35 results on '"Borrow, R."'
Search Results
2. Potential Coverage of the 4CMenB Vaccine against Invasive Serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis Isolated from 2009 to 2013 in the Republic of Ireland.
- Author
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Mulhall RM, Bennett D, Cunney R, Borrow R, Lucidarme J, Findlow J, Jolley KA, Bray J, Maiden MCJ, Moschioni M, Serino L, Stella M, and Medini D
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- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antigens, Bacterial genetics, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Ireland epidemiology, Male, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Middle Aged, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B classification, Young Adult, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines therapeutic use, Vaccination statistics & numerical data, Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults worldwide. The 4CMenB vaccine (Bexsero), developed to combat meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) disease, contains subcapsular antigens that may induce immunity against strains of N. meningitidis , regardless of serogroup. Owing to differential levels of expression and peptide diversity in vaccine antigens across meningococcal strains, the m eningococcal a ntigen t yping s ystem (MATS) was developed to estimate the potential MenB strain coverage of 4CMenB. Prior to introducing the 4CMenB vaccine into routine use, we sought to estimate the potential 4CMenB coverage against invasive MenB strains isolated in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) over four consecutive epidemiological years. MATS was applied to a panel of 105 invasive MenB strains isolated during July 2009 to June 2013. Sequence data characterizing the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) alleles and the major 4CMenB target peptides were extracted from isolate genome sequence data, hosted in the Bacterial Isolate Sequencing database (BIGSdb). MATS data indicated that 4CMenB may induce protective immunity against 69.5% (95% confidence interval [CI
95% ], 64.8% to 84.8%) of circulating MenB strains. Estimated coverage was highest against the most prevalent disease-causing lineage, cc41/44, where the most frequently observed sequence types, ST-154 and ST-41 (21% of isolates, collectively), were typically covered by three antigens. No significant temporal trends were observed. Overall, these data provide a baseline of strain coverage prior to the introduction of 4CMenB and indicate that a decrease in invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is predicted following the introduction of 4CMenB into the routine infant immunization schedule in the RoI. IMPORTANCE The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures both the levels of expression and the immune reactivity of the three recombinant 4CMenB antigens. Together with PorA variable-region sequence data, this system provides an estimation of how susceptible MenB isolates are to killing by 4CMenB vaccine-induced antibodies. Assays based on subcapsular antigen phenotype analyses, such as MATS, are important in situations where conventional vaccine coverage estimations are not possible. Subcapsular antigens are typically highly diverse across strains, and vaccine coverage estimations would require unfeasibly large efficacy trials and screening of an exhaustive strain panel for antibody functional activity. Here, MATS was applied to all invasive meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) strains isolated over four consecutive epidemiological years ( n = 105) and predicted reasonably high 4CMenB vaccine coverage in the Republic of Ireland., (Copyright © 2018 Mulhall et al.)- Published
- 2018
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3. Emergency Meningococcal ACWY Vaccination Program for Teenagers to Control Group W Meningococcal Disease, England, 2015-2016.
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Campbell H, Edelstein M, Andrews N, Borrow R, Ramsay M, and Ladhani S
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- Adolescent, Age Factors, England epidemiology, Female, History, 21st Century, Humans, Male, Meningococcal Infections history, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Immunization Programs, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis immunology, Vaccination
- Abstract
During the first 12 months of an emergency meningococcal ACWY vaccination program for teenagers in England, coverage among persons who left school in 2015, the first cohort to be vaccinated, was 36.6%. There were 69% fewer group W meningococcal cases than predicted by trend analysis and no cases in vaccinated teenagers.
- Published
- 2017
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4. Immunogenicity and safety of a new hexavalent vaccine (DTaP5-IPV-HB-Hib) administered in a mixed primary series schedule with a pentavalent vaccine (DTaP5-IPV-Hib).
- Author
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Martinón-Torres F, Boisnard F, Thomas S, Sadorge C, and Borrow R
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- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Bacterial Capsules immunology, Diphtheria epidemiology, Diphtheria prevention & control, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine administration & dosage, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine adverse effects, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine immunology, Female, Haemophilus Infections epidemiology, Haemophilus Infections prevention & control, Haemophilus Vaccines administration & dosage, Haemophilus Vaccines adverse effects, Haemophilus Vaccines immunology, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B prevention & control, Hepatitis B Vaccines administration & dosage, Hepatitis B Vaccines adverse effects, Hepatitis B Vaccines immunology, Humans, Infant, Male, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines adverse effects, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Pneumococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Pneumococcal Vaccines adverse effects, Pneumococcal Vaccines immunology, Poliomyelitis epidemiology, Poliomyelitis prevention & control, Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated administration & dosage, Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated adverse effects, Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated immunology, Spain epidemiology, Tetanus epidemiology, Tetanus prevention & control, Vaccines, Combined administration & dosage, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Vaccines, Conjugate adverse effects, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Immunization Schedule, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Vaccination adverse effects, Vaccination methods, Vaccines, Combined adverse effects, Vaccines, Combined immunology
- Abstract
DTaP5-IPV-HB-Hib vaccine is a fully-liquid, combination hexavalent vaccine. This phase III, open-label, multicentre study conducted in Spain, evaluated the immune response to all DTaP5-IPV-HB-Hib antigens when the vaccine was used in a mixed hexa/penta/hexa primary series. Infants (who had received one dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth) received a mixed schedule including DTaP5-IPV-HB-Hib (PRP-OMP conjugate) at 2 and 6months of age, DTaP5-IPV-Hib at 4months, meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccine at 2 and 4months, and routine rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccination. One month post-dose 3 of the mixed schedule, response rates were considered acceptable if the lower bound of the two-sided 95% confidence interval around the post-vaccination response rate was >90% for hepatitis B and >80% for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Secondary immunogenicity objectives included description of the antibody response to all hexavalent antigens one month after completion of the mixed schedule, and to MCC antigen one month after the second MCC dose. The safety profile after each dose of study vaccine was described. Of 385 healthy infants enrolled, 384 completed the study. The primary objective was achieved for both hepatitis B and Hib; the lower bound of the 2-sided 95% CI of the response rates (97.2% and 99.0%, respectively) were greater than the pre-specified acceptability thresholds. One month post-dose 3 of the mixed schedule, all participants were seroprotected against diphtheria, tetanus and polio. The mixed schedule induced a robust immune response to all hexavalent antigens. The co-administration of the hexavalent vaccine in a mixed schedule with MCC vaccine did not reduce the immune response to vaccine antigens. Vaccines were well tolerated. In conclusion, the acceptability of response rates against Hib and hepatitis B were demonstrated one month post-dose 3 of the mixed schedule; robust immune responses against all other hexavalent antigens were observed. clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01839188; EudraCT: 2012-004221-25., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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5. The current situation of meningococcal disease in Latin America and updated Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) recommendations.
