were not successful for bacterial isolation. Based on histopathologic examination, severe inflammation in the 13 cecal tonsils and infiltration of lymphocytes and heterophils in the 11 livers were observed. Therefore, we suggest that bacterial isolation, PCR, and histopathologic examination methods in the third inspection need to be further used in various tissues for correct diagnosis and for final eradication of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in breeding flocks of chickens.

Salmonella Gallinarum is the agent of fowl typhoid in poultry and infects mainly adult galliforms, causing significant economic losses in poultry production. Because quails are susceptible to this disease and quail production is becoming increasingly important in Brazil, this study was carried out to evaluate the virulence of Salmonella Gallinarum strain to quails. The inoculum was prepared from S. Gallinarum strain resistant to nalidixic acid. Forty eight 16-week-old Japanese quails were randomly distributed in three groups. Before the experiment, cloacal swabs were collected from all birds in order to confirm they were free from Salmonella spp. Cloacal swabs and fecal samples were collected on days 03, 06, 09, 12, and 15 post-inoculation. Birds that died during the experiment were submitted to post-mortem examination, and had their organs aseptically collected for bacteriological examination. All eggs produced during the experiment were also examined. The mortality rate recorded during the experiment was 43.75% (21/48). S. Gallinarum was recovered from the organs of the birds that naturally died during the experiment, but the agent was not isolated from the organs of sacrificed birds. No egg sample was positive for Salmonella Gallinarum. It was concluded that S. Gallinarum may be recovered from the organs of experimentally-infected Japanese quails.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Salmonella Gallinarum (9, 12) infection on broiler chicks infected through oral and intraperitoneal routes. One hundred and ten broiler chicks (1 week of age) were divided into three groups: group CR (30 chicks) were kept uninfected and served as control group, group OR (40 chicks) were inoculated orally with Salmonella Gallinarum (109 organisms/ml) and group IP (40 chicks) were infected intraperitoneally with Salmonella Gallinarum (109 organisms/ml). Three birds from each group (including those that die) were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post infection (DPI). Clinical signs were noticed as early as 12 h after intraperitoneal infection and on 3 DPI after oral infection. Higher mortality of 47.50% was observed in intraperitoneally infected chicks as compared to 22.50% in orally infected birds. Decreased body weight and reduced feed intake were observed in chicks in both the infected groups; however, the effects were more marked in chicks infected intraperitoneally. Mean values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both orally infected as well as intraperitoneally infected chicks. Leucocytosis observed in both the infected groups was due to increase in the number of heterophils and lymphocytes. Significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum total protein and serum albumin was observed in intraperitoneally infected birds only. However, the values of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both the orally infected and intraperitoneally infected birds.

Prevalence of major legal communicable diseases in chickens and ducks, which had occurred in Jeonbuk province from year 2004 to 2008. Total 283 farms 1,419,244 chickens and ducks have been affected by avian diseases. Specifically, fowl typhoid (FT) occurred in 92 farms 416,600 chickens, Marek's disease (MD) in 45 farms 145,563, duck virus hepatitis (DVH) in 31 farms 199,200, infectious bursal disease (IBD) in 27 farms 113,220, infectious bronchitis (IB) in 27 farms 280,300, low patho-genic avian influenza (LPAI) in 26 farms 78,495, avian mycoplasmosis in 16 farms 103,774, Newcastle disease (ND) occurred in 11 farms 61,052, avian encephalomyelitis (AE) in 7 farms 21,000, Pullorum disease (PD) occurred in 1 farm 40. According to total analysis about major legal communi-cable diseases, 1 species of first-class legal communicable diseases have occurred, 3 species of sec-ond-class and 6 species of third-class all adding up to 10 species. In the first-class diseases, Newcastle disease have occurred. Pullorum and fowl typhoid, duck virus hepatitis in the second-class have oc-curred and as third-class diseases, Marek's disease, Infectious bursal disease, Infectious bronchitis, avi-an mycoplasmosis, avian encephalomyelitis, low pathogenic avian influenza have occurred.

Fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the epidemiological status of...

