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The city of Corumbá, founded in 1778, was invaded by Paraguayans in 1865, during the period of the Paraguayan War (1864-70). This conflict was responsible for the destruction of several villages and fortifications on the southern border of Mato Grosso. Because of the destruction, the space had to be reorganized, receiving new institutions that helped in the development of the city. This article aims to expose the architectural elements that refer us to those used in the ancient world in the construction of buildings and in the beautification of the city, especially the Greek, which are easily found in the facades of the houses and civil and religious buildings scattered throughout the city of Corumbá. These facades, in my analysis, are historical sources because they are the materialization of a past that no longer exists, but that can be reinterpreted by historians. My proposal is to show how it is possible to study Ancient History through them and, at the same time, reinforce the need of the city to protect its cultural heritage not only as an element of construction of the history of Corumbá, but also as a curricular component of schools, contributing to the development of heritage education in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Moscow has been going through a transformation of its surface transport network during the past decade as part of a broader policy of urban beautification. Despite a renewed interest in public transport, this policy has led to the dismantling of the trolleybus system. This was met with resistance from various groups. Bringing together scholarly discussions on urban growth coalitions and on degrowth, we repoliticise urban mobility policies and put the entangled issues of ecological sustainability and social justice at the centre of the analysis. To do this, we outline a degrowth vision of urban mobility and introduce the concept of ecosocial justice, through which the case is analysed. Our results show that the trolleybus dismantlement increases biophysical throughput, compromises Moscow's ecology of culture, and is rooted in injustices, not least because Moscow authorities have ignored the many objections and alternative proposals put forward by residents. However, opposition groups paid limited attention to procedural injustices and to the configuration of Moscow's political economy. This was a limitation of the campaign, but suggests possibilities for repoliticising urban mobility policies at other sites of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the ongoing reconstruction of Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, from the perspective of the affective registers it has elicited: from the despair of those who fondly remember the city's earlier Soviet facade to those who have benefitted from the expansion of housing stock and green space across the city center. Exploring these positions and the role of statist conceptions of modernity, personal and political memories of space, and the emotions called forth by urban redevelopment, the article elaborates on the place of affect and sentimental politics in the processes of city beautification and development. It argues that the despair experienced by city residents in their protests against redevelopment projects has both enabled and constrained citizens in terms of their participation in Dushanbe's urban development, economic redistribution, and the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is focused on ideals and values hidden under the Soviet period city planning. Soviet urban planning visions of the first half of the 20th century were balancing between naive fiction and visionary concepts. Of course, the industrial building methods and functionalist city models were present not only in the Soviet Union, but in this country especially they were transformed and adapted to the specific political and social situation. Economic aspects dominated the city planning of the Soviet era, but transformations of cities on such a scale were impossible without utopian thought. Visions by soviet architects and planners have already become a part of the legend of mass housing, still not properly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to integrate processes of urban design and urban planning with ambition to increase urban environment qualities via comparing those differences of urban design tendencies and styles in strategic planning framework. Also this paper examines of urban design implementation in urban planning process by urban management system of Iran. Review and evaluation of urban planning process and assessment of development plans in past five decades in Iran confirms that these processes are not responding properly to the quality aspects of urban areas. The current situation stems from numerous reasons which could be found in rational nature or scheming process, survey, approval and implementation of plans. To confront these problems and in order to learn experiences and provide a new process which could encompass both city planning and design the traditions of city planning process has been studied. This approach would link both urban planning and design tendencies. In