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This paper provides a consolidated overview of public and healthcare professionals' attitudes towards vaccination in Europe by bringing together for the first time evidence across various vaccines, countries and populations. The paper relies on an extensive review of empirical literature published in English after 2009, as well as an analysis of unpublished market research data from member companies of Vaccines Europe. Our synthesis suggests that hesitant attitudes to vaccination are prevalent and may be increasing since the influenza pandemic of 2009. We define hesitancy as an expression of concern or doubt about the value or safety of vaccination. This means that hesitant attitudes are not confined only to those who refuse vaccination or those who encourage others to refuse vaccination. For many people, vaccination attitudes are shaped not just by healthcare professionals but also by an array of other information sources, including online and social media sources. We find that healthcare professionals report increasing challenges to building a trustful relationship with patients, through which they might otherwise allay concerns and reassure hesitant patients. We also find a range of reasons for vaccination attitudes, only some of which can be characterised as being related to lack of awareness or misinformation. Reasons that relate to issues of mistrust are cited more commonly in the literature than reasons that relate to information deficit. The importance of trust in the institutions involved with vaccination is discussed in terms of implications for researchers and policy-makers; we suggest that rebuilding this trust is a multi-stakeholder problem requiring a co-ordinated strategy., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The article introduces various topics related to vaccine development in developing countries.

Vaccine production is now at the heart of the debate on development. This paper argues that, as well as economic policies to address market failures, development policies aimed at fostering vaccine innovation should also consider the institutional and organisational uncertainties. The International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), a product development PPP, is attempting to increase vaccine production for neglected diseases by acting both as a broker and integrator of knowledge. Within IAVI and perhaps other PPPs there is a related tension between an emphasis on private pharmaceutical sector efficiency and sustainable development activities that requires understanding and managing if PPPs are to successfully reach their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Product based public–private partnerships (PPPs), of which the International Aids Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is one, are being developed to try and bridge the gap between scientific and technological potential and the needs of developing countries. First, this paper examines PPP’s popularity. Second, we describe key characteristics of IAVI and explain why it differs from more traditional partnerships. Third, IAVI has had some success in bringing new science and technology closer to the world’s poor and we look at how it has achieved this success and implications for theoretical and practical approaches to science and technology capacity building. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]