Zusammenfassung Einflus des Proteingehaltes in der Ration auf die Empfanglichkeit gegen Salmonella gallinarum Es wurde ein Versuch mit 12%, 14% und 16% Protein im Junghennenfutter durchgefuhrt und die Empfanglichkeit der Junghennen gegenuber einer Belastung mit Salmonella gallinarum (Nsukka Stamm) untersucht. Aus den Untersuchungen ging hervor, das bei hochstem Proteingehalt in der Ration (16%) die hochste Mortalitatsrate auftrat und die Krankheit insgesamt den hartesten Verlauf nahm.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:40:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf: 657228 bytes, checksum: b1773185bcaff300142349d9d4b64c67 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf: 657228 bytes, checksum: b1773185bcaff300142349d9d4b64c67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf: 657228 bytes, checksum: b1773185bcaff300142349d9d4b64c67 (MD5) S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf.txt: 38064 bytes, checksum: fb7984cf1a0ea781b3604d42f213961f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf: 657228 bytes, checksum: b1773185bcaff300142349d9d4b64c67 (MD5) S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf.txt: 38064 bytes, checksum: fb7984cf1a0ea781b3604d42f213961f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf: 657228 bytes, checksum: b1773185bcaff300142349d9d4b64c67 (MD5) S1516-635X2007000200010.pdf.txt: 38064 bytes, checksum: fb7984cf1a0ea781b3604d42f213961f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) This study aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of commercial laying hens to Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). Two experiments were carried using a mutant strain of Salmonella Gallinarum resistant to nalidix acid (SGNALr). In the first trial, the resistance of birds was evaluated based on clinical signs, faecal shedding, and mortality. It was carried out with six lines of commercial layers being three light white layers, considered to be resistant to SG (W1, W2, W3), and three semi-heavy brown varieties (B1, B2, B3), considered susceptible to SG. Each group contained 15 one-day-old birds. Hens were inoculated in the crop at 5 days of age with 0.2 mL of SGNALr neat culture. In addition, to each brown variety, a new group of 15 birds was challenged with 0.2mL of the same SGNALr culture diluted at 10-3. At the end of the first experiment, the surviving birds were sacrificed, and microbiological culture of liver and spleen was performed. In the second experiment, white and brown birds were inoculated with neat culture at five days of age. Samples were collected for evaluation of blood parameters and histopathology assessment at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 days post-infection. The results of the first experiment showed higher resistance of white birds (p

Fowl typhoid (FT), caused by Salmonella gallinarum (SG), is responsible for heavy economic losses through morbidity, mortality, and reduced egg production to the poultry industry worldwide. The use of alternative medications to control FT is important in light of emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains of SG and the public's desire to have organically grown poultry. We report the efficient utilization of tissue culture medium waste after harvest of Korean wild ginseng (TCM-KWG) (Panax ginseng) as an alternative medicine in the control of FT. In a series of experiments performed in this study, we found that oral administration of TCM-KWG through drinking water significantly reduced the mortality, organ invasiveness, and fecal shedding of SG in 1-d-old chickens experimentally infected with virulent SG. The results were positively correlated with higher dose and longer duration of pretreatment with TCM-KWG in relation to reduction in mortality caused by FT. The results of this work indicate that the TCM-KWG may be used as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative medicine to control and minimize the losses due to FT in chickens.

A study was conducted on 393 apparently healthy exotic and local chickens reared at different management systems in eastern Ethiopia in order to determine the sero-prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. To achieve this objective, blood samples were collected and the expressed sera were used from the selected chickens for antibody detection. The samples were from Haramaya University (309 chickens) and Dire Dawa (84 chickens). Subsequently, serum slide agglutination test was employed. Based on this, the overall prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum was 125/393 (31.8%). The prevalence of each farm was 95 (30.7%) Haramaya University farm, 13 (32.5%) Dire Dawa University farm and 17 (38.6%) local breeds of Dire Dawa. Moreover, the study has recorded higher prevalence in back yard chickens as compared to chickens reared at intensive farms. However, associated risk factors have not been found statistically significant at (P value < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum were prevalent in both production systems. Therefore, further epidemiological investigations on these pathogens and implementation of control measures are mandatory.