practice this approach can have positive outcomes at all levels of new strategic planning hierarchy and policy oriented urban design. In urban development plans, enhancing the urban environment qualities are significance challenge of planners and designers. Status quo of Iran show those plan have less been succeed in creating qualitative urban environment so in recent years experts and professional support qualitative approach to design and plan of urban environments in different scale including macro and micro scales plans. There is an essential need to analyze the application of urban design by management system in Iran critically, in terms of development plans process as distinct from other land use planning techniques. The research question intends to understand how urban design is utilized and operationalized in development plans process in Iran. The literature review published on urban design provides not only an acceptable model for further research [Wolff 1970, Shirvani 1981,Varkki 1977, Punter 1999,Carmona 1997] but also operational definitions of the components of this process. The study uncovered a wide of literature pertaining to urban design , the literature however, was in many respects confusing and contradictory in regards to the nature of implementing urban design by public officials. The literature review revealed many different approaches to define the tools for urban design .These tools yielding a wide variety of terminology and jargon used to describe implementation procedures. Methodology of this research is applied the qualitative method and especially content analysis technique to extract the essence of plans also their objective. This thesis makes use of this literature to examine this process on a recently completed development plans in Mashhad city in Iran. This thesis examines the tools of urban design utilized by planners in development plans. The thesis identifies the lack of agreement within academic writing defining the role, practice and function ofurban design as a source of confusion for the study of professional practice. Findings of paper identify that there are four important factors to enhance quality of urban environment including: cooperating of urban design in whole scale of planning, cooperating of different professions in development plans, cooperating of stakeholders, clients, and laypeople in whole process of planning, and adaptability in planning and change management. Result of this paper show that interaction between planning and designing process is necessary and also significance factor to guaranty success of planning and designing program in country. Results of this paper could apply in urban planning and designing framework as a guideline to harmony urban development plans, additionally, it could illustrate environments of planning system of country to recognize other challenges and problems in that also this study, thus confirms Varkki's argument and advocates for increased attention of scholarly research to be focused on the procedure elements of urban design [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the concept of "Creative City" is introduced as an innovative and progressive paradigm towards urban management to solve numerous and varied complex and interrelated challenges of contemporary urban context. Based on many profound and radical changes of the urban environment, creative city is defined as a strategic approach in speculating, rethinking, planning and implementing urban plans and projects as well as policies and programs. It influences many aspects of the civic life including the social, cultural, economic, financial and business dimensions. Urban creativity tries to integrate ideas of a wide array of interests and encourages public participation of all stakeholders including citizens, owners of businesses, planners and designers in addition to managers. In order to accomplish this goal, a shift of perspective through with the city is looked at is mandatory; from a rigid bureaucratic process towards a dynamic and flexible procedure for urban policies, plans and projects. Creative city can have great influences on urban planning and management and the whole city in a broader sense. It can bring new latent and unforeseen opportunities to the urban environment. Creative solutions and innovative strategies to overcome the challenges of cities appear to become attainable by making best of the available physical and intellectual recourses that the cities possess. The quality of life within the cities and the urban livability is directly related to the success of urban planning and management. As a revealing and representing example, "City of Melbourne" is considered as one of the world's most livable cities and the quality of life in this city is located among the highest in worldwide rankings. In order to maintain its position and improve its performance, the City of Melbourne has established goals, objectives and indicators to measure the effectiveness of the activities related to urban planning and management. The eight goals of urban management in Melbourne include; city for people, a creative city economic prosperity, a knowledge city, an eco-city, a connected city, lead by example