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Sáfadi MA, O'Ryan M, Valenzuela Bravo MT, Brandileone MC, Gorla MC, de Lemos AP, Moreno G, Vazquez JA, López EL, Taha MK, and Borrow R
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- Argentina epidemiology, Brazil epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Chile epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, International Cooperation, Latin America epidemiology, Male, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Public Health, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Global Health, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
The Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) was established in 2009 and comprises an international team of scientists, clinicians, and public health officials with expertise in meningococcal disease (MD). Its primary goal is to promote global prevention of MD through education, research, international cooperation, and developing recommendations that include decreasing the burden of severe disease. The group held its first roundtable meeting with experts from Latin American countries in 2011, and subsequently proposed several recommendations to reduce the regional burden of MD. A second roundtable meeting was convened with Latin American representatives in June 2013 to reassess MD epidemiology, vaccination strategies, and unmet needs in the region, as well as to update the earlier recommendations. Special emphasis was placed on the emergence and spread of serogroup W disease in Argentina and Chile, and the control measures put in place in Chile were a particular focus of discussions. The impact of routine meningococcal vaccination programs, notably in Brazil, was also evaluated. There have been considerable improvements in MD surveillance systems and diagnostic techniques in some countries (e.g., Brazil and Chile), but the lack of adequate infrastructure, trained personnel, and equipment/reagents remains a major barrier to progress in resource-poor countries. The Pan American Health Organization's Revolving Fund is likely to play an important role in improving access to meningococcal vaccines in Latin America. Additional innovative approaches are needed to redress the imbalance in expertise and resources between countries, and thereby improve the control of MD. In Latin America, the GMI recommends establishment of a detailed and comprehensive national/regional surveillance system, standardization of laboratory procedures, adoption of a uniform MD case definition, maintaining laboratory-based surveillance, replacement of polysaccharide vaccines with conjugate formulations (wherever possible), monitoring and evaluating implemented vaccination strategies, conducting cost-effectiveness studies, and developing specific recommendations for vaccination of high-risk groups., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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6. Targeted vaccination of teenagers following continued rapid endemic expansion of a single meningococcal group W clone (sequence type 11 clonal complex), United Kingdom 2015.
- Author
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Campbell H, Saliba V, Borrow R, Ramsay M, and Ladhani SN
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- Adolescent, Age Distribution, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Disease Outbreaks, Endemic Diseases, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Meningococcal epidemiology, Meningitis, Meningococcal microbiology, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Meningococcal Infections microbiology, Neisseria meningitidis genetics, Neisseria meningitidis isolation & purification, Phenotype, Polymerase Chain Reaction, United Kingdom epidemiology, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Immunization Programs, Meningitis, Meningococcal prevention & control, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Neisseria meningitidis classification, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
Since the epidemiological year 2009/10, the United Kingdom has experienced a year-on-year increase in meningococcal group W (MenW) disease due to rapid expansion of a single endemic hyper-virulent strain belonging to sequence type 11 clonal complex (cc). This strain was identified among cases diagnosed across all regions and was not linked to travel abroad. Consequently, an adolescent MenACWY conjugate vaccination programme for 13-18 year-olds will be introduced in August 2015, with priority given to 17-18 year-olds (school leavers).
- Published
- 2015
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7. Evolving meningococcal immunization strategies.
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Sáfadi MA, Bettinger JA, Maturana GM, Enwere G, and Borrow R
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- Global Health, Humans, Meningococcal Infections microbiology, Neisseria meningitidis classification, Neisseria meningitidis isolation & purification, Immunization Programs, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis immunology, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
Meningococcal disease is a major public health problem and immunization is considered the best strategy for prevention. The introduction of meningococcal C conjugate immunization schedules that targeted adolescents, with catch-up programs in several European countries, Australia and Canada proved to be highly effective, with dramatic reduction in the incidence of serogroup C disease, not only in vaccinated, but also in unvaccinated individuals. Meningococcal quadrivalent (A, C, W, Y) conjugate vaccines are now licensed and are being used in adolescent programs in North America and to control serogroup W disease in South America. In the African meningitis belt, a mass immunization campaign against serogroup A disease using a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine is now controlling the devastating epidemics of meningococcal disease. After introducing new immunization programs, it is of importance to maintain enhanced surveillance for a better understanding of the changing nature of disease epidemiology. This information is crucial for identifying optimal immunization policies.
- Published
- 2015
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8. Is a single infant priming dose of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in the United Kingdom sufficient?
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Findlow H and Borrow R
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- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Blood Bactericidal Activity, Humans, Infant, United Kingdom, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial immunology, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
In 1999, the UK introduced meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccination at 2, 3, 4 months of age with a single dose for children 1-18 y In 2006, the schedule was refined to a 2 dose priming schedule with a booster in the second year of life. In 2013, the number of priming doses was reduced to a single priming dose, the booster maintained at 12 months of age and an adolescent booster dose introduced. The paper presents the evidence supporting the reduction in the number of priming doses. A UK study provided evidence for reducing the priming doses of MCC-TT together with the positive correlation of lower quantity of antigen and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) levels post-primary but a higher magnitude of the booster response. Another UK study, demonstrated one dose of MCC-TT or MCC-CRM197 at 3 months gave comparable responses to 2 doses (SBA titres ≥8) both post-primary vaccination and post-booster Hib/MCC-TT at 12 months. However, the magnitude of the SBA GMT was higher in the MCC-TT primed post-booster. A single priming dose of MCC-TT (at 4 or 6 months) compared to 2 doses (2 and 4 months) gave higher SBA titres in all groups, post-primary and post-booster at 12-13 months, with the highest SBA responses observed in the 4 month single dose group. A study in Malta, comparing one dose of MCC-TT or MCC-CRM197 at (3 months) versus 2 doses of MCC-CRM197 (3 and 4 months), showed a high proportion (>84.72%) of subjects achieving SBA titres ≥8 following a single dose. These studies show that a single-dose priming MCC vaccination in infancy is sufficient.
- Published
- 2015
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9. Bactericidal antibody against a representative epidemiological meningococcal serogroup B panel confirms that MATS underestimates 4CMenB vaccine strain coverage.