Assessment of production and productivity of village chicken were conducted in two agro-ecology (midland, highland) and eight rural kebeles (RKs), in Chelliya district. A total of 120 households were participated in the survey. The study revealed that the primary aim of chicken rearing is for sale of live chicken (31.81%) followed by for incubation (30.7%). the overall village chicken flock size was 3.81±0.18 per household. The major supplement feed for chicken was wheat grain (59.2 %) followed by food leftover (25.8%). About 70.8% of the respondents give more supplements to layers followed by chicks (10.8%). Hens/layers got the priority highest attention because farmers believe that supplemented hens lay more eggs. About 53.3% of the households shared the same room followed by a separately constructed houses (33.3%) and separate quarter in the same roof for family (13.3%). The Parameters used for selecting breeding village chicken were plumage colors (30%), body weight (27.5%), comp type (23.3%), breed type (12.5%), and comp shape (6.7%), in that order. The major diseases reported in the study area was Newcastle disease (85 %) and 15% other diseases including Coccidosis, Fowl pox and Fowl typhoid. generally exotic breeds seems to perform better than indigenous and there is a need for improvement in production practices and productivity of the cross breeds and indigenous breeds. K ey w o r d s: Village chicken, Productivity, Marketing, Household, Ethiopia

A bacteriological study of Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum was conducted in intensively managed chickens in Hawassa, Ethiopia between November 2008 and May 2009. The objectives of the study were to estimate the bacteriological prevalence of S. Gallinarum/Pullorum in apparently healthy chickens and to assess the proportional morbidity/mortality from S. Gallinarum/Pullorum in sick/dead chickens. Cloacal swabs were collected from a total of 380 randomly selected chickens from 3 poultry farms to estimate the prevalence, whereas necropsy samples of liver, spleen and ceca were collected from 31 sick/dead chickens to estimate the proportional morbidity/mortality. The prevalence of Salmonella infection (S. Gallinaum/Pullorum) was 0.8% (3/380), while isolation was possible from 16.1% (5/31) sick/dead chickens. Only S. Gallinarum was isolated from cloacal swabs. Of the 6 isolates obtained from necropsy samples 1 was S. Pullorum and the rest 5 S. Gallinarum; and, 3 were from liver, 2 from cecum and 1 from spleen. It is concluded that salmonellosis is prevalent and fowl typhoid and pullorum disease have significant role in morbidity and mortality of intensively managed chickens in Hawassa. This result may indicate the challenge that the poultry industry of the country may face from S. Gallinarum/Pullorum in the future in its intensification. Concerted efforts, therefore, should be made at national and local levels to control the diseases. Keywords ∙ Ethiopia ∙ Hawassa ∙ Isolation ∙ Prevalence ∙ Salmonella Gallinarum- Pullorum

To determine the most appropriate dose in drinking water of the disinfectant N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TIMSEN), a fowl typhoid challenge trial was carried out using 21-day-old Salmonella-free chickens. In a pretrial, performed with six groups of 10 chickens each, it was shown that the disinfectant was atoxic and safe when administered during 15 days at doses of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 800 ppm, 1600 ppm, or 3200 ppm. Thereafter, a challenge trial was performed with 390 chickens divided into six groups of 65 birds each. Chickens were treated during 9 days with oral doses of 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm (groups identified as A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the beginning of the treatment, 30 chickens of each group were orally inoculated with 10(9) colony-forming units of Salmonella Gallinarum strain INTA 91 per bird. The remaining 35 unchallenged chickens from each group were left in the same cage in close contact with the other challenged birds of their group. All surviving chickens were sacrificed 8 days after challenge. Livers from all birds were examined for the presence of Salmonella Gallinarum. Salmonella Gallinarum was isolated from all challenged chickens and from some unchallenged chickens of groups A (4/35), E (3/35), and F (6/35), but not from any unchallenged chicken from groups B, C, and D. Doses of 50 ppm (group C) significantly reduced mortality (30%) in comparison with the untreated control group A (65%). Mortality in group B (45%) was not significantly different from group C. Administration of higher doses of the disinfectant resulted in significantly higher mortality rates, 70% in group E and 85% in groups D and F. Increased infection and mortality rates of groups D, E, and F might have been caused by inhibition of the protective action of the normal gut flora. To reduce horizontal infection and mortality, the manufacturer's prescribed oral dose of 25 ppm may be increased up to 50 ppm. Nevertheless, higher doses should be avoided because they may cause horizontal increased spread of the disease and mortality.

