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Background: CD39, a rate-limiting enzyme to convert extracellular ATP (eATP) to adenosine, has been reported to be a key modulator of immune response, but its correlation with therapeutic sensitivity remains obscure. We conducted this study to determine whether the integration of CD39 and traditional biomarkers could improve the prediction of responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade and platinum-based chemotherapy., Methods: We retrospectively enrolled a total of 760 patients from IMvigor210 trial, TCGA database and Zhongshan Hospital in this study. We constructed the CPT scoring system based on CD39, PD-L1 and tumour mutation burden (TMB) and validated its efficacy in predicting therapeutic responsiveness in MIBC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were applied to assess clinical outcomes of patients., Results: The CPT scoring system could predict the response to PD-L1 blockade and platinum-based chemotherapy. The CPT score was positively correlated with APOBEC mutational signature and SNV neoantigens enrichment, antigen presentation, and TCR signalling. High CPT score also indicated the inflamed immune phenotype and basal/squamous molecular subtype., Conclusions: CD39 expression is closely correlated with the immunogenic contexture of MIBC. Integrating CD39 with PD-L1 and TMB could stratify the sensitivity of patients with MIBC to PD-L1 blockade and platinum-based chemotherapy., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) have shown clinical benefit in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with only a few predictive biomarkers identified so far. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) has been identified as a key immune checkpoint and a novel immunotherapeutic target but the clinical significance of NRP1 remains unclear in MIBC., Methods: Three independent cohorts were involved in our study: IMvigor210 Cohort (n = 348), The Cancer Genome Atlas Cohort (TCGA, n = 391), and Zhongshan Hospital Cohort (ZSHS, n = 130). Parallel detection and validation of risk stratification based on NRP1 expression were executed in patients treated with anti-PD-L1 agent and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT)., Results: NRP1 expression conferred poor survival and predicted response to both PD-L1 blockade and cisplatin-based ACT in MIBC. Further exploration revealed high-level NRP1 was extremely associated with infiltration of exhausted CD8 + T cells, immature NK cells and M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages in MIBC patients. Moreover, elevated NRP1 expression was also correlated with low mutation burden and reduced mutation in cell cycle pathway., Conclusions: Our study firstly identified and validated the clinical implications of NRP1 expression for prognosis and systematic therapeutic responses (PD-L1 blockade and ACT) in MIBC. NRP1 expression was associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment with dysfunctional effector immune cells. Prospective investigations of its roles in the therapeutic landscape of MIBC warrant more consideration., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key infiltrating cell populations in the inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors including MIBC. It intrigues us to explore the clinical significance and immunoregulatory role of TAMs infiltration and polarization in MIBC., Methods: A total of 141 patients with MIBC from Zhongshan Hospital and 391 patients with MIBC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were included in this study. Moreover, 195 patients who received anti-PD-L1 therapy from the IMvigor210 trial were enrolled. Patients were categorized into three subtypes considering the infiltration level and polarization status of TAMs, denoted as TAM low (Subtype I), TAM high &M2/M1 low (Subtype II), and TAM high &M2/M1 high (Subtype III)., Results: Subtype III suffered inferior prognosis, and Subtype II could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). Subtype III was featured with increased pro-tumor cells and immunosuppressive cytokines, while Subtype II possessed more immunogenic cells infiltration with activated and tumoricidal properties. Subtype II and Subtype III presented basal/squamous-like characterization and showed additional prognostic merit beyond molecular classification. Subtype I exhibited elevated level of FGFR3 signature, while Subtype II had EGFR signaling activation and immunotherapeutic indication. Additionally, Subtype II patients were indeed highly sensitive to PD-L1 blockade therapy in IMvigor210 trial., Conclusion: The infiltration and polarization status of TAMs shaped distinct immune microenvironment with predictive significance for survival outcome, ACT benefit, and PD-L1 blockade therapy sensitivity in MIBC. Immune classification based on TAMs polarization and infiltration might provide tools to tailor chemotherapy and immunotherapy., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: CD103 + CD8 + tissue-resident memory T (T RM ) cells, associated with better overall survival among various malignancies, are thought to activate anti-tumour immune response and affect therapeutic sensitivity including both immunotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT)., Methods: Totally 650 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients from three independent cohorts were included in this study for survival and cisplatin-based ACT response analysis. Another public data set consisting of 195 patients from IMvigor210 trial receiving PD-L1 blockade were involved in the assessment of immunotherapeutic response. Fifty-nine fresh tumour tissues were used to evaluate immune infiltration of CD103 + CD8 + T RM cells., Results: Patients with high