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Frosi G, Biolchi A, Lo Sapio M, Rigat F, Gilchrist S, Lucidarme J, Findlow J, Borrow R, Pizza M, Giuliani MM, and Medini D
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- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, England epidemiology, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Infant, Male, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Meningococcal Infections microbiology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Predictive Value of Tests, Wales epidemiology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B immunology, Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay methods, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: 4CMenB (Bexsero), a vaccine developed against invasive meningococcal disease caused by capsular group B strains (MenB), was recently licensed for use by the European Medicines Agency. Assessment of 4CMenB strain coverage in specific epidemiologic settings is of primary importance to predict vaccination impact on the burden of disease. The Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS) was developed to predict 4CMenB strain coverage, using serum bactericidal antibody assay with human complement (hSBA) data from a diverse panel of strains not representative of any specific epidemiology., Objective: To experimentally validate the accuracy of MATS-based predictions against strains representative of a specific epidemiologic setting., Methods and Results: We used a stratified sampling method to identify a representative sample from all MenB disease isolates collected from England and Wales in 2007-2008, tested the strains in the hSBA assay with pooled sera from infant and adolescent vaccinees, and compared these results with MATS. MATS predictions and hSBA results were significantly associated (P=0.022). MATS predicted coverage of 70% (95% CI, 55-85%) was largely confirmed by 88% killing in the hSBA (95% CI, 72-95%). MATS had 78% accuracy and 96% positive predictive value against hSBA., Conclusion: MATS is a conservative predictor of strain coverage by the 4CMenB vaccine in infants and adolescents., (Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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10. Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C vaccine programmes.
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Borrow R, Abad R, Trotter C, van der Klis FR, and Vazquez JA
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- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Humans, Meningitis, Meningococcal immunology, Treatment Outcome, Meningitis, Meningococcal microbiology, Meningitis, Meningococcal prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C immunology, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
Since the introduction of monovalent meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) glycoconjugate (MCC) vaccines and the implementation of national vaccination programmes, the incidence of MenC disease has declined markedly as a result of effective short-term vaccination and reduction in acquisition of MenC carriage leading to herd protection. Monovalent and quadrivalent conjugate vaccines are commonly used vaccines to provide protection against MenC disease worldwide. Studies have demonstrated that MCC vaccination confers protection in infancy (0-12 months) from the first dose but this is only short-term. NeisVac-C(®) has the greatest longevity of the currently licensed MCC vaccines in terms of antibody persistence, however antibody levels have been found to fall rapidly after early infant vaccination with two doses of all MCC vaccines - necessitating a booster at ∼12 months. In toddlers, only one dose of the MCC vaccine is required for routine immunization. If herd protection wanes following catch-up campaigns, many children may become vulnerable to infection. This has led many to question whether an adolescent booster is also required., (Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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11. The evidence for use of pneumococcal conjugate over polysaccharide in children.
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Borrow R
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- Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Pneumococcal Infections epidemiology, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Pneumococcal Infections prevention & control, Pneumococcal Vaccines immunology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial immunology, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
Pneumococcal glycoconjugate vaccines are now used in infant immunization schedules, globally. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are still, however, advised from the second year of life to provide broader serotype coverage. The use of these polysaccharide vaccines has been under review, especially for children.
- Published
- 2013
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12. Study of a localized meningococcal meningitis epidemic in Burkina Faso: incidence, carriage, and immunity.
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Mueller JE, Yaro S, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Drabo A, Idohou RS, Kroman SS, Sanou O, Diagbouga S, Traoré Y, Sangaré L, Borrow R, and Gessner BD
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- Adolescent, Adult, Burkina Faso epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooking, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Meningitis, Meningococcal prevention & control, Prevalence, Smoke, Young Adult, Carrier State epidemiology, Meningitis, Meningococcal epidemiology, Meningitis, Meningococcal immunology, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A immunology, Vaccination
- Abstract
Background: To better understand localized meningococcal meningitis epidemics, we evaluated a serogroup A (NmA) epidemic in Burkina Faso by surveillance, carriage, and seroprevalence studies., Methods: During March-April 2006, cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients suspected to have meningitis in 3 epidemic villages were analyzed by culture or polymerase chain reaction. We assessed meningococcal carriage and serogroup-specific serum bactericidal antibody titers with baby rabbit complement (rSBA) in a representative population sample (N = 624; age range, 1-39 years). A serogroup A/C polysaccharide vaccine campaign occurred in parallel., Results: Cumulative incidence of Nm meningitis was 0.45% and varied among villages (0.08%-0.91%). NmA carriage prevalence was 16% without variation by vaccination status. NmA carriage and anti-NmA seroprevalence varied by village and incidence. In the 2 villages with highest incidence and seroprevalence, presence of rSBA titers ≥8 was associated with NmA carriage (odds ratio [OR], 9.33 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.90-45.91]) and vaccination ≤4 days earlier (OR, 0.10 [95% CI, .03-.32]). Visibly purulent or Nm meningitis was significantly associated with recent flulike symptoms and exposure to kitchen smoke (risk ratios >15)., Conclusions: A surge of NmA carriage may be involved in the development of meningococcal epidemics and rapidly increase anti-NmA seroprevalence. Flulike infection and kitchen smoke may contribute to the strength of epidemics.
- Published
- 2011
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13. Vaccination in paediatric patients with auto-immune rheumatic diseases: a systemic literature review for the European League against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations.
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Heijstek MW, Ott de Bruin LM, Borrow R, van der Klis F, Koné-Paut I, Fasth A, Minden K, Ravelli A, Abinun M, Pileggi G, Borte M, Bijl M, and Wulffraat NM
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- Adolescent, Chickenpox immunology, Chickenpox Vaccine administration & dosage, Chickenpox Vaccine adverse effects, Chickenpox Vaccine immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Consensus, Databases, Bibliographic, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Evidence-Based Medicine standards, Female, Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases drug therapy, Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases virology, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Immunosuppressive Agents therapeutic use, Infant, Male, Measles immunology, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine administration & dosage, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine adverse effects, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine immunology, Mumps immunology, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Rheumatic Diseases drug therapy, Rheumatic Diseases virology, Rubella immunology, Vaccination adverse effects, Vaccines, Attenuated administration & dosage, Vaccines, Attenuated adverse effects, Chickenpox prevention & control, Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases immunology, Measles prevention & control, Mumps prevention & control, Rheumatic Diseases immunology, Rubella prevention & control, Vaccination standards, Vaccines, Attenuated immunology
- Abstract
Objectives: To analyze available evidence on vaccinations in paediatric patients with rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases. This evidence formed the basis of the recently constructed European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination of these patients., Methods: A systematic literature review in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted using various terms for vaccinations, paediatric rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases and immunosuppressive drugs. Only papers on paediatric patients (<18 years of age) were selected. A panel of 13 experts in the field graded methodological quality and extracted data using predefined criteria., Results: 27 papers were available. No studies were found on autoinflammatory diseases. 14 studies considered live-attenuated vaccines. Evidence so far supports the safety and immunogenicity of non-live composite vaccines, although studies were underpowered to accurately assess safety. Live-attenuated vaccines did not cause disease flares or severe adverse events, not even in patients on methotrexate and low dose glucocorticosteroids. Seven patients on anti-TNFalpha therapy were described receiving the live-attenuated measles, mumps, rubella (n=5) or varicella (n=2) booster without severe adverse events., Conclusions: Data on safety and efficacy of vaccinations in paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases is reassuring, but too limited to draw definite conclusions. More research is needed on the safety and efficacy of especially live-attenuated vaccines in patients with rheumatic and autoinflammatory diseases using high dose immunosuppressive drugs., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
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14. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases.