In a survey of major constraints limiting commercial poultry production in Gombe metropolis, 2,121 poultry cases were presented at the Gombe State Veterinary Clinic between January 1995 and December 2004. Out of the total number of cases presented, Newcastle disease (ND) accounted for 14.66%, chronic respiratory disease (CRD) 12.31%, fowl typhoid (FT) 12.02%, coccidiosis 10.81%, fowl pox (FP) 10.33%, fowl cholera (FC) 8.63%, nutritional disorders 8.49%, ectoparasitism 7.49% while helminthosis accounted for 7.07%. Based on the analysis of 110 questionnaires administered to poultry farmers, ND was found to be the most prevalent accounting for 19.1% of the total, FP accounted for 15.7%, and helminthosis accounted for 2.2%. The results suggest that infectious, non-infectious, and parasitic diseases constituted the major constraints to successful commercial poultry production in Gombe State. Keywords : Poultry production, constraints, Gombe State, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol. 27 (2) 2006: pp. 75-78

Protecting poultry flocks from contamination by undesirable micro-organisms is an extremely important component of commercial poultry production. The introduction of a highly pathogenic, contagious disease organism into poultry flocks could result in serious economic consequences for the whole society. Salmonella are intestinal bacteria that can be transmitted by all animals, including humans. Out of total 2500 serovars the two host-adapted serovars, Salmonella pullorum (pullorum disease) and S. gallinarum (fowl typhoid) mainly affect the poultry. Salmonella can be transmitted both vertically from parent flocks to progeny and horizontally from contamination in the environment to the birds. Good management and bio-security can reduce the risk of introduction and persistence of infections to minimal levels.

In this study a microagglutination test (MAT) was developed, evaluated and compared with a rapid whole-blood agglutination test (RWBAT) for detection of Salmonella gallinarum antibodies in commercial layer chickens in Morogoro, Tanzania. The results showed that at Kigurunyembe farm, 16 (32%) of chicken tested were RWBAT positive while 30 (60%) were MAT positive among the 50 sera tested. Results from Kilakala farm revealed 10 (20%) sera that were RWBAT positive whereas 5 (10%) were positive for MAT among the 50 sera tested. On both farms, S. gallinarum was isolated from 21 chickens. The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values for MAT were 57, 71, 34 and 86%, respectively, and 67, 85, 54 and 82 %, respectively for RWBAT. Although MAT was slightly less sensitive and less specific than RWBAT, it revealed a higher true seroprevalence (35%) of fowl typhoid than RWBAT (26%). When the test is optimized it may be preferred because it uses less time, space and antigen while permitting more objective evaluation of antibody titers. Higher growth and seroprevalence of S. gallinarum was observed in Rhode Island Red than Black Australop chickens. Keywords : chickens, microagglutination test, Salmonella gallinarum , seroprevalence, whole blood agglutination test Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54(2) 2006: 124-130

Fowl typhoid in three commercial poultry farms in Zaria, Nigeria, is reported. The first farm containing 30,000 battery caged shaver and Babcock layers aged 35-7 weeks, recorded 2.6% mortality. The second consisting of 2,500, Babcock layers on deep litter and aged 21 to 22 weeks, recorded 48.0% mortality. The farm also had 2,000, 9-week-old broilers with no mortality. The third farm with 2,500 Harco layers on deep litter aged 60 weeks recorded a 4.6% mortality rate. At necropsy grossly enlarged dark-greenish liver, enlarged mottled spleen and irregularly shaped haemorrhagic ovarian follicles were seen. Myocarditis, proventriculitis, hepatitis, enteritis and pneumonia were observed microscopically. Salmonella gallinarum was consistently isolated, in pure culture from the liver and bile. Liver and bile are good sources for the isolation of S. gallinarum for diagnostic purposes. KEY WORDS: Fowl typhoid, commercial, farms Nigerian Veterinary Journal Vol.24(2) 2003: 63-67