and manage the resources well. Each of these goals is defined and the objectives and indicators are presented in this paper. Under the theme of "Creative City and Urban Management", the goal of creative city in Melbourne is elaborated in the light of livability and quality of life concepts. The future plans for Melbourne have identified creativity as one of city's major strengths and try to build up on this as a great opportunity for the citizens. Consistent with the City of Melbourne's objective of creat-ing an inclusive environment that encourages participation of all citizens and stakeholders, the urban management has revised its strategies and aims to encourage a vibrant, creative community and sets out a vision for nurturing and enhancing the quality of life and level of livability within Melbourne Central Business District and Metropolitan Melbourne inner and outer suburbs. In addition to presenting case specific progressive urban strategies and solutions, the results of the case study of Melbourne can be utilized by urban planners and managers in other cities as a successful example in terms of targeting goals and establishment of objectives and indictors in urban management performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban development is increasing across the globe. This poses a major threat to biodiversity, which is often relatively poor in towns and cities. Despite much interest in identifying species' traits that can predict their responses to environmental degradation this approach has seldom been used to assess which species are particularly vulnerable to urban development. Here we explore this issue, exploiting one of the best available datasets on species' responses to towns and cities in a highly urbanized region, comprising avian densities across approximately 3000 British urban and rural 1 km × 1 km grid cells. We find that the manner in which species' responses to urbanization is measured has a marked influence on the nature of associations between these responses and species' ecological and life history traits. We advocate that future studies should use continuous indices of responses that take relative urban and rural densities into account, rather than using urban densities in isolation, or a binary response recording the presence/absence of a species in towns and cities. Contrary to previous studies we find that urban development does not select against avian long-distance migrants and insectivores, or species with limited annual fecundity and dispersal capacity. There was no evidence that behavioural flexibility, as measured by relative brain size, influenced species' responses to urban environments. In Britain, generalist species, as measured by niche position rather than breadth, are favoured by urban development as are, albeit to a lesser extent, those that feed on plant material and nest above the ground. Our results suggest that avian biodiversity in towns and cities in urbanizing regions will be promoted by providing additional resources that are currently scarce in urban areas, and developing suitable environments for ground-nesting species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, American towns and cities have expanded from their established cores into the surrounding rural areas. The U.S. population has grown but the land that we use has grown at an even faster pace, and our country has now become a largely suburban nation. Americans continue to move out to the suburbs in search of better lives - for clean and healthy living, for larger homes, and for better resources. In many ways and for many Americans, the suburban lifestyle has been a great success. However, there are some unintended public health consequences of urban sprawl that must be recognized. As most Americans no longer walk or bicycle, increasingly sedentary lifestyles now contribute to greater levels of obesity, diabetes and other associated chronic diseases. We review the impacts of urban sprawl on the public's health specifically, as sprawl relates to decreased physical activity rates and increased obesity rates. The health effects and their connection with sprawl are identified, and available evidence reviewed. We close by describing legal and policy solutions for addressing the health effect through improving the design of our built environment and by recommending that governments adopt and implement Smart Growth statutes that incorporate a public health component and require public health involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Istanbul's goal to become a global city of design. It states that beatifying the city with designs involves the participation of its producers and users, the process, and cultural and social context involve. It adds that the developments of cities such as Istanbul require the participation of the design industry, city planning, and the coordination of action. It mentions that sustainability and environmentalism calls for the reorganization of the design profession as well as the use of urban lands. Moreover, photographs of several designs including Donola seats by Defne Koz, Cioccolata bookcase by Aziz Zanyer, and Madam Dakar armchair by Ay&x015F;e Birel and Bibi Seck, are presented.