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Heijstek MW, Ott de Bruin LM, Bijl M, Borrow R, van der Klis F, Koné-Paut I, Fasth A, Minden K, Ravelli A, Abinun M, Pileggi GS, Borte M, and Wulffraat NM
- Subjects
- Antirheumatic Agents adverse effects, Child, Contraindications, Evidence-Based Medicine methods, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Opportunistic Infections complications, Opportunistic Infections immunology, Rheumatic Diseases complications, Rheumatic Diseases therapy, Vaccination adverse effects, Vaccination methods, Vaccines, Attenuated adverse effects, Vaccines, Attenuated immunology, Vaccines, Conjugate adverse effects, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Opportunistic Infections prevention & control, Rheumatic Diseases immunology, Vaccination standards
- Abstract
Evidence-based recommendations for vaccination of paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases (PaedRD) were developed by following the EULAR standardised procedures for guideline development. The EULAR task force consisted of (paediatric) rheumatologists/immunologists, one expert in vaccine evaluation, one expert in public health and infectious disease control, and one epidemiologist. A systematic literature review was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and abstracts of the EULAR and American College of Rheumatology meetings of 2008/9. The level of evidence and strength of recommendation were based on customary scoring systems. Delphi voting was applied to assess the level of agreement between task force members. 107 papers and eight abstracts were used. The majority of papers considered seasonal influenza (41) or pneumococcal (23) vaccination. 26 studies were performed specifically in paediatric patients, and the majority in adult rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Fifteen recommendations were developed with an overall agreement of 91.7%. More research is needed on the safety and immunogenicity of (live-attenuated) vaccination in PaedRD, particularly in those using biologicals, and the effect of vaccination on prevention of infections.
- Published
- 2011
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15. Safety and immunogenicity of coadministering a combined meningococcal serogroup C and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at 12 months of age.
- Author
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Miller E, Andrews N, Waight P, Findlow H, Ashton L, England A, Stanford E, Matheson M, Southern J, Sheasby E, Goldblatt D, and Borrow R
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- Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Haemophilus Vaccines administration & dosage, Haemophilus Vaccines adverse effects, Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Immunoglobulin G blood, Infant, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine administration & dosage, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine adverse effects, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines adverse effects, Pneumococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Pneumococcal Vaccines adverse effects, United Kingdom, Haemophilus Vaccines immunology, Immunization, Secondary methods, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine immunology, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Pneumococcal Vaccines immunology, Vaccination methods
- Abstract
The coadministration of the combined meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC)/Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine at 12 months of age was investigated to assess the safety and immunogenicity of this regimen compared with separate administration of the conjugate vaccines. Children were randomized to receive MCC/Hib vaccine alone followed 1 month later by PCV7 with MMR vaccine or to receive all three vaccines concomitantly. Immunogenicity endpoints were MCC serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers of ≥8, Hib-polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) IgG antibody concentrations of ≥0.15 μg/ml, PCV serotype-specific IgG concentrations of ≥0.35 μg/ml, measles and mumps IgG concentrations of >120 arbitrary units (AU)/ml, and rubella IgG concentrations of ≥11 AU/ml. For safety assessment, the proportions of children with erythema, swelling, or tenderness at site of injection or fever or other systemic symptoms for 7 days after immunization were compared between regimens. No adverse consequences for either safety or immunogenicity were demonstrated when MCC/Hib vaccine was given concomitantly with PCV and MMR vaccine at 12 months of age or separately at 12 and 13 months of age. Any small differences in immunogenicity were largely in the direction of a higher response when all three vaccines were given concomitantly. For systemic symptoms, there was no evidence of an additive effect; rather, any differences between schedules showed benefit from the concomitant administration of all three vaccines, such as lower overall proportions with postvaccination fevers. The United Kingdom infant immunization schedule now recommends that these three vaccines may be offered at one visit at between 12 and 13 months of age.
- Published
- 2011
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16. Hyporesponsiveness and its clinical implications after vaccination with polysaccharide or glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Poolman J and Borrow R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bacterial Vaccines administration & dosage, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Child, Preschool, Drug Administration Schedule, Humans, Immunization Schedule, Infant, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Pneumococcal Infections immunology, Pneumococcal Infections prevention & control, Pneumococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Young Adult, Glycoproteins immunology, Immune Tolerance, Pneumococcal Vaccines immunology, Polysaccharides, Bacterial immunology, Vaccination methods, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology
- Abstract
Hyporesponsiveness (immune tolerance) follows vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide and many pneumococcal polysaccharide serotypes. Hyporesponsiveness after Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccination has not been directly observed, but may follow exposure during disease in some individuals. Use of currently licensed conjugate vaccines has not been associated with hyporesponsiveness to date, with the possible exception of pneumococcal serotype 3. Introduction of polysaccharide vaccines anywhere into a conjugate vaccination schedule may result in reduced immune responses on subsequent exposure. This review of vaccine-induced hyporesponsiveness and its potential clinical implications considers recent evidence suggesting that hyporesponsiveness may occur for specific components of combined conjugate vaccines, such as pneumococcal serotype 3. These data have implications for the development of new multivalent vaccines.
- Published
- 2011
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17. Clinical and immunologic risk factors for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine failure in the United Kingdom.
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Auckland C, Gray S, Borrow R, Andrews N, Goldblatt D, Ramsay M, and Miller E
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- Adolescent, Adult, Biomarkers blood, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C classification, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C isolation & purification, Risk Factors, United Kingdom epidemiology, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Meningococcal Infections immunology, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C immunology, Sentinel Surveillance, Vaccination
- Abstract
Background: The meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccine was introduced into the United Kingdom with licensure based on immunogenicity data not efficacy data., Methods: All subjects with laboratory-confirmed meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) disease from January 2000 to December 2003 in England and Wales were followed up. A vaccine failure was defined as a laboratory-confirmed case of MenC disease occurring > or =10 days after the subject's last scheduled dose of MCC vaccine. Total immunoglobulins, serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers, MCC anticapsular antibody levels, and avidity indices (AIs) were measured in acute and convalescent serum samples from subjects with vaccine failure and unvaccinated subjects with MenC disease., Results: Of 465 subjects with confirmed MenC disease identified among those eligible for vaccination, information on vaccination history was obtained for 462 (99.4%); of these, 53 were subjects with vaccine failure. SBA titers in convalescent serum samples and AIs in acute serum samples were significantly higher in subjects with vaccine failure than in unvaccinated subjects, (6.1-fold higher for SBA titers [P=.03] and 3.2-fold higher for AIs [P=.001])., Conclusions: The antibody response in the subjects with vaccine failure was consistent with an anamnestic response, suggesting that MenC disease occurred despite the MCC vaccine priming for immune memory. Persistence of antibodies may be a more appropriate correlate of long-term protection for MCC vaccines than the ability to generate a booster response on exposure.