The experiment described evaluated the effect of a commercial in-feed preparation (Bio-Add™) involving a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid on the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid in groups of 41 and 42 1-wk-old Rhode Island Red chickens. The chickens were infected through contact with 12 identical chickens that had been inoculated orally with 108 cfu of Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. The incidence of mortality and morbidity due to fowl typhoid was 31/41 (76%) in birds given untreated feed and 14/42 (33%) in birds given feed treated with Bio-Add™.

SIR, – We wish to report the identification of fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella Gallinarum associated with high mortality in commercial caged layer birds. S Gallinarum has not been recovered from UK poultry since 1986, and is not considered to be a zoonotic organism. . A private veterinary

A commercial competitive exclusion (CE) culture (PREEMPT) was evaluated for its ability to decrease mortality during the first 10-12 days posthatch resulting from the causative agent of fowl typhoid, Salmonella gallinarum. In the first experiment, chicks provided the CE culture on day of hatch and challenged with 10(5) S. gallinarum on day 3 had a significant decrease in mortality compared with non-CE-treated S. gallinarum-challenged chicks in all four replicates. Mortality for control chicks when averaged across all four replicates was 74% compared with 7.5% for the CE-treated chicks. A second experiment was performed that was designed to measure the efficacy of the CE culture in decreasing the horizontal transmission of this pathogen from infected to uninfected chicks when commingled. Day-of-hatch chicks that were directly infected (seeders) with 10(5) S. gallinarum and provided no CE culture averaged 86% S. gallinarum organ positive and 80% mortality during the first 12 days posthatch across four replicates. Untreated contact (not directly infected) chicks that were commingled with the seeder chicks averaged 84% S. gallinarum organ positive and 54% mortality, and the commingled CE-treated contact chicks (provided CE culture on day of hatch) average 35% S. gallinarum organ positive and 9% mortality during the same time period. These results are of importance to the poultry industry in geographic areas where poultry production is adversely affected by fowl typhoid and indicate that treating newly hatched chicks with this commercial CE culture may be a novel way of decreasing economic losses associated with this highly pathogenic organism.

LAMBERT (1932a) showed that it was possible by selective breeding to develop strains of chicks that varied greatly in regard to resistance to Salmonella gallinarum infection (see also Gowen, 1948; and Bell, 1949). Lambert (1932b) also tested the resistance of unselected chicks of different breeds to the intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella gallinarum when seven days old. Only slight differences were noted between the breeds, the mortality rates being very high, varying from 79.7 to 94.4 percent. During recent studies at the Poultry Research Station to find a suitable breed for investigating the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on experimental fowl typhoid, considerable variation was noted between different breeds when they were infected orally at 8 weeks of age (Smith 1955a,b). In view of this, it was decided to extend these studies, the results of which are contained in this paper. It will be apparent that these studies were not planned on …

INTRODUCTION IN ACUTE outbreaks of fowl typhoid the main method of spread is probably by infected droppings and a proportion of recovered birds may also excrete the organism in this way. That the egg may also be a vehicle of infection is shown by the isolation of Salm. gallinarum from time to time from eggs laid by recovered birds, and this paper provides some observations on this subject. Salm. gallinarum has been isolated from baby chicks on numerous occasions, under circumstances which suggest that infection was transmitted via the egg, Taylor (1916), Beaudette (1925), Beach and Davis (1927), Komarov (1932). More recently the organism has been isolated from the egg itself. Gauger (1937) isolated Salm. gallinarum from 3 of 626 eggs laid by carrier birds. Nobrega and Bueno (1942) examined a total of 1,465 eggs from three groups of birds which were chronic carriers of fowl typhoid. The incidence of …

MANY diseases have ceased to exact heavy toll from the poultry industry, as a result of the combined efforts of nutrition workers, pathologists, and parasitologists. Rickets, pullorum, fowl pox, and blackhead are but a few examples of diseases that have yielded to the application of the results of research. Eradication of disease entities, such as pullorum and tuberculosis, by removal of reactors, and avoiding contact and exposure, as in the case of blackhead and tapeworms, have been among the more important means of achieving this result. Vaccination practices have eliminated the immediate hazard of losses from fowl pox and laryngotracheitis, although efforts to immunize against fowl cholera and fowl typhoid have not proved successful. Management factors, involving the improvement of environmental conditions, have increased the general resistance of the flock, yet control of coryza and chick bronchitis seems to depend upon segregation and avoiding exposure of susceptibles through good management, . . .

