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Veterinary cytology faced a remarkable evolution in the last 15 years, in part due to increase recognition of the advantages of the cytology by veterinary clinicians. Simultaneously, there has been a growing awareness by the owners about the importance of a complete diagnostic workup aimed at defining a proper treatment protocol. With the extended use of cytology, challenging diagnostic cases are more frequent, and more clinically useful answers are requested. In this scenario, the use of cytology specimens to perform ancillary techniques is a valid approach. Rather than being simply archived, cytology slides can be a valuable source and a good platform to carry out cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and molecular techniques. Therefore, several diagnostic techniques can be applied in tiny samples, thus following the "doing more with less" principle. The aim of this approach is to refine the cytologic diagnosis and provide additional prognostic and therapeutic information. Herein, we detailed this principle in veterinary cytology and reviewed the use of cytology specimens for ancillary techniques as a single procedure, i.e., using the whole slide, or multiple procedures, i.e., multiple procedures applied in the same slide., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

These guidelines are intended to provide an in-depth review of current knowledge and assist the planning and implementation of studies for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides in reducing transmission of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) to dogs and cats. At present, the prevention of VBP transmission in companion animals is generally achieved through the administration of products that can repel or rapidly kill arthropods, thus preventing or interrupting feeding before transmission occurs. The present guidelines complement existing guidelines, which focus on efficacy assessment of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations, but also give guidance for studies focused on other vectors (i.e. mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies). The efficacy of parasiticides in reducing VBP transmission can be evaluated through laboratory or field studies. As such, the present guidelines provide recommendations for these studies, representing a tool for researchers, pharmaceutical companies and authorities involved in the research, development and registration of products with claims for reducing VBP transmission in dogs and cats, respecting the overall principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). Gaps in our current understanding of VBP transmission times are herein highlighted and the need for further basic research on related topics is briefly discussed., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Objective: In 2012, the Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) published the first evidence-based small animal CPR guidelines. Even though a RECOVER-based CPR approach has been shown to improve patient outcomes, guideline awareness and compliance is necessary to see such benefits. Our study aimed to characterize Swiss small animal veterinary CPR practices and assess their compliance with RECOVER guidelines. Methods: A nationwide, internet-based survey was conducted, and invitations distributed via Swiss veterinary society mailing lists. Questions covered respondents' demographics, CPR preparedness, Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) techniques, and awareness of RECOVER guidelines. Percentages of group total (95% confidence interval) were calculated. Results: One-hundred and fifty respondents were grouped by level of expertise into board-certified specialists (BCS, n = 19), veterinarians with additional post-graduate training (PGT, n = 27), and general practitioners with (GPE, n = 30), and without emergency duties (GPG, n = 74). Of BCS respondents, 58% (36-77%) were familiar with the RECOVER guidelines, compared to 8% (4-17%) of GPG. Large disparities in preparedness, BLS, and ALS techniques emerged among the levels of expertise. Incompliance with preparedness measures varied from 89% (69-98%) in BCS to 100% (95-100%) in GPG and was predominantly due to failure to attend regular CPR training. BLS compliance ranged from 26% (12-49%) in BCS to 5% (2-13%) in GPG, and incompliance was mostly characterized by targeting lower than recommended chest compression rates. ALS compliance varied from 21% (9-43%) in BCS to 0% (0-5%) in GPG and was compromised by limitations in the resuscitation environment such as lacking access to a defibrillator, monitoring equipment, and rescue drugs. Conclusion: Awareness of RECOVER guidelines in Switzerland is acceptable in specialists, but inadequate among general practitioners and CPR practices are largely not in agreement with RECOVER guidelines. An educational strategy is needed to improve Swiss small animal CPR knowledge and performance.

The estimation of long-standing pain in companion animals through the measurement of different dimensions impacted by pain is a fundamental requirement if pain management, and pain therapeutic development, are to advance. Although pain management in veterinary medicine has advanced considerably in the last 20 years, there is much critical work to do in the area of measurement of chronic pain. To date, most work has centered on musculoskeletal pain, and has been focused around the measurement of limb use and the development of owner-completed questionnaires, or clinical metrology instruments (CMI). Recent areas of research have extended to developing measures of activity, sensory function (quantitative sensory testing; nociceptive withdrawal reflexes), and quality of life (QoL). Across all these areas, more data on validity are needed, and studies should be extended to other painful disease states. By necessity, assessing measurement tools requires testing in field studies, which incur considerable time and expense. Facilitating these studies could be optimized with a collaborative (industry, academia and private practice) approach, and the utility of the information produced from all field studies would be enhanced by full and transparent reporting and data sharing, including data already generated by industry in the form of studies submitted to the regulatory authorities., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Consultations are complex interactions, are central to achieving optimal outcomes for all stakeholders, yet what constitutes a successful consultation has not been defined. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the scope of the literature available on specific health problem consultations and appraise their identified success measures. Searches of CAB Abstracts and MEDLINE were performed in May 2016 using species and consultation terms. Systematic sorting of the results allowed identification of consultation 'success factors' cited in peer-reviewed veterinary literature which were appraised using an appropriate critical appraisal tool (AXIS). Searches returned 11 330 results with a total of 17 publications meeting the inclusion criteria, of which four measured consultation success. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association was the most common journal of publication (9 of 17) and the majority of included papers had been published since 2010 (12 of 17). Success factors measured were compliance, client satisfaction and veterinary surgeon satisfaction, and publications primarily used communication analysis tools to measure success. The review highlights the paucity of peer-reviewed literature examining small animal, health problem veterinary consultations. The available evidence is of variable quality and provides weak evidence as to which factors contribute to a successful consultation., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© British Veterinary Association (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Objective: To examine available evidence on prehospital care in human and veterinary trauma and emergency medicine and develop best practice guidelines for use by both paramedical and nonparamedical personnel in the approach to the prehospital care of dogs and cats., Design: Systematic evaluation of the literature gathered via medical databases searches of Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar., Synthesis: From a review and systematic evaluation of the available evidence, consensus guidelines on the approach to prehospital care of dogs and cats in 18 scenarios were developed., Conclusions: Due to the lack of current evidence in the veterinary prehospital arena, best practice guidelines were developed as an initial platform. Recommendations were based on a review of pertinent human and available veterinary literature as well as a consensus of the authors' professional opinions. It is anticipated that evidence-based additions will be made in the future., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2016.)