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- 2006
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18. Meningococcal serogroup W135 in the African meningitis belt: epidemiology, immunity and vaccines.
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Mueller JE, Borrow R, and Gessner BD
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Africa South of the Sahara epidemiology, Carrier State, Child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials as Topic, Communicable Diseases, Emerging immunology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging microbiology, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Humans, Infant, Meningitis, Meningococcal immunology, Meningitis, Meningococcal microbiology, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135 classification, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Serotyping methods, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging prevention & control, Meningitis, Meningococcal epidemiology, Meningitis, Meningococcal prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135 isolation & purification, Vaccination trends
- Abstract
In the sub-Saharan African meningitis belt there is a region of hyperendemic and epidemic meningitis stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia. The public health approaches to meningitis epidemics, including those related to vaccine use, have assumed that Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A will cause the most disease. During 2001 and 2002, the first large-scale epidemics of serogroup W135 meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa were reported from Burkina Faso. The occurrence of N. meningitidis W135 epidemics has led to a host of new issues, including the need for improved laboratory diagnostics for identifying serogroups during epidemics, an affordable supply of serogroup W135-containing polysaccharide vaccine for epidemic control where needed, and re-evaluating the long-term strategy of developing a monovalent A conjugate vaccine for the region. This review summarizes the existing data on N. meningitidis W135 epidemiology, immunology and vaccines as they relate to meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa.
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Long term effects of vaccination of patients deficient in a late complement component with a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
- Author
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Platonov AE, Vershinina IV, Kuijper EJ, Borrow R, and Käyhty H
- Subjects
- Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial biosynthesis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Immunization, Secondary, Immunoglobulin A biosynthesis, Immunoglobulin G biosynthesis, Immunoglobulin M biosynthesis, Kinetics, Lipopolysaccharides adverse effects, Male, Meningitis, Meningococcal cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis, Meningococcal immunology, Meningitis, Meningococcal prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines adverse effects, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Serotyping, Complement System Proteins deficiency, Lipopolysaccharides immunology, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Vaccination
- Abstract
Of 45 Russian patients with late complement component deficiency (LCCD) who experienced one to five meningococcal infections, 31 were immunised with a meningococcal A/C/W135/Y polysaccharide vaccine and were followed for 3-8 years. Total and immunoglobulin (Ig) class specific concentration of antibodies to meningococcal polysaccharides in sera of LCCD patients increased significantly 1 month after vaccination and remained elevated for 3 years. Revaccination of LCCD patients 3 years after the first dose restored the total Ig concentrations to those observed 1 year after the first vaccination. Six new episodes of meningococcal infection in four patients developed in the group of 31 vaccinees; six episodes in six patients developed in the same time in the group of 14 non-vaccinated LCCD persons. Survival analysis demonstrated the risk to contract meningococcal disease decreased significantly for vaccinees in comparison to non-vaccinees (P<0.05). Vaccination with of meningococcal tetravalent polysaccharide vaccine decreases the risk of meningococcal infection in LCCD patients.
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- 2003
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20. Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the UK.
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Balmer P, Borrow R, and Miller E
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- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Humans, Incidence, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Neisseria meningitidis immunology, United Kingdom epidemiology, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Meningococcal Infections epidemiology, Meningococcal Vaccines administration & dosage, Neisseria meningitidis classification, Vaccination, Vaccines, Conjugate administration & dosage
- Abstract
This review details the impact of the introduction of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines in the UK. An overall reduction of 86.7% in the incidence of serogroup C infection in the targeted age groups has been observed from 1999 to 2001, with a concomitant decrease in deaths, from 67 in 1999 to 5 in 2001. The enhanced surveillance programme initiated to complement the introduction of MCC vaccines has been essential in generating data relating to vaccine coverage, vaccine failures and efficacy estimates. Vaccine coverage has exceeded 80% in all age groups targeted and up to the end of 2001, 25 confirmed and 1 probable vaccine failure have been observed in England and Wales. Efficacy estimates for England up to September 2001 were 91.5% in infants receiving three doses of MCC vaccine and 89.3% in toddlers receiving one dose of MCC vaccine (England). There is some evidence of herd immunity in unvaccinated cohorts of the target age groups, ranging from a reduction in disease incidence of 34% in 9-14 year olds to 61% in 15-17 year olds. Surveillance of the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of invasive and carriage isolates has shown no evidence to date of capsular switching from serogroup C to serogroup B.
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- 2002
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21. Serological basis for use of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines in the United Kingdom: reevaluation of correlates of protection.
- Author
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Borrow R, Andrews N, Goldblatt D, and Miller E
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- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Preschool, Drug Approval, Humans, Infant, Serologic Tests methods, Serum Bactericidal Test, United Kingdom, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Drug Evaluation methods, Meningococcal Infections prevention & control, Meningococcal Vaccines immunology, Meningococcal Vaccines therapeutic use, Vaccination, Vaccines, Conjugate immunology, Vaccines, Conjugate therapeutic use
- Abstract
The antibody data supporting the use of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccines in the United Kingdom were generated by serum bactericidal assay (SBA) using rabbit complement (rSBA). This may give higher titers than those obtained with human complement (hSBA), for which the "gold standard" correlate of protection for meningococcal C disease is a titer of > or =4. Comparison of rSBA and hSBA titers in sera from unvaccinated adults with an rSBA titer of > or =8 showed that for 93% (27 of 29) the titer was > or =4 by hSBA, confirming natural protection. Furthermore, sera from MCC vaccinees showed that an rSBA titer of <8 or > or =128 discriminated susceptibility and protection well (85% with rSBA titers of <8 had hSBA titers of <4, and 99% with rSBA titers of > or =128 had hSBA titers of > or =4). However, discrimination was poor in the rSBA titer range 8 to 64, with only 60% having hSBA titers of > or =4. In such cases we propose that protection can be assumed if there is a fourfold rise in titer between pre- and postvaccination sera or if there is a characteristic booster response to a polysaccharide challenge dose with, if available, evidence of antibody avidity maturation or an hSBA titer of result > or =4. Applying these criteria to toddlers, 10 to 40% of whom had titers in the range 8 to 64 after a single dose of MCC vaccine, showed that 94% had a fourfold rise in titer, including 98% of those in the titer range 8 to 64. In addition, of those with titers of <128 post-MCC vaccination, 90% had titers of > or =128 after a 10-microg polysaccharide booster dose, compared with only 7% of unprimed age-matched toddlers given a full 50-microg dose. Furthermore, the increase in geometric mean avidity index pre- and postbooster was independent of post-primary MCC titer. These results indicated that the majority of toddlers with an rSBA titer between 8 and 64, and some of those with an hSBA result of <4, have mounted a protective immune response with the induction of immunological memory.