The article provides a discussion on how the beautification of a city increases population and growth of employment in metropolitan areas in the U.S. in the 1990s. It notes that leisure tourists are attracted by special qualities of the area such as historic districts and scenic views. It is inferred that population and jobs are concentrated in cities primarily because of the concept of agglomeration economies.

This paper aims to show the reverse side of the (football) medal. The N2 gateway project in Cape Town is presented, by government and media, as a ‘flagship’ project of the new Breaking New Ground strategy, to fight the housing backlog of 400,000 houses in the city. But I want to argue that the fast-tracking of the project has to be understood as a beautification strategy to prepare the city for 2010. Massive slum eradication and the construction of ‘beautiful formal housing opportunities’ between the airport and the mother city are becoming a painful reminder of the forced removals under the apartheid regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is all set to host the 2010 edition of the Commonwealth Games. This is the first major "hallmark event" to be hosted by New Delhi since the 1982 Asian Games. Hallmark events have the ability to transform the urban landscape of a city. This is the focus area of the paper. Can these games bring about a transformation of Delhi's urban landscape, and if it does, will it do so in an egalitarian fashion? It also looks at worldwide experiences from various other hallmark experiences like the Summer Olympics and the Asian Games, and Delhi's experience with hosting the 1982 Asian Games. What one finds is that these events are normally not as beneficial to the host community, as made out to be. More important in India's context is that the benefits are normally even less when the host community is a developing nation, as India is. The enormous expenditure on these is going to be spent largely on the development of civic infrastructure, beautification, transport and sports facilities. If spent effectively, the event can be a catalyst in a much-needed urban regeneration of the city. However past experience from the 1982 Asian Games and actions already undertaken in the run up to the 2010 games suggest that the development may be anti-poor, badly planned and ecologically unsound. It is essential that whatever actions are undertaken in the name of the Commonwealth Games, are well thought out and not justified solely on the grounds of nationalist sentiment and hyperbole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Eastern Mediterranean forests have been exploited for many years, the changing trends in the past 40 years require detailed investigations. Forests in the coastal zone of Lebanon are witnessing major changes mainly because of chaotic urbanisation. The study area at the coastal zone of Lebanon has 96% of its forest cover under oak coppice. The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of landscape indices on oak forests especially their ability to detect changes between 1965 and 2003. It uses forest canopy closure as another indicator of forest destruction. The 1965 forest map was first checked for its accuracy before being used to extract patch delineations and canopy closures. Landcover types for 2003 were obtained by classifying a SPOT 5 satellite image. FRAGSTATS software was utilised on the 1965 map on a patch basis to calculate patch shapes and sizes. These indices and canopy closures data were investigated for correlation purposes with patterns of forest loss. The edge distances between forest patches in 1965 and new forest patches in 2003 were computed to analyze regeneration processes. Results show that although older forest patches have shown a 48% loss in area, total forest area reached 83%. Abandoned agricultural lands have become new forest. Smaller forest patches (< 40 ha) showed greater losses than large ones. Small and open forest patches recorded greater loss than large and dense patches. Shape indices show no correlation with forest loss. Clearance for agriculture covered 30% of the pre-existing forests, while urban developments accounted for just 4% of forest loss. This research highlights the great need for comprehensive studies of forests using landscape analyses. Such analyses help managers develop practical and relevant conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience against an array of traditional and unconventional terrorist threats is increasingly important to the way towns and\ cities are designed and managed and how built environment professionals attempt to enhance levels of community safety. This is particularly the case with regard to crowded public places and transport systems such as light rail or trams, which are seen as particularly vulnerable to terrorist attack. This paper argues that contemporary terrorist threats and tactics mean that counter-terrorism in urban areas should increasingly seek to hybridise hard and soft engineering solutions in order to design and manage the built environment in ways that can reduce the occurrence or impact of a terrorist attack. In particular, it is argued that for counter-terrorism to be successful, inter-professional solutions are required for a wide range of public, private and community stakeholders that are (or should be) involved with the planning, design, construction, operation and management of public places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contextualize the form-based code in planning history as a reaction to city planning efforts that have continuously stressed function over urban design in the U.S. The authors stated that urban planners have sought to implement a variety of land use and design related tools which emanate from historic zoning codes in response to their quest to build cities which are both beautiful and functional. They added that the form-based code is the newest tool used for better city planning. They emphasized that communities employing the tool must understand that the form-based code does not offer a cure for all urban problems.