Allergic diseases in animals are increasingly gaining importance in veterinary practice and as research models. For intradermal testing and allergen immunotherapy, a good knowledge of relevant allergens for the individual species is of great importance. Currently, the knowledge about relevant veterinary allergens is based on sensitization rates identified by intradermal testing or serum testing for allergen-specific IgE; crude extracts are the basis for most evaluations. Only a few studies provide evidence about the molecular structure of (particularly) dust mite, insect and mould allergens in dogs and horses, respectively. In those species, some major allergens differ from those in humans. This position paper summarizes the current knowledge about relevant allergens in dogs, cats and horses., (© 2015 The Authors Allergy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Interventional radiology (IR) involves the use of contemporary imaging modalities to gain access to different structures in order to deliver materials for therapeutic purposes. Veterinarians have been expanding the use of these minimally invasive techniques in animals with a variety of conditions involving all of the major body systems. Interventional oncology (IO) is a growing subspecialty of IR in human medicine used (1) to restore patency to malignant obstructions through endoluminal stenting, (2) to provide dose escalations to tumors without increasing systemic chemotherapy toxicities via superselective transarterial chemotherapy delivery, (3) to stop hemorrhage or reduce blood flow to tumors via transarterial embolization or chemoembolization, and (4) to provide therapies for those cancers with no safe or effective alternative options. This review provides a brief introduction to a few of the techniques currently available to veterinarians for cancer treatment. For each technique, the concept for improved palliation, patient quality of life, or tumor control is presented, followed by the most current veterinary clinical information available. Although promising, more studies will be necessary to determine if veterinary IO will provide the same benefits as has already been demonstrated in oncology care in humans., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cats have orthopedic problems, including osteoarthritis, fractures, and luxations that are positively impacted by physical rehabilitation. Most cats have an independent behavior that requires using a tactful approach to rehabilitation. Cats often do well with manual therapy and electrophysical modalities. Feline rehabilitation sessions may be shorter than canine rehabilitation sessions. Cats do best with therapeutic exercises when these exercises are linked to hunting, playing, or feeding., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate anaesthetic death after implementation of recommendations and its risk factors in a small animal practice., Study Design: Observational cohort study., Animals: All cats and dogs anaesthetized at the Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire des Cordeliers during two periods, from April 15th, 2008 to April 15th, 2010 (period 1) and from June 15th, 2010 to August 24th, 2011 (period 2)., Methods: Death occurring during or before full recovery from anaesthesia was recorded. At the end of period 1, a logistic regression model was generated to describe anaesthetic death and identify risk factors. Potential risk factors in our practice setting were identified, and three recommendations, relating to improving physical status and anaesthetic/analgesic regimen implemented for period 2. The relationship between anaesthetic death and recorded variables were analyzed, and where relevant, compared between periods., Results: Six thousand two hundred and thirty-one animals underwent general anaesthesia. The overall death rate during period 1 was 1.35% (48 in 3546, 95% CI [1.0-1.7%]) and during period 2 was 0.8% (21 in 2685, 95% CI [0.6-1.2%]). For sick animals (ASA status 3 and over), the overall death rate was 4.8% (45 of 944 95% [CI 3.5-6.4%]) during period 1 and 2.2% (18 of 834 95% CI [1.3-3.5%]) during period 2; this represented a significant decrease in death rate in period 2 (p = 0.002). In period 2, the main factors associated with an increased odds ratio of anaesthetic death were poor health status (ASA physical status classification) and old age. Species, gender, anaesthetic regimen, the nature and urgency of the procedure were not associated with risk., Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Following evidence based recommendations, the death rate related to anaesthesia was significantly decreased during period 2 compared to period 1. Application of evidence-based medicine may contribute to an effective approach to decrease death rates. Other factors, not monitored in this study, may also have had an impact., (© 2013 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia.)

Objective: To systematically examine the evidence on system comparability between the thromboelastography and the rotational thromboelastometry viscoelastic point-of-care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps., Design: Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice., Setting: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers., Results: Medline via PubMed, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar were searched. A total of 8 relevant articles were chosen, none were in support of the question, 1 was neutral to the question (level of evidence [LOE] 6, Poor), and 7 were in opposition to the question (LOE 3 Good; LOE 6 Good; LOE 6 Fair; LOE 6 Poor)., Conclusions: Results from the 2 analyzers are not directly comparable and extrapolation of the results from one machine to the other should be avoided. Standardization of the preanalytical variables (eg, blood collection, holding time, and temperature during holding) is strongly recommended. It is recommended that each site create their own "site specific" reference values for each machine and that test samples be compared only to the standardized reference values established at that center. Start-up and consumable costs vary between countries and local comparisons should be performed. Decisions should be made based on the expected use of the machine and if multiple operators will be using it., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014.)

Objective: To systematically examine evidence surrounding definitions and reporting of data for viscoelastic testing in veterinary medicine., Design: Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice., Setting: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers., Results: Databases searched included Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar., Conclusions: All 4 standard thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) variables should be universally reported, and the reporting of shear elastic modulus in addition to maximum amplitude (MA) is encouraged. There is insufficient evidence to support universal usage of the coagulation index at this time. The K value and clot formation time are the most variable of the 4 parameters, with alpha angle, MA, and maximum clot firmness generally the least variable. Individual studies should report sufficient data on patients and institutional controls to enable definitions of hypo- and hypercoagulability to be evaluated post-hoc, and it is recommended that all studies specifically report how these conditions were defined. In reporting data relating to fibrinolysis, the TEG variables LY30, LY60, CL30, CL60, and the ROTEM variables LI30, LI60, ML, LOT, and LT should be documented. Studies should report sufficient data on patients and controls to enable definitions of hyper- and hypofibrinolysis to be evaluated post-hoc, and we suggest that standard TEG/ROTEM assays may be unable to detect hypofibrinolysis in companion animals. We recommend that every center establish reference intervals, which are specific to either TEG or ROTEM. These reference intervals should be established using veterinary clinical pathology guidelines, standardized protocols, and a minimum of 40 healthy animals. There are currently insufficient data in companion animals to suggest a utility for Vcurve variables beyond that of standard TEG variables., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014.)