This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and mortality in chickens caused by pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in five different government poultry farms according to three age groups during the period from June 2002 to May 2003. The overall seroprevalence of salmonellosis, especially pullorum disease and fowl typhoid was 26.67%. The mean seropositivity of five farms in three different age groups from each farm was 18.97±2.27%, 33.20±3.53% and 27.84±2.67% on 10th, 24th and 40th week of age, respectively. The mean seropositivity of three different age groups from each farm was 36.77±5.40%, 24.05±3.97%, 26.80±3.90%, 25.77±4.49% and 19.93±3.28% in Mirpur, Savar, Bogra, Kishoregonj and Tangail poultry farm, respectively. Fowl typhoid caused by S. gallinarum was the most predominant organism accounting for 295 isolates, and only 74 isolates were identified as pullorum disease caused by S. pullorum. The highest mean proportion of mortality due to fowl typhoid among five farms was 43.36±2.39% and was highly significant (P < 0.001) in 27-39 weeks age group. The proportion of mortality due to Pullorum disease was highly significant (P < 0.001) in day 0-13 weeks age groups and in respect of age, the highest mean value of pullorum disease was 10.47±1.14 from five farms.Key Words: seroprevalence; mortality; pullorum disease, fowl typhoid, chickensdoi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i2.2539Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (2): 103-106

FOWL typhoid is a disease of great economic importance to poultrymen in many sections of the United States, particularly in the heavily populated Delmarva area where the disease is most prevalent, according to a nationwide survey made by Moore (1946a). For this reason, additional knowledge of Salmonella gallinarum, the causative organism of fowl typhoid, would be of great value in formulating plans for the effective control of the disease. It was the purpose of this study to determine the longevity of S. gallinarum on materials found in the environment of the poultry plant. Since it was impractical to make a thorough study of this type under actual farm conditions, certain materials were chosen which are commonly found on poultry farms and which might be subjected to laboratory examination. Cloth (cotton feed sack), plastic cover slips (resembling glass or plastic window material), chick down, chicken feed (broiler mash), and water were…

FOWL typhoid has become an extremely important disease of poultry and appears to be highly pathogenic to the New Hampshire which is at present a very popular breed. Post mortems and cultures on chicks received by our laboratory for examination have shown the disease to exist in this area. However, we do not know whether these findings indicate a recent introduction of the infection. Possibly fowl typhoid has existed here for some time and has only recently come to be recognized as a disease separate from pullorum infection and fowl cholera, with which it has been frequently confused. From the standpoint of gross pathology, fowl typhoid bears a similarity to fowl cholera, whereas on the basis of bacteriological and serological findings, it is often confused with pullorum disease. In 1945, Severens, Roberts and Card reported that sulfonamides were effective in combating pullorum disease, and Hammond (1945) found several of these . . .

GENETIC differences in resistance to different infectious diseases of chickens have been extensively studied by a large number of investigators. Since Hutt (1949) has recently reviewed the field it is not necessary to cover the same ground here, except to list the particular diseases for which genetic information is available. They include avian diphtheria (Frateur, 1924), fowl typhoid (Lambert and Knox, 1932), pullorum (Roberts and Card, 1935), and lymphomatosis (Asmundson and Biely, 1932; Taylor, Lerner, DeOme and Beach, 1943; Hutt and Cole, 1948; and many others). Although the various respiratory diseases to which chickens are subject are extremely common in the field, so far apparently no demonstration of genetic variation in resistance to any of them has appeared in the literature. The purpose of the present report is to record the evidence for the existence of such variation in the University of California flock of Single Comb White Leghorns. This . . .