CD103 + CD8 + T RM cells infiltration, but not CD8 + T cells, are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy and ACT. The presence of T RM cells is highly associated with an enhanced IFNγ-enriched and T cell-inflamed anti-tumour microenvironment. Elevated CD103 + CD8 + T RM cells infiltration correlated with superior ACT response in mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), PIK3CA/AKT and RAS/RAF pathway proficient or histone modification and cell cycle pathway deficient patients., Conclusions: CD103 + CD8 + T RM cells played a crucial role in anti-tumour immunity and served as an ideal prognostic biomarker. It could be treated as a superior companion predictor for treatment response to PD-L1 inhibitor and ACT within MIBC patients., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: TIGIT and PD-1 are checkpoint receptors that could regulate the functional status of immune cells through independent pathways. However, the clinical significance of immune classification based on TIGIT and PD-1 expression remains unclear in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)., Methods: Patients with MIBC from four independent cohorts were categorised into three clusters. Survival analysis conducted through Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression model. Immune contexture was measured by immunohistochemistry and CIBERSORT algorithm. Twenty-five fresh tumour tissue samples were utilised to evaluate functional state of CD8 + T cells by flow cytometry., Results: Cluster I (TIGIT low PD-1 low ) contained widely poor immune infiltrates with higher FGFR3 mutation, Cluster II (TIGIT low PD-1 high ) exhibited a highly infiltrated contexture with increased cytolytic CD8 + T cells and had the best prognosis, Cluster III (TIGIT high ) presented a suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) featured by exhausted CD8 + T cells and basal molecular subtype. Patients of Cluster III had the worst survival but could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, and also presented limited FGFR3 signalling signature but activated immunotherapeutic and EGFR-associated pathway., Conclusions: TIGIT/PD-1-based risk stratification with distinct immune and molecular features could be served as a predictor for systematic therapeutic response including adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy in MIBC patients., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: This study aims to reveal the clinical significance of stromal-infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)., Patients and Methods: This study included 288 patients from the TCGA database and 118 patients from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center with MIBC. The CIBERSORT model and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate TAM infiltration. Cox regression analyses were employed to calculate their prognostic value., Results: Among all 23 immune phenotypes analyzed in the TCGA cohort, pan-macrophage infiltration was significantly associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.001). Further analyses found that stromal TAM infiltration could be an independent prognostic predictor for recurrence-free survival (RFS; HR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.006-1.033, p = 0.004). High stromal infiltration was related to unfavorable RFS. After stratification by adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT), patients without ACT could be differentiated by TAM infiltration (p = 0.036), while patients with ACT could not. Moreover, TAM infiltration was negatively associated with IFN-γ-related mRNA panel, which was shown to have strong predictive value for clinical response to programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibition., Conclusions: Stromal TAM infiltration could be an independent prognosticator for MIBC patients. This might have potential to guide precise treatments such as ACT and immune checkpoint blockade in MIBC., (© 2021. Society of Surgical Oncology.)

Background: Latency-associated peptide (LAP) was identified as crucial immune regulator in tumor microenvironment (TME) in recent researches. In this study, we aimed to estimate the predictive value of LAP expression for clinical survival and therapeutic response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)., Methods: Our study encompassed 140 MIBC patients from Zhongshan Hospital (ZSHS cohort), 401 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA cohort) and 195 patients received PDL1 blockade from IMvigor210 trial. Survival analyses were conducted through Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression model. LAP expression and its association with immune contexture were evaluated in ZSHS and TCGA cohort., Results: We found that high intratumoral LAP + cells infiltration anticipated inferior survival and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) response, and was closely related to an immunoevasive contexture with increased M2 macrophages, neutrophils and conspicuously a cluster of highly exhausted CD8 + T cells. The combinational analysis of LAP + cells and CD8 + T cells infiltration stratified patients into distinct risk groups with implications for therapeutic sensitivity to PDL1 blockade and refinement of molecular classification in MIBC., Conclusions: LAP expression was correlated with patients' inferior prognosis, ACT-tolerance and an immunoevasive TME with exhausted CD8 + T cell infiltration, suggesting that LAP could serve as a promising therapeutic target in MIBC. Simultaneously, our novel TME classification based on LAP + cells and CD8 + T cells infiltration and its potential in appraising PDL1 blockade application for MIBC patients deserved further validation., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)