Objective: To examine systematically the evidence on sample acquisition and handling for the thrombo elastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) viscoelastic point of care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps., Design: Six questions were considered, addressing sampling site, collection system, anticoagulant, collection procedure, and sample storage. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature was performed. Relevant articles were categorized according to level of evidence (LOE). Consensus was developed regarding conclusions for application of concepts to clinical practice., Setting: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers., Results: PubMed and CAB abstracts were searched. Eighteen papers were initially chosen; 5 of these papers applied to > 1 domain question. Three papers were used to address 2 questions each, and 2 papers were used to address 3 questions each. Most papers were judged LOE 3 (Good or Fair). Two of 5 papers were judged to be the same LOE each time they were used; 2 papers were judged to be LOE 3, Fair for 1 question and 3, Good for a second question; 1 paper used to address 3 questions was judged LOE 3, Good twice and 3, Fair once. Fourteen additional papers were evaluated post hoc during manuscript preparation., Conclusions: Jugular venipuncture is recommended, but samples from IV catheters can be used. Consistent technique is important for serial sampling, and standardized sampling protocols are recommended for individual centers performing TEG/ROTEM. There is insufficient evidence to recommend use of a specific blood collection system, although use of evacuated blood tubes and 21-Ga or larger needles is suggested. Use of 3.2% buffered sodium citrate in a strict 1:9 ratio of citrate to blood is suggested. Suggested tube draw order is discard/serum, followed by citrate, EDTA, and then heparin. Samples should be held at room temperature for 30 minutes prior to analysis., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014.)

Objective: To systematically examine the evidence on activating agents and test protocols for the thrombelastography (TEG) and rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM) viscoelastic point-of-care instruments and to identify knowledge gaps., Design: Ten questions were considered, the primary question addressed the use of activating agents and secondary questions addressed assay temperature, length of analysis, pipetting, sample volume, reproducibility, and quality controls. Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature was performed. Relevant articles were categorized according to level of evidence (LOE). Consensus was developed regarding conclusions for application of concepts to clinical practice., Setting: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers., Results: PubMed and CAB abstracts were searched. Twenty papers were initially identified concerning the primary question; 16 were in support of the questions (LOE 2 Good, LOE 3 Good, LOE 5 Good, LOE 6 Good, LOE 5 Fair, LOE 6 Fair); and 4 were neutral (LOE 3 Good, LOE 6 Good, LOE Fair, LOE 5 Fair). Additional papers were evaluated post hoc during manuscript preparation., Conclusions: Overall, there is a body of evidence from veterinary and human medicine that strongly suggests that TEG or ROTEM assays using citrated samples that employ an activator have significantly lower inherent variability than those that use recalcification alone. There is also strong evidence in dogs, cats, and humans that the results obtained using different activators are not directly comparable. There is no evidence to suggest that any one activating agent is superior to another for all patient populations, or drug monitoring indications. As such, use of more than one assay for complete thromboelastographic evaluation of a patient's coagulation system may be warranted. Standardization of the concentrations of activators would be beneficial., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014.)

Objective: To systematically examine the evidence on nontraditional uses of viscoelastic coagulation monitoring in veterinary species., Design: Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice., Setting: Academic and referral veterinary medical centers., Results: Databases searched included Medline, CAB abstracts, and Google Scholar., Conclusions: Nontraditional assays identified included thrombelastography (TEG)-PlateletMapping (PM), functional fibrinogen assessment, and rapid-TEG (r-TEG). Direct veterinary evidence was found for only the ADP-activated PM, which appears to generate valid data in dogs but not cats or horses. Arachidonic acid activated PM shows high variability and requires further assessment and validation in veterinary species. Functional fibrinogen assays may be performed in veterinary species but may require modification due to species differences in response to abciximab. While tissue factor (TF)-activated TEG has been well described in the veterinary literature, the specific r-TEG assay has not been assessed, but presumably would be effective for generating TEG tracings and values for maximum amplitude and angle in shorter periods of time than some traditional assays., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2014.)

Imaging technology is critical for adequate diagnosis and staging in human and veterinary oncology. Sensitive detection of lesions is necessary to determine appropriate local or systemic therapy and to monitor therapeutic results. New technology in digital radiography, ultrasound, and computed tomography (CT) scanning are now widely available in veterinary medicine. Advanced imaging with high-detail CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron-emission tomography (PET) are now available in academic centers and some private specialty practices. This review describes the current and future applications of these new imaging systems and modalities in veterinary oncology and how advanced imaging contributes to diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of cancers. The potential of molecular imaging for accurate, minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring is discussed., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Rapid serodiagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats are urgently needed for effective control of transmission routes toward human infections. In this work, 4 recombinant T. gondii antigens (SAG1, SAG2, GRA3, and GRA6) were produced and tested for the development of rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity-purified, and applied onto the nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The recombinant SAG1 (rSAG1) showed the strongest antigenic activity and highest specificity among them. We also performed clinical evaluation of the rSAG1-loaded RDT in 182 cat sera (55 household and 127 stray cats). The kit showed 0.88 of kappa value comparing with a commercialized ELISA kit, which indicated a significant correlation between rSAG1-loaded RDT and the ELISA kit. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 100% (23/23) and 99.4% (158/159), respectively. The rSAG1-loaded RDT is rapid, easy to use, and highly accurate. Thus, it would be a suitable diagnostic tool for rapid detection of antibodies in T. gondii-infected cats under field conditions.

