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Objective: This study estimated guideline-consistent antidepressant treatment of depression among veterans with diabetes and examined its variation by patient-level demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, access to care, and health status., Methods: Data were retrospectively analyzed from Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare claims of VHA clinic users with diabetes and major depressive disorder (N=3,953). Major depression was identified by using ICD-9-CM codes 296.2 and 296.3. Incident episode was identified by using 120-day negative diagnosis and medication history on or before the first depression diagnosis date in fiscal year 1999. Guideline-consistent depression treatment was defined as the receipt of antidepressants for at least 90 days within a period of six months after the onset of depression. Chi square tests and logistic regressions were used to analyze patterns of guideline-consistent antidepressant treatment., Results: Overall, 51% received any antidepressant treatment for diagnosed major depression; among patients using any antidepressants, 62% received guideline-consistent antidepressant treatment. VHA users who received care from a mental health specialist were more likely to have guideline-consistent treatment than those who were not receiving care from a mental health specialist. African Americans, older veterans, and those with substance use disorders were less likely to have guideline-consistent antidepressant treatment., Conclusions: Guideline-consistent depression care was lower for certain subgroups of individuals. Further research is necessary to evaluate the reasons for this finding, so that targeted care coordination strategies could be developed to improve antidepressant treatment. Increased contact with mental health specialty staff, which is now being implemented in the VHA, may increase antidepressant treatment among VHA users with diabetes and major depression.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between mental health functioning and lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in veterans with diabetes., Method: A retrospective study of 1999 Large Veteran Health Survey (LVHS) respondents with diabetes who were Veterans Health Administration clinic users in fiscal years (FYs) 1998-2000 was performed. The outcome measure was type of LEAs (major, minor and none) in FY 2000. The primary independent variable was mental health functioning [adapted Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 mental component summary (MCS) score, with higher being better] from the LVHS. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between MCS score and LEAs, adjusting for control variables derived from FY 1999., Results: Of the 114,890 individuals included in the study, there were 450 (3.9 per 1000 individuals) major and 431 (3.8 per 1000 individuals) minor LEAs in FY 2000. Individuals with major and minor LEAs had lower mean MCS scores than those without LEAs (39.9, 42.2 and 43.4). After controlling for other independent variables, a five-point increase in MCS score was associated with a 5% decrease in the risk of major LEAs (odds ratio [OR]=0.95; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=[0.94, 0.96]) but was not related to minor LEAs (OR=1.01; 95% CI=[0.97, 1.05])., Conclusion: Footcare programs need to assess individuals for mental health functioning as a risk factor and to develop appropriate interventions to reduce the risk of major amputation.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to analyze predictors of diabetes care consistent with performance standards among women Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinic users with disability enrollment status., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using VHA and Medicare files of VHA clinic users with diabetes. Diabetes care measures consisted of annual testing for hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and poor HbA(1c) (>9%) and LDL-C (> or =130 mg/dL) control in fiscal year 2000. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to assess subgroup differences in diabetes care. Independent variables included demographic characteristics and physical and psychiatric comorbidities., Population: Study population was based on veteran women <65 years of age who used VHA clinics; we identified 2,344 women as having coexisting disability and diabetes and 2,766 women with diabetes and without disability., Findings: Among veteran women with diabetes and disability, 65% received > or =1 HbA(1c) test, and 54% received a LDL-C test; 25% and 30% had poor HbA(1c) and LDL-C control, respectively. In logistic regressions, none of the independent variables had significant effects on poor HbA(1c) or LDL-C control, except that African Americans were more likely to have poor HbA(1c) control than whites. Significant age effects were noted in rates of HbA(1c) and LDL testing. Comparison of diabetes care measures between women with and without disability indicated that those with disability were more likely to receive HbA(1c) and LDL-C tests; no significant differences in HbA(1c) and LDL-C control were noted., Conclusions: Disability status of women veterans was not a barrier to diabetes care consistent with performance standards. Our findings suggest that to improve diabetes care, subgroup-specific interventions, rather than a global approach, are warranted.

Objective: To examine gender differences in diabetes care process measures and intermediate outcomes among veteran clinic users., Design: A retrospective cohort study using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare files of VHA clinic users with diabetes. Diabetes care process measures were tests for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) values, and eye exams. Intermediate outcomes were HbA1c and LDL-C values below recommended thresholds. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to assess gender differences., Participants: Study population included 3,225 women and 231,922 men veterans with diabetes, enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service and alive at the end of fiscal year 2000., Results: Overall, there were no significant gender differences in HbA1c or LDL-C testing. However, women had higher rates in these process measures than men among the non-African American minorities. Women were more likely to have completed eye exams (odds ratio [OR]=1.11; 99% confidence interval [CI]=1.10, 1.23) but were less likely to have LDL-C under 130 mg/dL (OR=0.77; 99% CI=0.69, 0.87)., Conclusions: Among VHA patients with diabetes, clinically significant gender inequality was not apparent in most of diabetes care measures. However, there was evidence of better care among nonwhite and non-African American women than their male counterparts. Further research on interaction of race and gender on diabetes care is needed. This includes evaluation of integrated VHA women's health programs as well as cultural issues. Lower LDL-C control among women suggests areas of unmet needs for women and opportunities for future targeted quality improvement interventions at system and provider levels.