Some of the main ideas of the fractal city theory are briefly reviewed, and their applicability is tested for the medium and small-size Romanian urban settlements. The universality of Zipf law for cities and towns distribution is proved once again and a stochastic master equation is proposed in order to explain the empirical distribution. The urban structure of Bucharest is investigated as an example of ,nedium-size city formed by merging some independent poles of growth. The Central Places Theory is found to be in disagreement with the real urban structure. Instead, the diffusion-limited aggregation and self-organized criticality mechanisms are investigated by means of some numerical simulations and are found to fit better the urban perimeter growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wildlife value orientation (WVO) construct has been used to describe deeply held beliefs about how humans should relate to wildlife. As part of a larger effort to test the usefulness of the WVO construct across cultures, we conducted pilot testing of the construct in China. A conceptual and methodological framework developed by the project's international research team was used to collect and analyze data. Specific modifications were made for China's study. We conducted sixteen mixed-method interviews in five cities/towns in China. Participants included individuals from both rural and urban areas with equal numbers of men and women. The results provided supporting evidence for all hypothesized WVO dimensions. Inter-rater reliabilities were reported and representative quotations illustrating each WVO concept were presented. In particular, we discussed the prevalence of materialism in relation to the emerging mutualistic thinking in contemporary China. As a conclusion, we provided our evaluation of the utility of WVO concept as well as the research method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declarations on sustainable urban development enforce analysis of the potential and resources of separate Lithuanian towns supplemented with significant improvements of recreational environment quality. People are under the influence of cultural and artistic values in an urban environment. Interaction problems between human beings and environment concern architects, psychologists, sociologists, doctors, artists. Their influence significantly increases in recreational environment. Recently in various Lithuanian towns and cities the quality of recreational environment has not only improved but, unfortunately, it has lost its important qualitative components. A piece of art in post-soviet urban space and in recreational environment is accepted ambiguously. Destruction of environmental values enforces search for planning or organizational means of spaces to reduce negative reaction. In this aspect experience in the West European culture of towns and cities is very important. In this work the author analyses the experience of some European cities in integrating artistic and cultural components into recreational spaces. Concrete suggestions for improving formation of recreational environment are given. The experience analysis of European cities allows to state that the Lithuanian urban recreational environment can be used much more effectively by using artistic means. The paper presents examples of recreational environment formation and suggestions on improving, evaluation and artistic value integration into environment. They could be very useful in planning urban recreational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban planning and change in the last century has been guided by concepts of Modernity rooted in the Age of Enlightenment that placed the needs of ‘rational man’ at the core of human endeavors of all kinds. Yet, rather than leading to aesthetically beautiful cities characterized by sustainable resource utilization processes, the anthropocentric approach to urban and economic development has created global problems of depletion of natural resources, massive pollution and growing social imbalances within and between nation states. The widely heralded concept of (economically, environmentally, and socially) sustainable development has not yet produced a fundamental rethinking of our patterns of production and consumption. A multi-systems level framework with which to think about sustainable urban development and regeneration is outlined. It is based on an evolutionary perspective of systems and their emergent qualitatively different properties. A distinction between chemical/physical, biological, human/individual, social and cultural systems levels is made. Broadly framed guiding questions at each system's level are proposed as the basis for the development of sustainability criteria and indicators that can be tailored to any type of project in the planning or evaluation stage. A case study addressing the renewal of urban villages in the mega city of Guangzhou in Southern China illustrates the application potential of the framework to the challenge of urban regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of the rising significance of urban design and the challenges it is facing. It places urban design in the wider context of the urban development process, and of the growing importance of cities in the global economy. By adopting a dynamic and multi-dimensional perspective, the paper looks at this process from the viewpoints of producers, regulators and users of the built environment. Urban design is found to make major contributions for each of these groups, which explains its rising but contested significance; being integrated into the mainstream of the development process has generated new challenges for urban design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the book "Cities in Evolution," by Patrick Geddes. Information on the theme of the book; Position of the book as a classic in urban literature; Problems associated with the publication of this book.