OBJECTIVE Comparing the utility of the anti-human serum amyloid A (SAA)-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies assays (LZ-SAA) with the pure monoclonal anti-human antibody assays (VET-SAA) during clinical practice in primary care hospital populations by measuring SAA measurement in healthy and diseased domestic cats. ANIMALS 52 healthy and 185 diseased client-owned cats. METHODS SAA concentration was measured using different LZ-SAA and VET-SAA measurements for healthy and various diseased cats. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for each disease. RESULTS VET-SAA has higher sensitivity than LZ-SAA for the most common diseases presenting to primary care veterinary hospitals, including chronic kidney disease, tumors, and gingivostomatitis. Our results reveal the capability of detecting low SAA concentrations in healthy and diseased cats using VET-SAA in contrast to LZ-SAA, which found elevations of SAA concentrations only in diseased cats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings indicate that switching to the new VET-SAA instead of the conventional LZ-SAA will likely enhance the diagnostic performance in primary care veterinary hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Three cats with recurrent rectal prolapses were successfully treated using total laparoscopic colopexy (TLC). Minimally invasive procedures are increasingly popular in veterinary medicine because of their low postoperative morbidity and quicker recovery. The TLC technique, inspired by laparoscopic-assisted colopexy, involves strategically placed portals to minimize wound complications and ensure effective adhesion of the colon to the abdominal wall. In these cases, non-incisional colopexy using thermal injury was employed to enhance fibrous adhesion, reducing bleeding and avoiding luminal penetration risks. Barbed sutures, used in a continuous single row, facilitated the procedure by eliminating the need for intracorporeal knots, thus reducing surgical time to 30 min. No complications or recurrences were noted during follow-ups. In one case, a viable colopexy was confirmed during a subsequent laparoscopic procedure, demonstrating the technique's success. Overall, TLC was found to be a feasible, safe, and effective method for treating recurrent rectal prolapses in cats, although further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to validate these findings. The use of minimally invasive methods has grown in popularity due to decreased postoperative morbidity and a quicker recovery. Colopexy is a surgical method that includes the permanent adhesion of the colonic seromuscular layer to the abdominal wall to avoid rectal prolapses in cats and dogs with viable prolapsed tissues. In this case series, we describe the treatment of three cats with total laparoscopic colopexy (TLC) for recurrent rectal prolapses. A non-incisional colopexy was created by suturing the colon to the abdominal wall with a barbed suture. There were no intraoperative complications and a 6-month follow-up revealed no prolapse recurrence. Our study demonstrates that TLC approaches are feasible, safe, and free of problems when used to treat recurrent rectal prolapses in cats, although a larger caseload is required to validate the results obtained from our reported cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs and cats have exceptionally developed sensory systems and abilities to recognize human signals and emotional states. It makes them invaluable in roles such as working dogs and therapy animals in human society. Understanding each other's emotional state is essential to working with them effectively. However, the low accuracy of human emotional estimation in dogs and cats is a significant issue. Due to individual differences and cognitive biases affecting human subjective assessments, automatic emotional estimation is crucial. To address this issue, there is a demand for automated emotional estimation technology. This paper provides an overview of emotional research in dogs and cats, their senses, and their roles in interaction with humans. In addition, we described automated emotional estimation technology using image/video and electrocardiography as a complement to human ability for emotional recognition of dogs and cats, and its applications for implementation. Practical implementation of automated emotional estimation technology should be adaptable to different breeds, individuals, and environmental conditions. Improving this technology has the potential to contribute to various fields, including pet welfare enhancement, veterinary care, ethology, and support for humans with dogs or cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to describe a case of haemoglobinuria in a cat after near‐drowning. A 6‐year‐old male neutered domestic short hair cat weighing 6.5 kg with a pre‐existing seizure disorder presented to an emergency hospital after near‐drowning in a swimming pool during a seizure episode. On presentation, the patient was obtunded, dyspnoeic, bradycardic and hypothermic. Imaging revealed evidence of severe bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Treatment with intravenous diazepam, amoxicillin, fluid therapy, active warming and oxygen therapy was administered. The cat developed haemoglobinuria approximately 6 h after nearly drowning. Despite improvements in mentation, pulse quality and heart rate, respiratory compromise and poor oxygen saturation persisted, prompting euthanasia approximately 10 h after admission. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case of haemoglobinuria following near‐drowning in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Hypothesis In cats with DKA, APPLE scores will be significantly higher in non‐survivors compared with survivors and these scores will predict mortality. Animals Sixty‐eight cats with DKA. Methods Retrospective study. The APPLE scores, blood glucose concentration (BG), venous pH, and ketone concentrations were compared between survivors and non‐survivors. Simple logistic regression was used to determine if these variables predict the binary variable of survival or non‐survival, and if they did, an empirical optimal cut point for mortality prediction was calculated. Results The APPLEfast and APPLEfull scores were significantly higher in non‐survivors (30 cats; 24.6±7.4 and 45.2±7.3, respectively) compared with survivors (38 cats; 20.9±6.2 and 41.7±6.5; P = .01 and P = .02, respectively). The APPLEfast (P = .03) but not the APPLEfull scores (P = .06) predicted mortality. For every 1 unit increase in the APPLEfast score, the odds of death increased by 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006‐1.17; P = .03). Median BG was significantly higher in non‐survivors (431 mg/dL; range, 260‐832 mg/dL) compared with survivors (343 mg/dL; range, 256‐738 mg/dL; P = .01) and BG predicted mortality (P = .02). For every 1 mg/dL increase in BG, the odds of death increased by 1.004 (95% CI, 1.0006‐1.008). Empirical optimal cut points for APPLEfast and BG mortality prediction were 24.5 and 358 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The APPLEfast score and BG predict mortality in cats with DKA and can be used to stratify populations by risk of mortality in clinical trials of DKA in cats.

Pyometra commonly occurs in female cats. There are two types of pyometra: open pyometra and closed pyometra. Open pyometra refers to purulent and bloody discharge from the vulva, while closed pyometra does not have any vaginal discharge; however, there is an enlarged abdomen from the fluid-filled uterus. A 2-year-old Persian queen with an enlargement abdomen was clinically diagnosed with open pyometra as there was vaginal discharge. Additional examination, such as ultrasonography, was also performed to establish the diagnosis. Using ultrasonography, hyperechoic imaging clearly showed in the uterine lumen of the uterus. Based on the following examinations, an ovariohysterectomy was performed to eliminate the source of infection. Anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs were administered post-surgery, and the patient fully recovered after one week of intensive care.

Gastric adenocarcinomas are encountered exceptionally infrequently in cats. Some studies have claimed a predisposition in Siameses, while others affirm no relation to the breed. In veterinary litera-ture, only few cases of feline gastric adenocarcinoma (FGA) are reported, which accounts for about 1% of all feline gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. The present case report describes a clinical case of FGA. The clinical signs, blood morphology and biochemistry, ultrasound and histopathological findings are presented. This is the first report of FGA from Bulgaria.