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- 2001
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22. Influence of Age and Carriage Status on Salivary IgA to Neisseria meningitidis
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Horton, R. E., Stuart, J., Christensen, H., Borrow, R., Guthrie, T., Davenport, V., Finn, A., Williams, N. A., and Heyderman, R. S.
- Published
- 2005
23. Improved Methods of Detection of Meningococcal DNA from Oropharyngeal Swabs from Cases and Contacts of Meningococcal Disease
- Author
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Sadler, F., Borrow, R., Dawson, M. M., Kaczmarski, E. B., Cartwright, K., and Fox, A. J.
- Published
- 2000
24. Induction of Immunological Memory in UK Infants by a Meningococcal A/C Conjugate Vaccine
- Author
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Borrow, R., Fox, A. J., Richmond, P. C., Clark, S., Sadler, F., Findlow, J., Morris, R., Begg, N. T., and Cartwright, K. A. V.
- Published
- 2000
25. Salivary Antibodies Following Parenteral Immunization of Infants with a Meningococcal Serogroup A and C Conjugated Vaccine
- Author
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Borrow, R., Fox, A. J., Cartwright, K., Begg, N. T., and Jones, D. M.
- Published
- 1999
26. Immunogenicity of a single 4CMenB vaccine booster in adolescents 11 years after childhood immunisation
- Author
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Rollier, CS, Dold, C, Blackwell, L, Linder, A, Silva-Reyes, L, Clutterbuck, E, Davis, K, Ford, K, Liu, X, Holland, A, Chan, H, Harbinson, H, O'Connor, D, Borrow, R, Snape, MD, and Pollard, AJ
- Subjects
General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Adolescent ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,Vaccination ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Meningococcal Vaccines ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Meningococcal Infections ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunogenicity, Vaccine ,Molecular Medicine ,Humans ,Child - Abstract
The clinical development of the meningococcal vaccine, 4CMenB, included 2 doses in vaccine-naïve adolescents, which was considered unlikely to be cost-effective for implementation. Theoretically, priming with 4CMenB in early childhood might drive strong immune responses after only a single booster dose in adolescents and reduce programmatic costs. To address this question, children over 11 years old who took part in previous trials involving the administration of 3–5 doses of 4CMenB at infant/preschool age from 2006 were recruited into a post licensure single-centre trial, and were divided into two groups: those who received their last dose at 12 months old (infant group) and those who received their last dose at 3 years old (infant + preschool group). Naïve age-matched controls were randomised to receive one (adolescent 1 group) or two doses at days 0 and 28 (adolescent 2 group) of 4CMenB. Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays using human complement were performed against three reference strains prior to vaccination, and at 1, 6 and 12 months. Previous vaccination was associated with a higher response to a single booster dose at 11 years of age, one-month post-vaccination, when compared with a single dose in naïve age-matched controls. At day 180, the highest responses were observed in participants in the infant + preschool group against strain 5/99 (GMT 316.1 [CI 158.4 to 630.8]), as compared with naïve adolescents who received two doses (GMTs 84.5 [CI 57.7 to 123.6]). When the last dose was received at 12-months of age, responses to a single adolescent dose were not as robust (GMT 61.1 [CI 14.8 to 252.4] to strain 5/99). This descriptive study indicates that the highest SBA responses after a single dose in adolescence were observed in participants who received a preschool dose, suggesting that B cell memory responses are not sufficiently primed at less than 12 months of age. Trial registration EudraCT 2017-004732-11, ISRCTN16774163.
- Published
- 2022
27. Antibody Persistence after Serogroup C Meningococcal Conjugate Immunization of United Kingdom Primary-School Children in 1999–2000 and Response to a Booster: A Phase 4 Clinical Trial
- Author
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Perrett, K. P., Winter, A. P., Kibwana, E., Jin, C., John, T. M., Yu, L. M., Borrow, R., Curtis, N., and Pollard, A. J.
- Published
- 2010
28. Seroprotection against Serogroup C Meningococcal Disease in Adolescents in the United Kingdom: Observational Study
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Snape, M. D., Kelly, D. F., Lewis, S., Banner, C., Kibwana, L., Moore, C. E., Diggle, L., John, T., Yu, L. M., Borrow, R., Borkowski, A., Nau, C., and Pollard, A. J.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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29. Self-reported real-world safety and reactogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines: An international vaccine-recipient survey
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Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Andrew Ustianowski, Papavasileiou Lp, Shazaad Ahmad, Petrakis D, Nawar Diar Bakerly, Ghrew M, and Borrow R
- Subjects
Vaccination ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Reactogenicity ,Side effect ,Tolerability ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Relative risk ,Medicine ,business ,Confidence interval ,Viral vector - Abstract
BackgroundThe safety of COVID-19 vaccines has been demonstrated in selected populations in recent studies, but more data in specific groups is needed to inform vaccine choice and health policy.ObjectivesAn international, online survey was conducted to compare the safety, tolerability and reactogenicity of available COVID-19 vaccines in different recipient groups.MethodsThis survey was launched in February 2021, for 11 days. Recipients of a first COVID-19 vaccine dose ≥7 days prior to survey completion were eligible. The incidence and severity of vaccination side effects were assessed.ResultsSurvey was completed by 2,002 respondents, of whom 26.6% had prior COVID-19 infection (68.8% laboratory confirmed). Prior COVID-19 infection was associated with increased risk of any side effect (risk ratio 1.08, 95% confidence intervals [1.05-1.11]), fever (2.24 [1.86-2.70]), breathlessness (2.05 [1.28-3.29]), flu-like illness (1.78 [1.51-2.10]), fatigue (1.34 [1.20-1.49]) and local reactions (1.10 [1.06-1.15]). It was also associated with increased risk of severe side effects, leading to hospital care (1.56 [1.14-2.12]).While mRNA vaccines were associated with a higher incidence of any side effect (1.06 [1.01-1.11]) compared to viral vector-based vaccines, these were generally milder (pConclusionFor the first time, our study links prior COVID-19 illness with increased incidence of vaccination side effects and demonstrates that mRNA vaccines cause milder, less frequent systemic side effects, but more local reactions.Key messages–People with prior COVID-19 illness appear to experience significantly increased incidence and severity of side effects after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.–In this first head-to-head comparison of the safety and reactogenicity of different types of vaccines, it was demonstrated that mRNA vaccines cause milder, less frequent systemic side effects, compared to viral vector vaccines, but more local reactions.Tweetable SummaryA survey of >2000 COVID-19 vaccine-recipients links prior COVID-19 illness with increased incidence of vaccination side effects; mRNA vaccines cause milder, less frequent systemic side effects, but more local reactions.