Objective: To determine the impact of dual-system utilization by veterans on regional variation in lower-extremity amputation rates., Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis., Patients and Methods: Subjects were veterans with diabetes who used Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care and were dually enrolled in Medicare fee for service in fiscal years (FY) 1997--1999. We evaluated the impact of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) data on prevalence of baseline foot risk factors, medical comorbidities, and amputations in FY 1997--1998, and ranking of 22 regions using risk-adjusted major and minor amputation rates in FY 1999., Results: The addition of CMS data significantly increased the prevalence of amputations and risk factors for the 218,528 dually eligible veterans (all Pvalues <.001). In FY 1999, we identified 3.1 minor and 4.5 major amputations per 1000 patients (VHA data) versus 5.5 minor and 8.6 major amputations per 1000 patients (VHA/CMS data); the prevalence of any peripheral vascular condition in FY 1997--1998 was 5.7% (VHA) versus 13.0% (VHA/CMS). The impact of including CMS data varied across regions for amputation outcomes, ranging from an additional 34.3% to 150.7%. Using observed-to-expected amputation ratios and 99% confidence intervals, the addition of CMS data changed the outlier status for 8 of 22 regions for both major and minor amputations., Conclusion: Risk covariates and amputation outcomes were substantially underestimated using VHA data only. Our findings demonstrate the importance of evaluating dual-system utilization when conducting program evaluations for healthcare systems with a substantial number of dual enrollees.

Background: The aims of the present study were to derive a foot risk index using administrative data similar to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot clinical risk classification scheme and to evaluate its association with the risk of initial lower extremity (through foot or above) amputation (ILEA). Methods: Merged Veterans Health Administration administrative and Medicare inpatient and outpatient claims data for a historical cohort of Veterans Health Administration users with diabetes were analyzed. Individuals with diabetes, aged ≥67 years in 1999, were classified into seven foot risk categories (where 0 = no foot risk conditions; and 6 = severe foot conditions). The outcome variable was the incidence of an ILEA over the period 2000-2004. Foot risk was derived from 1998 to 1999, and other independent variables were derived from 1999. The associations between foot risk category and risk of ILEA were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: Of 255 534 individuals with diabetes, 54.8% had a documented foot condition in 1999 and 6869 (26.9 per 1000) had an ILEA over the period 2000-2004. We found increased rates of ILEAs as foot risk increased. Based on a Cox regression model containing all independent variables, the hazard ratios for risk of amputation increased progressively from 1.13 (95% CI 1.00-1.28) for the lowest foot risk category to 6.75 (95% CI 6.31-7.23) for the highest foot risk category, compared with individuals without defined foot conditions. Conclusions: An administrative data-derived foot risk category was associated with risk of ILEA in a risk level-dependent pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: To test for an association between quality of care and patient choice to obtain care outside an integrated healthcare delivery system. Methods: We used administrative data to define dual-system use (Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare) in 1999 for VHA users with diabetes over 65 years old. Quality of diabetes care was determined by the last hemoglobin A1c (HA1c) value in 2000. The distance to nearest VHA facility minus the distance to nearest non-federal hospital was the instrumental variable in a two-part regression model which controlled for observed and unobserved factors. Results: In 1999, 57.4% of subjects received care from both VHA and Medicare providers; their mean proportion of visits to Medicare providers was 0.41 (median 0.38). After controlling for observed and unobserved factors, higher proportions of Medicare visits were significantly associated with higher HA1c values; a 40% increase in the proportion of Medicare visits by those who did not use Medicare was associated with a 0.23% point increase in HA1c value. Conclusions: Dual-system use was associated with higher HA1c values, suggesting that veterans who chose to receive care outside the integrated VHA may have worse intermediate clinical outcomes than those who received care exclusively within the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE: To examine gender differences in diabetes care process measures and intermediate outcomes among veteran clinic users. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare files of VHA clinic users with diabetes. Diabetes care process measures were tests for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) values, and eye exams. Intermediate outcomes were HbA1c and LDL-C values below recommended thresholds. Chi-square tests and logistic regressions were used to assess gender differences. PARTICIPANTS: Study population included 3,225 women and 231,922 men veterans with diabetes, enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service and alive at the end of fiscal year 2000. RESULTS: Overall, there were no significant gender differences in HbA1c or LDL-C testing. However, women had higher rates in these process measures than men among the non-African American minorities. Women were more likely to have completed eye exams (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 1.23) but were less likely to have LDL-C under 130 mg/dL (OR=0.77; 99% CI =0.69, 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: Among VHA patients with diabetes, clinically significant gender inequality was not apparent in most of diabetes care measures. However, there was evidence of better care among nonwhite and non-African American women than their male counterparts. Further research on interaction of race and gender on diabetes care is needed. This includes evaluation of integrated VHA women's health programs as well as cultural issues. Lower LDL-C control among women suggests areas of unmet needs for women and opportunities for future targeted quality improvement interventions at system and provider levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]