We investigated the effects of propofol on the antioxidant defense mechanisms, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions and specific defense processes in the study since these parameters play a significant role in postoperative complications, regulation of immune reactions, and wound healing. Twenty male cats were included in the study, anesthesia protocol was induced by IV administration of 6 mg/kg of propofol. Blood samples were harvested right before (T0) and fifteen minutes after (T1) propofol injection. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), IL-4, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ levels; the number of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral blood were determined. Propofol reduced the serum MDA and GSH-Px, while CAT and SOD levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, propofol did not impact serum IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. Contrastingly, IFN-γ level tended to elevate, and serum IL-4 level was significantly increased. On the other hand, the CD8+ T cell population was significantly decreased, while the number of CD4+ T cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio were unaffected. Briefly, propofol did not adversely affect oxidative defense mechanisms, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine cascade, and cell mediated immunity. Considering the insufficiency of cats" hepatic drug metabolism, we may conclude that propofol is a safe product regarding the investigated parameters.

Determination of the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) is an important tool in the quantification of proteinuria in animals. However, the result may be affected by the different methods of determining the urinary protein concentration. The aim of this study was to compare the turbidimetric method using benzethonium chloride and the colorimetric method using pyrogallol red in the measurement of the urinary protein concentration in dogs, cats, guinea pigs and horses. A total of 464, 192, 216 and 119 urine samples from dogs, cats, guinea pigs and horses were examined in the study, respectively. The group consisted of animals of both sexes and different ages, and, in the dogs and cats, it included both healthy animals and those with various health problems. In the group of horses and guinea pigs, only clinically healthy animals were included. A total of 347, 185, 103 and 100 samples from the dogs, cats, guinea pigs and horses were used in the statistical analysis; the other values were excluded as they were below the detection limit. According to the Passing-Bablok analysis, there was a significant constant and proportional difference in the horses. In the dogs, cats and guinea pigs, there was a significant constant difference, but no proportional difference. The Bland-Altman method showed significant bias between the two methods in the horses and cats, but not in the dogs and guinea pigs. In the dogs and cats, the agreement between the two methods was tested and expressed as Cohen's kappa (κ). In the cats, it was almost perfect for the proteinuric samples (κ = 0.823 3) and significant for the non-proteinuric samples (κ = 0.804 9). In the dogs, the agreement was significant for the non-proteinuric samples (κ = 0.621 5) and only moderate for the proteinuric samples (κ = 0.527 5). The influence of the method used to determine the urinary protein concentration should be taken into account when evaluating the UPC. Repeated examinations in one patient should be performed with the same method.

Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that is zoonotic and includes food borne disease. Salmonella spp. can also be found in pets so that it can be a source of transmission of Salmonellosis to humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the infection level of Salmonella spp. in dogs and cats in clinics/animal hospitals in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. A total of 250 rectal swabs from 83 dogs and 167 cats were taken in this study. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD), Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), and Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) media. The isolates were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)using a primer Forward primer (5'- GCT AAG TAT GAC ATT CCG GT -3') and reverse (5'- CCA AAG ACT ATC TGC GGA AT -3') eith targeting the STM2773 (IroB) gene. Information on the patient's medical history was obtained based on the anamnesis and questionnaire to the animal owner. Data analysis was descriptive statistics. A total of 32 isolates of Salmomella spp. obtained through conventional methods and as many as 30 samples (12%) confirmed Salmonella spp. using PCR. A total of 11 (13.25%) of 83 dogs and 19 (11.27%) of 167 cats were identified as positive for Salmonella spp. The results of this study indicated that 12% of pet animals in the Special Region of Yogyakarta were infected with Salmonella spp.

Abstract Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease that has significant negative impacts on humans and our companion animals, including dogs and cats. Obesity occurs with multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and osteoarthritis in dogs and cats. A direct link between lipid metabolism dysregulation and obesity-associated diseases has been implicated. However, the understanding of such pathophysiology in companion animals is limited. This review aims to address the role of lipid metabolism in various metabolic disorders associated with obesity, emphasizing the involvement of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we also discuss the management of obesity, including approaches like nutritional interventions, thus providing novel insights into obesity prevention and treatment for canines and felines.

Background and Aim: The overpopulation of dogs and cats has generated socioeconomic, political, and animal welfare problems, in addition to an important public health problem, due to the risk of zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal coverage of canine and feline sterilization services provided by a governmental agency in the rural and urban areas of the municipality of Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tequisquiapan’s municipality, Querétaro, Mexico, from July 2019 to September 2022. The total number of sterilized dogs and cats was obtained from the monthly records of the Tequisquiapan Animal Health and Welfare Services Center (CESSBA, by its Spanish acronym). The collected information was related to the sterilized animals (species and sex) and their responsible guardians (sex and address). Access to dog and cat sterilization services was assessed using a geographic information system. Kernel density and directional ellipse tools were used to analyze the CESSBA coverage of care. Indicators were estimated to compare magnitudes and changes at the census tract level. Results: A total of 4,489 animals were sterilized, with n = 2,611 (58%) dogs, of which 1,939 were female and 672 were male. The remaining n = 1,878 animals were cats, representing 42% of the total, with 1,257 females and 621 males. Up to 73% of the sterilized animals were owned by women. The population management of dogs and cats allowed us to increase the territorial coverage from 71.8% in 2019 to 92.3% in 2022. According to the temporal analysis (2019–2022), there was an annual upward trend in the number of sterilizations performed by CESSBA, with a rate of between 55.6 and 94.3 registered sterilizations per 100 inhabited dwellings and between 166.4 and 302.8 registered sterilizations per 1000 inhabitants. Conclusion: The analysis of the dog and cat sterilization service coverage revealed an upward trend, consisting of an increase in accessibility and participation of responsible caregivers who resided in both urban and rural areas of Tequisquiapan. Although it was not possible to evaluate the impact of the program, the use of georeferenced data and geospatial analysis showed that it can support the control of animal overpopulation.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause significant complications in the postoperative period in veterinary surgeries. Determining the aetiology of infections is crucial for increasing treatment success rates. This study aims to assess treatment processes by identifying the bacterial agents responsible for infections occurring in cats and dogs after orthopaedic operations and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of these agents. Strains isolated from SSIs were retrospectively analysed in patients brought to the Surgical Clinic of Siirt University Animal Health Application and Research Hospital between 2021 and 2023. The isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The disc diffusion method was applied to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A high isolation rate was detected in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility results, cephalosporin treatment was continued in only one of the cases in which prophylactic treatment with cephalosporin group antibiotics was applied. Consequently, this study revealed that preoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration may not be sufficient in preventing surgical site infections. Diagnosis of aetiological agents and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility are essential in preventing surgical site infections and determining effective treatment options.