- Published
- 2021
30. Genomic epidemiology of age-associated meningococcal lineages in national surveillance: an observational cohort study
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Hill, D, Lucidarme, J, Gray, S, Newbold, L, Ure, R, Brehony, C, Harrison, O, Bray, J, Jolley, K, Bratcher, H, Parkhill, J, Tang, C, Borrow, R, and Maiden, M
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Genotype ,Meningococcal Vaccines ,Meningitis, Meningococcal ,Neisseria meningitidis ,Serogroup ,Corrections ,Humans ,Child ,Phylogeny ,Aged ,Genomic Library ,Molecular Epidemiology ,Wales ,Incidence ,Vaccination ,Age Factors ,Infant ,Articles ,Middle Aged ,Meningococcal Infections ,Infectious Diseases ,England ,Child, Preschool ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Female ,Genome, Bacterial - Abstract
Summary Background Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a worldwide health issue that is potentially preventable with vaccination. In view of its sporadic nature and the high diversity of Neisseria meningitidis, epidemiological surveillance incorporating detailed isolate characterisation is crucial for effective control and understanding the evolving epidemiology of IMD. The Meningitis Research Foundation Meningococcus Genome Library (MRF-MGL) exploits whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for this purpose and presents data on a comprehensive and coherent IMD isolate collection from England and Wales via the internet. We assessed the contribution of these data to investigating IMD epidemiology. Methods WGS data were obtained for all 899 IMD isolates available for England and Wales in epidemiological years 2010–11 and 2011–12. The data had been annotated at 1720 loci, analysed, and disseminated online. Information was also available on meningococcal population structure and vaccine (Bexsero, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, UK) antigen variants, which enabled the investigation of IMD-associated genotypes over time and by patients' age groups. Population genomic analyses were done with a hierarchical gene-by-gene approach. Findings The methods used by MRF-MGL efficiently characterised IMD isolates and information was provided in plain language. At least 20 meningococcal lineages were identified, three of which (hyperinvasive clonal complexes 41/44 [lineage 3], 269 [lineage 2], and 23 [lineage 23]) were responsible for 528 (59%) of IMD isolates. Lineages were highly diverse and showed evidence of extensive recombination. Specific lineages were associated with IMD in particular age groups, with notable diversity in the youngest and oldest individuals. The increased incidence of IMD from 1984 to 2010 in England and Wales was due to successive and concurrent epidemics of different lineages. Genetically, 74% of isolates were characterised as encoding group B capsules: 16% group Y, 6% group W, and 3% group C. Exact peptide matches for individual Bexsero vaccine antigens were present in up to 26% of isolates. Interpretation The MRF-MGL represents an effective, broadly applicable model for the storage, analysis, and dissemination of WGS data that can facilitate real-time genomic pathogen surveillance. The data revealed information crucial to effective deployment and assessment of vaccines against N meningitidis. Funding Meningitis Research Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Public Health England, European Union.
- Published
- 2015
31. Investigation of correlates of protection against pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis genogroups W and Y in the African meningitis belt
- Author
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Cooper, LV, Boukary, RM, Borrow, R, Aseffa, A, Mihret, W, Collard, JM, Doumagoum, D, Hodgson, A, Sokhna, C, Omotar, B, Sow, S, Quaye, SL, Diallo, K, Manigart, O, Maiden, MCJ, Findlow, H, Stuart, JM, Greenwood, BM, Trotter, CL, Cooper, Laura [0000-0002-2942-3627], Trotter, Caroline [0000-0003-4000-2708], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Male ,Endemic Diseases ,viruses ,Vaccination ,virus diseases ,Meningitis, Meningococcal ,Protective Factors ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Young Adult ,fluids and secretions ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,stomatognathic system ,Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135 ,Risk Factors ,Carrier State ,Humans ,Pharynx ,Female ,Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup Y - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Serum bactericidal antibody titres that correlate with protection against invasive meningococcal disease have been characterised. However, titres that are associated with protection against acquisition of pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis are not known. METHODS: Sera were obtained from the members of a household in seven countries of the African meningitis belt in which a pharyngeal carrier of N. meningitidis had been identified during a cross-sectional survey. Serum bactericidal antibody titres at baseline were compared between individuals in the household of the carrier who became a carrier of a meningococcus of the same genogroup during six months of subsequent follow-up and household members who did not become a carrier of a meningococcus of this genogroup during this period. RESULTS: Serum bacterial antibody titres were significantly higher in carriers of a serogroup W or Y meningococcus at the time of recruitment than in those who were not a carrier of N. meningitidis of the same genogroup. Serum bactericidal antibody titres to a strain of N. meningitis of the same genogroup as the index cases were no different in individuals who acquired carriage with a meningococcus of the same genogroup as the index case than in those who did not become a carrier during six months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Serum bacterial antibody titres to N. meningitidis of genogroup W or Y in the range of those acquired by natural exposure to meningococci of these genogroups, or with cross-reactive bacteria, are not associated with protection against acquisition of carriage with meningococci of either of these genogroups.
- Published
- 2017
32. DT5aP-Hib-IPV and MCC vaccines: preterm infants' response to accelerated immunisation.
- Author
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Slack, M. H., Cade, S., Schapira, D., Thwaites, R. J., Crowley-Luke, A., Southern, J., Borrow, R., and Miller, E.