This article informs that many researchers have examined land-use change and sprawl, but they typically focus on urban systems. Some researchers have recognized sprawl as a multidimensional phenomenon rather than simply a decline in the average population density over time. Most urban sprawl studies have used Census Bureau-defined Urban Areas (US) and Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), which can both over- and under-bound locations of urban density. That is, most small cities and towns in the U.S. were not located within an UA or MSA, and so many towns and cities of generally less than 50 000 residents were excluded from these analyses.

In the aftershock of deindustrialisation, restructuring of inner-city neighbourhoods around the United States of America has emerged as one of the biggest challenges facing our modern society. The revitalisation process in Norris Square, Philadelphia, the subject of a recent pilot project for Temple University and the main focus of this paper, reveals a possible model for fostering socially and culturally responsive patterns of inhabitation that could he adapted in similar communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst much of the attention of those concerned with culture and regeneration has rightly been focused upon the core cities and regional capitals. it would be a mistake to assume that smaller towns and cities do not also have a role to play. Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, is one of a number at towns clustered around the Pennines that grew, and for a hundred years prospered, from the textile trade but which, by the 1980s, were in serious economic decine. This article examines how culture has contributed to the regeneration of the town and the wider local authority district. It reviews the developing role of the creative industries within the district and. in particular, the role of the local Council as a key catalyst for many of the institutional and policy shifts that have contributed to this development. The paper is very much intended as reflection on a particular case study. It is certainly not offered as a blueprint but as an opportunity to contribute to the developing knowledge base concerned with the role of the cultural and creative industries in urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the effects of Portland's urban growth boundary (UGB) on urban development patterns and mobility. Three different methods are adopted for evaluating Portland's UGB: intermetropolitan comparisons; comparisons inside and outside the UGB; and, statistical analyses utilising regression models. Intermetropolitan comparisons do not support the conclusion that Portland's UGB has been effective in slowing down suburbanisation, enhancing infill development and reducing auto use. A significant level of spillover from the counties in Oregon to Clark County of Washington took place during the 1990s, indicating that the UGB diverted population growth into Clark County. Results from the statistical analyses also support the above findings. The UGB dummy variable was not significant during the 1980s and 1990s, indicating that the UGB had little impact on the location of new housing construction during the 1980s and 1990s. Unlike the UGB, the Clark County dummy variable is significant for both models, supporting the spillover effects of the UGB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called "information society" is an increasingly urban society. The "digital age" is an age which is dominated by cities and metropolitan regions to an extent that is unprecedented in human history However, up until the ate 1990s, the complex links between cities and electronic communications generated a curiously scarce literature. Since their inception, urban studies, policy and planning tended to neglect electronic means of communication due to their relative invisibility as compared with physical communications systems. Meanwhile traditionally, communications studies disciplines tended to neglect the dominant role of modern cities as crucibles of innovation in electronic communication and the organization of information, knowledge and electronic flows. Into this vacuum rushed wave after wave of commentators, business writers, futurists, novelists, media theorists, architects and social scientists to analyze the purported "impacts" of new media from a technologically determinist, and substitutionist, perspective.

Examines the possibilities for an art of urban engagement in the case of the Nine Mile Run Greenway project in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Factors which affect urban development in the 21st century; Factors affecting the function of the state of maintaining an equilibrium between the growth rates of productivity and consumption; Description of the Nine Mile Run Greenway project; Role of art in the post-industrial city.

The article features the city of Palermo, the capital of Sicily in Italy. It discusses Palermo's history and its Mediterranean settings which includes myriad of palaces, churches and roads. It describes Palermo as the city of so many words which later on became silent because of the scandals, massacres, corruption and unemployment. It also describes how Palermo returned to life and started to return to normalcy when people from Palermo elected their mayor, Leoluca Orlando who adopted a new urban plan that curtailed expansion into countryside and established methods for restoring and reusing the center. It suggests that the old city is the best location for a renewed city like Palermo because it holds both the tradition of a communal life and the city's ongoing institutions.

The article focuses on the need to have a masterplan for an innovative urban models in Berlin, Germany. According to the author, for the future of Berlin as a metropolis and future capital of Germany, it needs to concentrate on the historic city centre and its central area, which is located between the station of Hamburger Bahnhof and the Yorck bridges. It offers a masterplan for Berlin that is centered on three fundamental decisions, which includes the use and structure of River Spree.

The article provides information on the legislation of the town planner's current role in Great Britain. It mentions that the town planning in the past was based on the concern for the development of cities and towns through plans for cities, towns, suburbans, and country and cites the social reformers who eliminated the social problems, particularly Robert Owen. It highlights the significance of Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 in introducing the positive system for controlling and guiding the country and town development. Moreover, it also mentions the other legislations for the planners and for city and town improvement.

This article focuses on the economic and social aspects of zoning and city planning. In a unique way Lawson Purdy has won the distinction in the field of zoning. He labored for its acceptance when few persons knew what the word meant, he gave an untried idea practical shape and helped to sell it to the largest city in the world, and thereby indirectly to hundreds of urban areas throughout the country. The enabling act, adopted by the State Legislature in 1914, brought draftmanship of remarkable skill to a highly controversial piece of municipal legislation affecting every property owner in the city. This law, only 60 lines long, printed on a single page, scrupulously avoided the multitudinous details of zoning. Having delegated the necessary authority to the local municipality to adopt zoning, the amendment to the charter, eschewing all matter which might invite argument, stressed those objectives to be obtained upon which all reasonable persons might unite. Over the years, the original zoning regulations of New York will probably be commended to an increasing extent, not so much for their specific restrictions as for the technique they evolved in tackling the complicated problems inherent in controlling the development of privately-owned land within a city.