Abstract Background Regional lymph nodes are frequently sampled in cats with suspected intestinal lymphoma; however, their diagnostic value has not been explored. Objectives To investigate whether histologic and immunohistochemical analysis of mesenteric lymph nodes correlates with the diagnosis of intestinal lymphoma in cats. Animals One hundred 2 client‐owned cats diagnosed with intestinal lymphoma. Methods Retrospective study. The inclusion criteria required a full‐thickness biopsy of the small intestine and concurrent excision of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histologic and immunophenotypic analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies and corresponding lymph nodes. Selected nodal samples diagnosed with reactive lymph nodes underwent clonality testing. Results Transmural T‐cell lymphomas, encompassing small and large cell types, were predominant (64 cases, 62.7%), with large B‐cell lymphomas being more frequently transmural (68.8%) than mucosal (31.2%). Among all lymph nodes examined, 44 (43.1%; 95% CI: 33.9%‐52.8%) exhibited neoplastic infiltration. Among cases of small cell lymphoma, 51 out of 72 (70.8%; 95% CI: 59.4%‐80.1%) showed no nodal involvement. Clonality results correctly identified 19/30 (63.3%; 95% CI: 45.5%‐78.2%) reactive lymph nodes. Concerns were raised regarding clonal identification in the remaining cases and potential misdiagnoses based on phenotypic characteristics. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The study underscores the potential drawbacks of relying solely on mesenteric lymph nodes for diagnosing intestinal lymphomas in cats, particularly small cell subtypes. It emphasizes the importance of full‐thickness biopsies for assessing transmural infiltration and recommends caution when utilizing mesenteric lymph nodes for histologic, immunohistochemical and clonality evaluations in mucosal lymphomas. Despite limitations, this research highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies in cats with intestinal lymphoma.

Abstract Background Sex chromosome abnormalities associated with disorders of sexual development (DSD) are rarely described in cats, mainly due to the lack of chromossome studies that precisely reveal the condition. Genetic approaches are therefore required in order to detect sex chromossomes abnormalities as variations in the number and structure of chromosomes, or the presence of a second cell line as mosaicim or chimerism. Case presentation A male Shorthair cryptorchid cat was presented with clinical signs of anorexia, tenesmus and hyperthermia. Ultrasonography revealed a fluid-filled structure, with approximately 1 cm in diameter, adjacent to the descending colon. Computed tomography evidenced a tubular structure, ventral to the descending colon and caudal to the bladder, which extended cranially, through two branches. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the presence of two atrophic uterine horns and one hypoplastic testicle with epididymis at the end of one of the uterine horns. The end of the other uterine horn was attached to a structure composed by a mass of adipocytes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaic 37,X/38,XY karyotype. The two cell lines were found in 15% and 85% of the lymphocytes, respectively. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of SRY and ZFY genes in blood and hair bulbs, and revealed a marked reduction in SRY expression in the testicle. Additionally, this case presented exceptionally rare features, such as a Leydig’ cell tumour and a chronic endometritis in both uterine horns. Conclusions Complete imaging workup, cytogenetic analysis and SRY gene expression should be systematically realized, in order to properly classify disorders of sexual development (DSD) in cats.

Spontaneously arisen hereditary diseases in domestic animals provide an excellent opportunity to study the physiological functions of the altered genes. We investigated two 4-month-old sibling domestic short haired kittens with dry dark debris around the eyes, nose, and ears, dark crusting on the legs and a thin poor hair coat. Skin biopsies revealed abnormal sebaceous gland morphology with lack of normal sebocyte arrangement and differentiation. Hair follicles had a distorted silhouette, interpreted as a change secondary to the observed sebaceous gland dysplasia. Whole genome sequencing on both affected kittens and 65 genetically diverse feline genomes was performed. Filtering for variants that were present in both kittens but absent from the control genomes revealed a homozygous missense variant in SOAT1, encoding sterol O-acyltransferase 1. The protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters, an essential component of sebum and meibum. The identified SOAT1:c.1531G > A variant is predicted to change a highly conserved glycine residue within the last transmembrane domain of SOAT1, p.Gly511Arg. In mice, variants in Soat1 or complete knockout of the gene lead to the "hair interior defect" (hid) or abnormal Meibomian glands, respectively. SOAT1:c.1531G > A represents a plausible candidate variant for the observed sebaceous gland dysplasia in both kittens of this study. The variant was not present in 10 additional cats with a similar clinical and histopathological phenotype suggesting genetic heterogeneity. SOAT1 variants should be considered as potential cause in hereditary sebaceous gland dysplasias of humans and domestic animals.

Aim: This study aims to assess the merits, drawbacks, and postoperative outcomes associated with conservative treatment and osteosynthesis methods employed in managing metacarpal (MC) and/or metatarsal (MT) bone fractures resulting from trauma in cats. Materials and Methods: The research encompassed a sample of fifty-two cats of varying breeds, genders, and ages, all presenting with metacarpal and/or metatarsal bone fractures between 2022 and 2023. Conservative treatment was administered in 46 cases, while osteosynthesis was applied in the remaining 6 cases. Results: In the group treated conservatively, 29 cases (63.04%) exhibited no signs of lameness at the 6-week examination, indicating a successful recovery with unimpeded mobility. In contrast, mild lameness was observed in the remaining cases (36.96%) at the 6-week check-up. Upon reassessment at the 12-month examination, 43 cases (93.47%) demonstrated unimpeded walking, with only 3 cases (6.53%) experiencing occasional mild lameness. Conversely, 2 cases (33.3%) showed a complication-free recovery among the cats undergoing osteosynthesis, while postoperative issues emerged in 4 cases (66.6%). In one complication-free case (50%), mild lameness was noted at the 6-week examination, and in the other case (50%), occasional mild lameness was observed. Importantly, all cases exhibited uneventful walking during the 12-month assessment. Conclusion: Conservative treatment proves to yield favorable outcomes in cats, both independently and when osteosynthesis applications fall short. However, the limited number of surgical cases examined in the study constrains the findings' generalizability.