- Subjects
NEWBORN infant development ,PREVENTIVE medicine ,VACCINATION ,POLIOVIRUS ,ANAEROBIC infections ,IMMUNITY ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,IMMUNE response - Abstract
Aims: To describe the immune response of preterm infants to combined diphtheria/tetanus/5 component acellulor pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b inactivated polio vaccine (DT5aP-Hib-IPV) and meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine (MCC) under accelerated schedule. To compare results with term infants immunised with DT5aP-Hib-IPV and with historical data from preterm infants immunised with a DT3 component aP-Hib vaccine. Methods: Prospective observational study in preterm infants born at <32 weeks gestation with comparison to contemporary cohort of term infants. DT5aP-Hib-IPV and MCC vaccines were given at 2, 3, and 4 months. Results: Fifty preterm infants (mean gestational age 28.5 weeks) completed the study. After three doses of vaccines Hib polysaccharide IgG geometric mean concentration (GMC) was 1.21 μg/ml with 80% ⩾0.15 μg/ml; MCC serum bactericidal assay geometric mean titre (GMT) was 1245 with 100% ⩾8. All infants achieved protective titres to diphtheria, tetanus, and the three poliovirus types with ⩾80% achieving protective rises in IgG ago inst the five pertussis antigens. Conclusion: Preterm infants immunised with DT5aP-Hib-IPV and MCC vaccines show IgG responses to Hib and MCC greater than seen historically in both term and preterm infants with a DT3aP-Hib vaccine, and for pertussis antigens and poliovirus type 1 responses similar to that seen in term infants immunised with DTSaP-Hib-IPV. Responses to poliovirus types 2 and 3 are reduced, but all infants achieved protective titres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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33. Immunogenicity of one, two or three doses of a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid, given as a three-dose primary vaccination course in UK infants at 2, 3 and 4 months of age with acellular pertussis-containing DTP/Hib vaccine
- Author
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Southern, J., Crowley-Luke, A., Borrow, R., Andrews, N., and Miller, E.
- Subjects
- *
VACCINATION , *PREVENTION of communicable diseases , *ANAEROBIC infections , *TETANUS - Abstract
Abstract: Reduction of the number of injections necessary to confer protection in the infant schedule would reduce discomfort, improve cost-effectiveness and create space for the addition of new vaccinations in the future. This study assessed the immunogenicity of one, two or three doses of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid (MCC-TT) [Neis-VacC®] given concomitantly with a combined diphtheria/tetanus/acellular pertussis/Haemophilus influenzae type b -TT conjugate (DTaP-Hib-TT) [Infanrix-Hib®] vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. A total of 106 healthy UK infants were enrolled and randomised into two groups, one in which blood was taken after the first and third dose and the other after the second and third dose. The meningococcal serogroup C serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) geometric mean titre (GMT) rose significantly from post-first dose (491, 95% CI 275, 877) to post-second dose (1052, 95% CI 774, 1433) (p =0.03), with no significant change after the third dose (1024, 95% CI 768, 1366). An SBA titre of ≥8 was achieved by 92% after the first dose and 100% after the second and third doses. The Hib IgG geometric mean concentration (GMC) rose significantly after each dose: post-first (0.14μg/ml 95% CI 0.10, 0.18), post-second (0.54μg/ml, 95% CI 0.33, 0.90), post-third (2.04μg/ml, 95% CI 1.52, 2.74). The Hib GMC after the third dose was higher than reported previously when this DTaP/Hib was given either on its own or concomitantly with a MCC-CRM conjugate vaccine according to the UK 2, 3 and 4 month schedule. This suggests some enhancement of the response to a Hib-TT vaccine by concomitant administration of MCC-TT. These results suggest that a reduced number of doses of MCC-TT would be adequate in infancy if given concomitantly with an acellular pertussis-containing vaccine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
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34. Kinetics of maternally-derived serogroup A, C, Y and W-specific meningococcal immunoglobulin G in Malian women and infants.
- Author
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Findlow, H., Tapia, M.D., Sow, S.O., Haidara, F.C., Coulibaly, F., Keita, A.M., Diallo, F., Doumbia, M., Traore, A., Schluterman, N., Clark, D.A., Borrow, R., and Levine, M.M.
- Subjects
- *
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G , *MATERNALLY acquired immunity , *INFANTS , *PREGNANT women , *MENINGOCOCCAL vaccines , *INFLUENZA vaccines - Abstract
Highlights • Immunisation with MCV during pregnancy resulted in an antibody response. • Maternal immunization with MCV conveyed protective levels of MenA IgG at birth. • Infant antibody levels declined over the first 3 months of life. Abstract A prospective, randomised, controlled observer-blind trial measuring the efficacy and immunogenicity of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and the immunogenicity of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV) in pregnant women and their infants up to 6 months of age was conducted in Mali. Here we reported the immunogenicity of MCV, which was used as a comparator vaccine to TIV, in this population. Third-trimester pregnant Malian women were randomized to receive TIV or MCV. Blood samples were collected from women prior to vaccination, 28 days post-vaccination, at delivery and 3 and 6 months post-delivery and from infants at birth and 3 and 6 months of age. Meningococcal-specific serogroup (Men) A, C, Y and W-specific antibodies were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in a randomly selected subset of 50 mother-infant pairs where the mother had received MCV. At birth, 94.0% (47/50) of infants had MenA specific IgG levels ≥ 2 µg/mL decreasing to 72.9% and 30.4% at 3 and 6 months of age. For MenC, 81.3% (39/48) of infants had MenC specific IgG levels ≥ 2 µg/mL at birth decreasing to 29.4% and 17.8% at 3 and 6 months of age. For MenY, 89.6% (43/48) of infants had MenY specific IgG levels ≥ 2 µg/mL at birth decreasing to 64.6% and 62.5% at 3 and 6 months of age. For MenW, 89.6% (43/48) of infants had MenW specific IgG levels ≥ 2 μg/ml at birth decreasing to 62.5% and 41.7% at 3 and 6 months of age. Maternal immunization with MCV conveyed protective levels of IgG at birth through to 3 months of age in the majority of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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35. Serum bactericidal antibody assays – The role of complement in infection and immunity.
- Author
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McIntosh, E.D.G., Bröker, M., Wassil, J., Welsch, J.A., and Borrow, R.
- Subjects
- *
NEISSERIA meningitidis , *SERUM , *BACTERICIDAL action , *IMMUNOASSAY , *IMMUNE system , *COMPLEMENT (Immunology) , *GOLD standard , *VACCINATION - Abstract
Complement is an essential component of the immune system and human pathogenic organisms have developed various mechanisms for evading complement mediated serum killing. The “gold standard” for measuring the ability of vaccine-induced antibody to kill Neisseria meningitidis is the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay which measures complement mediated killing via antibody. This assay requires active complement, either intrinsic from the serum being tested or the addition of exogenous complement, either from a human or from another species such as rabbit. For serogroup C, an SBA titre of ≥4 was established as the correlate of protection when using human complement and ≥8 as the threshold when using rabbit complement, based on comparative assay results. Licensure of meningococcal vaccines, including polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines and serogroup B vaccines has been based on the immune responses measured with the SBA assay, thus on a surrogate of vaccine efficacy. This review examines the use of complement and the SBA assay to assess immunity to meningococcal infection, and provides examples of vaccine trials in different age groups where various assays have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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