This article presents information regarding the use of science and technology for the benefits of city planning. Specialization in fields of science and philosophy will always be necessary and should always exist. But the education of specialists is now being broadened. With this broadening we are beginning to develop a new social force which, as yet, remains nameless or to which we apply for want of a better term, the "portmanteau" word, planning. The nineteenth century city planning heritage is too mixed to pull from it a clearly formulated philosophy of action. The solid worth of social reformers remains unquestioned. The men and women who battled and still battle with the vested interests in laissez-faire, these Honorable Peter Stirlings raised an imperishable monument to benevolent paternalism. The armies of suffragettes, muckrakers, case workers, saints of the settlement houses, the struggling sisters and brothers of the poor, fought through years of discouragement and miles of slum in the sordid, squalid misery of late Victorian America. To say that there was a plan would hardly be the truth, although wave after wave of emotion created by some intolerable human indignity strengthened each step of reform.

This article focuses on the problems that were encountered in city planning and development in the U.S. There are now at least 350 cities, with a total population of nearly sixteen millions, in the country. Since 1790, the population of the U.S. has increased sixteen times; while the cities have increased in number sixty times, and the urban population nearly a hundred and sixty times. The aim of the article is threefold: to analyze the causes that have determined the sites and distribution of U.S. cities; to analyze what has been the growth of their population; and to explore the most noticeable thing about the status and social condition of people in cities. Before noticing the rate of growth of particular cities, it is desirable to consider what causes have planted and nourished our chief centers of population. The reasons which can be given for the site of most ancient and mediaeval cities are here singularly inapplicable. A colonized and colonizing country, no cities have been built up by distinct, elaborate schemes of colonization.

This outline review of British, North American, Swedish, Finnish, and Australian experience in new town development in the postwar period has been of value in providing support for the premises upon which the present research project is based and for illustrating a wide range of possible approaches to new town development. The planned development of Stockholm, Sweden, since 1950 provides an example of the evolution of a variant of the metro town concept in the form of the A.B.C. Towns of Vallingby, Farsta, Hogdalen, and Skarholmen. The A.B.C Town concept derives its name from the Swedish words for work, i.e. arbete, housing, i.e. bostader, and central place, i.e. centrum, and they are the major metropolitan sub-centers of civic and retail services and of employment. The A.B.C. Town concept has been formulated and implemented by the Stockholm City Council but only in its own area of jurisdiction. Much of Stockholm's recent urban development has been outside the council's boundaries, and the A.B.C. Towns are only a component of the present pattern of the metropolis.

The article throws light on the aspect of town and community planning. The size of the community or group to which the individual considers himself a part tends to limit the size of the community plan and often leads planning to a type that is undesirable from a social view because one individual of a small group may plan in such a way that he or they secure benefits at the expense of others. It is fairly easy to interest an individual in planning his own home, farm, or factory. It is a little harder to interest him in his immediate neighborhood, a small town or a section of a large city. It is very difficult to get many people interested in the planning of an entire town, region, or state. Furthermore, from a legislative point of view, the most significant contribution has been made by the Advisory Committee in City Planning and Zoning of the Department of Commerce which has been working for several years on a model State Enabling Act. Thus, there should be improvement of national provincial and local government organization in all matters relating to land adjustment.

The article examines the technique of the Floor Space Index (FSI) in urban building development. The technique is first applied on a considerable scale in the preparation of the plan for the reconstruction of London, England. FSI is the relationship between available floor space on a site and the site area including half the width of adjacent streets. The FSI is believed to be useful provided that the usual injunctions are observed concerning servants gaining the upper hand and becoming onerous masters. It gives the planner a summary of what accommodation the area already possesses and how much floor space one must move for the better working of the future plan. It cites that the main results of the FSI are to come when central areas are redeveloped.

The article focuses on the regeneration of the waterfront in Toronto, Ontario. The author reports that over 100 projects along the waterfront have been realized that include parks, housing, restaurants, beaches, wetlands, among others. She emphasizes that the success of the effort demonstrated the power of partnerships and the benefits of integrating economic revitalization, community renewal and environmental regeneration. Moreover, new developments in the area depict a commitment to design excellence, public access and respect for waterfront heritage.