Portosystemic shunts (PSS) are abnormal vessels that allow blood to bypass the liver, leading to a variety of clinical symptoms due to the lack of normal hepatic metabolism. Imaging modalities like Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are critical in the diagnosis and characterization of PSS. Nine animals, with clinical presentations suggestive of CPSS, underwent CTA and brain MRI. The CTA was performed using a 32-detector CT unit, and MRI scans were conducted on a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Magnetom Avanto system. Six cases of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EPSS) and three intrahepatic shunts (IHPSS) were diagnosed. MRI findings included brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities, correlating with the type of shunt. The study demonstrates the value of MRI in identifying specific brain changes associated with CPSS. Advanced imaging techniques are indispensable for the accurate diagnosis of CPSS. The study"s findings reinforce the need for further research with a larger cohort to establish a stronger correlation between CPSS types and brain MRI changes, aiming to enhance clinical management for affected animals.

The scapula in quadrupedal mammals is a flat bone that connects the thoracic limb with the trunk above the shoulder joint. For this purpose, scapulae of 34 dogs and 23 cats were modeled using computer tomography. 9 Landmarks and 50 semilandmarks were used. The cat and dog samples differ in scapula shape, as do male and female cats. Centroid size has no apparent covariance with shape, and we did not find any difference between the two sexes in dogs. The scapula of cats was wider. The scapula of dogs was narrower and longer. Margo cranialis was more oval in cats. Angulus cranialis border was not clear in cats. Angulus caudalis was sharper in dogs. Spina scapulae was closer to caudal in cats. In cats, the fossa supraspinata was wider than the fossa infraspinata. Also, the collum scapulae was narrower in cats. The scapula of male cats was wider than that of female cats. In shape, the fossa supraspinata was wider in male cats. In male cats, the spina scapulae were more caudal. Angulus caudalis was wider in female cats. The most significant gender differences in dogs were in tuberculum supraglenoidale and margo caudalis. Male dogs had larger tuberculum supraglenoidale in shape. Margo caudalis was more caudal in male dogs. Geometric morphometrics was found to be effective in distinguishing the scapula of cats and dogs. In addition, this method can be useful in sex estimation.

An 18-month-old male cat presented with pollakiuria and hematuria. It had experienced misty urination and dampness around the genital area since the age of three months. Physical examination displayed small preputial and urethral openings, and subcutaneous cryptorchidism. Blood tests revealed elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, potassium, and phosphate. Radiography revealed a distended bladder. Castration and perineal urethrostomy were conducted to correct subcutaneous cryptorchidism and relieve urinary incontinence due to meatal stenosis and phimosis. Normal postoperative urination was observed; no complications were reported during the follow-up. This case highlights the successful surgical intervention of meatal stenosis concurrent with phimosis.

Background and Aim: The “Five Freedoms” concept has shaped the development and implementation of animal welfare assessments. This study aimed to analyze the determinants that impact the understanding of animal welfare among individuals who own cats in Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires and interviews were used in this study to gather data from cat owners. One hundred cat owners in Banyuwangi Regency took part in the study. The classification considered factors such as gender, age, education level, occupation, income, and number of cats. The questionnaire passed both validity and reliability tests and was thus deemed suitable for data measurement. The Chi-square test was employed to investigate relationships within the dataset. Results: A statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) was established between cat owners’ level of education, occupation, monthly household income, and their grasp of animal welfare, with the number of cats in their household being a determinant factor. Some cat owners in Banyuwangi undervalue veterinarians’ role in treating and preventing feline health issues. The cat owners’ understanding of animal welfare was unaffected by their age or gender. 59% of the cat owners had a low understanding level, 22% had a moderate understanding level, and 19% had a high understanding level. Conclusion: In Banyuwangi Regency, 59% of cat owners lack understanding of animal welfare concerns. An owner’s educational background, job, income, and whether they own a cat impact their comprehension of animal welfare principles. Limited awareness of animal welfare and veterinarians’ roles exists in Indonesia. It is crucial to educate government officials, veterinarians, and regional leaders about animal welfare for the sake of sustainability. A complete understanding of this topic demands rigorous research, comprehensive studies, and reproducibility. Equally important is effective publicity for the cat population.

Abstract Background Periodontal diseases are the most frequently diagnosed problem in cats. It has been well-established that periodontal diseases could not only cause various oral health issues but could also contribute to systemic diseases. Oxidative stress is a possible link between systemic diseases and periodontitis. Our study aimed to illustrate the influence of periodontitis on oxidative stress development in cats. Furthermore, the changes in the bacterial flora of the gums were investigated. Methods Based on the clinical and laboratory examinations, fifty cats were divided into two groups normal (n = 25) and moderate to advanced periodontitis (n = 25). Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured. In addition, samples were taken from the subgingival plaques of all cats for bacterial culture. Results Serum TOS, GSSG, GSSG to GSH ratio, and oxidative stress index (OSI), calculated as the ratio of TOS to TAC in cats with periodontal disease were significantly higher, and TAC was significantly lower (p

Abstract Background Cats in respiratory distress have limited tolerance for manipulation, hindering clinical monitoring. Minute volume (MV) can be utilized to rate dyspnea in humans, but its relationship with respiratory distress in cats remains poorly investigated. Hypothesis Cats with respiratory distress will show higher MV per kg body weight (MV/BW) than normal cats, and the MV/BW increase will correlate with survival. Animals Fifty‐two cats with respiratory distress from lung parenchymal disease, pleural space disease, lower airway obstruction (LAO), or upper airway obstruction were recruited since 2014. Methods This is a prospective observational study. Study cats were placed in a transparent chamber, allowing clinicians to easily observe their breathing status and record ventilation using barometric whole‐body plethysmography (BWBP). Ventilatory variables of the 52 cats were compared with those of 14 historic control cats. Follow‐up data, including disease category, clinical outcomes, and survival, were prospectively collected. Results Cats in respiratory distress demonstrated significantly higher MV/BW (397 mL/kg; range, 158‐1240) than normal cats (269 mL/kg; range, 168‐389; P

Abstract Background Myeloma‐related disorders (MRDs) are rare and poorly documented neoplasms of cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To describe clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging findings, response to treatment, and survival time and to identify factors associated with shorter outcomes in cats with MRD. Animals Fifty cats with a diagnosis of MRD. Methods Cats with paraproteinemia confirmed by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and either intramedullary plasmacytosis >10%, marked cytonuclear atypia with intramedullary plasmacytosis that ranged between 5% and 10%, or cytologically or histologically confirmed visceral infiltration were retrospectively included from several veterinary referral centers. Results Bone marrow plasmacytosis and splenic or hepatic involvement were present in 17/27 cats (63%), 36/42 cats (86%), and 27/38 cats (71%), respectively. Anemia was reported in 33/49 cats (67%) and thrombocytopenia in 16/47 cats (34%). Some of the treatments that the cats received included melphalan and prednisolone (n = 19), cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (n = 10), chlorambucil and prednisolone (n = 4), prednisolone (n = 4), or other (n = 4). The overall response rates to melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and chlorambucil in combination with prednisolone were 87%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Adverse events to melphalan or cyclophosphamide occurred in 65% and 23% of cats, respectively. Median survival time was 122 days (range, 0‐1403) and was not significantly associated with chemotherapy protocol. Anemia (hazard ratio [HR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0‐9.8) and thrombocytopenia (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐6.0) were risk factors for shorter survival. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our study confirmed the guarded prognosis of MRD in cats and identified risk factors for shorter survival times.

Abstract Background Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown. Objectives To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats. Animals Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied. Methods Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1‐1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8‐26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0‐3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1‐β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated‐measures linear regression. Results Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14‐52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3‐15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of prednisolone in anti‐inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration.

Abstract Background Rectal temperature (RT) is an important index of core temperature, which has guiding significance for the diagnosis and treatment of pet diseases. Objectives Development and evaluation of an alternative method based on machine learning to determine the core temperatures of cats and dogs using surface temperatures. Animals 200 cats and 200 dogs treated between March 2022 and May 2022. Methods A group of cats and dogs were included in this study. The core temperatures and surface body temperatures were measured. Multiple machine learning methods were trained using a cross-validation approach and evaluated in one retrospective testing set and one prospective testing set. Results The machine learning models could achieve promising performance in predicting the core temperatures of cats and dogs using surface temperatures. The root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.25 and 0.15 for cats and dogs in the retrospective testing set, and 0.15 and 0.14 in the prospective testing set. Conclusion The machine learning model could accurately predict core temperatures for companion animals of cats and dogs using easily obtained body surface temperatures.

Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis that is under-reported in tropical countries, and canines can be a potential reservoir of the disease. The objective of this study was to diagnose Leptospira spp. that is actively infected and re-infected in stray dogs and cats from Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Materials and Methods: A sample of 200 animals, including dogs and cats from the animal protection programs of Bogota, Colombia, were used in this study. Blood was collected from these animals for serum and DNA analysis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the 16s rRNA primer set, and higher-quality amplification products were sequenced by Sanger. For serodiagnosis, a group of PCR-positive samples was tested using the microagglutination test (MAT). Results: The overall PCR positivity of stray dogs and cats was 56%, 52.9%, and 65.3% in dogs and cats, respectively. The MAT seropositivity was 77.3%, and only dogs showed titers higher than 1:400. Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hardjo Prajitno, and Canicola and Hardjo prajitno were the serogroups associated with dogs and cats, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains belonging to Leptospira interrogans serovars related to isolated samples of American, European, and Asian bats (Myotis myotis), dogs, and bovines of American origin. Conclusion: These results showed that stray dogs and cats were previously exposed to different serovars of Leptospira spp. and re-infected with other serovars that actively participated in the transmission cycle. These findings highlight the importance of actively diagnosing infectious animals to design effective intervention strategies.

A 9-year-old-male British fold cat was presented for a general health check before anesthesia. Clinical and laboratory examinations were unremarkable. Echocardiography showed that the cardiac anatomy and function were normal, and the presence of a dilated coronary sinus (CS), highly suggestive of a persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC). Clinicians should keep in mind that PLCVC may be present when a dilated CS is noted by echocardiography, and it could be confirmed simultaneously by agitated-salinestudy as a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool in practice. Further research is required to elucidate whether PLCVC is an accomplice or an innocent finding in cats.

Introduction: The cat represents an importantmodel in order to investigate basic physiological knowledge of salivary secretion as well as pharmacokinetics of active substances. Objective: The aim of the study was to review in which diagnostic application areas saliva testing is routinely used and in which areas it could be further explored in the future. Materials and methods: Literature relevant to the research question was collected in March 2022 using the Pubmed database. Results: The diagnosis of infectious diseases in cat saliva is one of the most important fields of application. Saliva diagnostics may also indicate dental diseases, allergies or kidney and other metabolic diseases. Sexual and stress hormones can also be measured in cat saliva. A number of clinically relevant allergens in cat saliva that may cause allergies in humans has been investigated and described, in addition to infectious agents that can be transmitted from cats to humans. Conclusions: Saliva testing in cats can be useful in many areas, including the detection of infectious diseases, allergies and dental disease. However, it is far from being used to its full potential within veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Molecular biomarkers in cancer are measurable genomic alterations that can indicate the risk of developing neoplasia, the presence of neoplastic cells, patient outcome, and/or a likely response to therapy. This review discusses the different uses of molecular biomarkers in the veterinary clinic and how their presence can be determined. In particular, we showcase which genomic alterations are currently used to date as molecular biomarkers in the clinic and for what purposes. We also look at biomarkers that are currently being developed and show promise for clinical use. Finally, we consider the important factors that allow a molecular biomarker to move from the research laboratory to the clinic. This review aims to enable veterinarians to understand the benefits of molecular biomarkers in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for a group of chronic inflammatory enteropathies which are characterized by intestinal inflammation and persistent or frequent gastrointestinal signs. This disease affects more than 3.5 million humans worldwide and presents some similarities between animal species, in particular, dogs and cats. Although the underlying mechanism that triggers the disease is not yet well understood, the evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology implicating genetic causes, environmental factors, microbiota imbalance, and mucosa immune defects, both in humans and in dogs and cats. Conventional immunomodulatory drug therapies, such as glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants, are related with numerous adverse effects that limit its long-term use, creating the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) emerge as a promising alternative that attenuates intestinal inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines in inflamed tissues, and also due to their pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, regenerative, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial potential. However, this therapeutic approach may have important limitations regarding the lack of studies, namely in veterinary medicine, lack of standardized protocols, and high economic cost. This review summarizes the main differences and similarities between human, canine, and feline IBD, as well as the potential treatment and future prospects of MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]