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Medical postgraduates are the new force of scientific research groups in China. However, the limitation of their English language ability restricts their publication of high-level Science Citation Index (SCI) papers to a large extent. Measures to improve students' SCI language ability from macro, intermediate and micro aspects were discussed through flipped classroom teaching mode, such as students' reading papers before class, students' practicing paper writing after class, and teacher's making comments in class. The feedback from the questionnaire showed that 96.65% of the students were satisfied with the teaching mode and 93.57% of them had improved their confidence in SCI writing. For the problems mentioned in the feedback, it was suggested that colleges and universities should formulate policies to encourage teachers to engage in medical English teaching, meanwhile teachers should constantly improve their professional quality, so as to help students improve their SCI language ability rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publishing English papers in journals listed in Science Citation Index (SCI) has become a requirement for degree conferment for doctoral science students at many universities in China. The publication requirement engenders high pressure for doctoral students and their supervisors and shapes the politics of the relationship between the two parties. This is illustrated in the present paper which reports a study conducted at a prestigious university in east China. Focusing on the case of a research group in biochemistry led by an expert writer (the supervisor), the study aimed to find out, from the supervisor's perspective, what revising papers for the students means to him, and what the students learn as a result of their papers being revised. It is shown that the students depend on the supervisor to meet the publication requirement, and the supervisor believes an average student cannot write a publishable paper. The paper discusses the disempowering effect of the publication requirement, and concludes that there is a role for a course on academic English writing, and that the focus on “publishing SCI papers or no degree” should be shifted at the policy level and long-term planning should go into the training of EAP-qualified language professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effects of computer-based versus paper-based assessment of critical thinking skills, adapted from English (in the U.S.) to Chinese. Using data collected based on a random assignment between the two modes in multiple Chinese colleges, we investigate mode effects from multiple perspectives: mean scores, measurement precision, item functioning (i.e. item difficulty and discrimination), response behavior (i.e. test completion and item omission), and user perceptions. Our findings shed light on assessment and item properties that could be the sources of mode effects. At the test level, we find that the computer-based test is more difficult and more speeded than the paper-based test. We speculate that these differences are attributable to the test's structure, its high demands on reading, and test-taking flexibility afforded under the paper testing mode. Item-level evaluation allows us to identify item characteristics that are prone to mode effects, including targeted cognitive skill, response type, and the amount of adaptation between modes. Implications for test design are discussed, and actionable design suggestions are offered with the goal of minimizing mode effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of teacher research has been widely discussed by researchers. What has been less discussed is how teachers make sense of classroom research. Given the difficulties of implementing teacher research, it is necessary to understand teachers' conceptions of research and the role that it plays in their work. Whilst there is a burgeoning literature on teachers' experiences of undertaking classroom research in countries such as the US and the UK, there remains a dearth of studies that explore language teachers' conceptions of research in non-western contexts. This study addresses this gap by exploring 10 Chinese English teachers' conceptions of classroom research in an English training centre in Beijing, China. Semi-structured interviews found that the participants were highly motivated to undertake research, conceptualising it as a way to improve their classroom practice and to improve student engagement. The teachers also viewed collaboration as a way to overcome issues of time and a lack of research experience. The study also highlighted a number of impediments to undertaking classroom research in the context of language teaching in China, the most significant of which was restricted access to academic literature. The paper ends by making a number of recommendations that address the impediments highlighted by the teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gao L.-L., Chan S.W.-C. & Cheng B.-S. (2012) The past, present and future of nursing Education in the People's Republic of China: a discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(6), 1429-1438. Abstract Aim. This article presents a discussion of nursing education development in the People's Republic of China in its historical, economic and sociopolitical contexts. Background. China has a population of 1·3 billion with about 2·18 million nurses. With the recent surging economic and social development in China, nursing education has undergone transformation changes in the past two decades. Data sources. Online bibliographical databases from 1990 to 2010 were searched including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Wan Fang Data and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. Search terms included nursing education, China and development. Methods. Thematic analysis and narrative synthesis were used to identify and report themes from literature. Results. Database searches yielded 1674 papers, and 34 met the inclusion criteria for review. The standard of nursing education varies greatly in different parts of China, because of its huge size and population, with pre-registration programmes offered at the secondary, associate degree and baccalaureate level. Multi-level nursing education is one of the major barriers for professional development. There is a need to upgrade the pre-registration education to at least associate degree level. There is also a need to enhance graduate nursing education at master and doctoral level to prepare advanced practice nurses, nurse scientists and nursing faculty. Conclusion. The challenges for nursing education development in China are echoed and encountered in many parts of the world. The experience in China and the lessons learned would be relevant to developing countries. Nursing in China must continue to develop in parallel to international trends. Promoting communication and maintaining international links are important for the global development of nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collecting feedback from students through course, program and other evaluation questionnaires has become a costly and time consuming process for most colleges. Converting to data collection through the internet, rather than completion on paper, can result in a cheaper and more efficient process. This article examines several research questions which need to be answered to establish that results collected by the two modes of administration are equivalent. Data were gathered for a program evaluation questionnaire from undergraduate students at a university in Hong Kong. Students were able to choose between completion on paper or through the internet. In six of the seven Faculties the number of responses through each mode was roughly the same. Students in the Engineering Faculty favored the internet. Scores on the 14 out of 18 scales in the instrument showed small differences by mode of response, which became smaller still with controls for pertinent demographic variables. The main response question addressed in the study was whether there was any difference in the way respondents to the two modes interpreted the questions. The study demonstrated the equivalence of the two data sets by showing that both could be fitted to a common model with structural equation modeling (SEM). Five levels of tests of invariance further confirmed the comparability of data by mode of administration. This study, therefore suggests that changing to internet collection for course and program evaluations will not affect the comparability of ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a comparative study of the scientific publications of double first‐class universities based on international and domestic Chinese databases from 2006 to 2018. The main results are as follows. Quantitatively, the absolute total number of articles published by Chinese universities has increased. Specifically, the number of international publications in the natural and social sciences from double first‐class universities showed an increasing trend, but the number of domestic journal articles showed the reverse trend. Moreover, based on the number of papers published by each university over the years, we recognized that the ranking changes of universities fall into four categories: rising, declining, stable, and fluctuating. Qualitatively, the international and domestic publications issued by double first‐class universities greatly improved from 2006 to 2018. Moreover, scientific publications, either international or domestic, were unevenly distributed among the double first‐class universities. In general, the double first‐class universities developed rapidly in recent years and play an important role in the development of science and technology in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, China released its building list of First-class Universities and First-class Subjects (Double First classes), which should get great support for development for many years into the future. This paper examines the academic performance of eight universities that are currently listed as having First-class Subjects of economics, in international papers and domestic papers, and compares their academic performance with another eight non-listed universities. The comparison shows that in general only three listed universities have obvious advantages among the 16 sample universities, while four listed universities do not show advantages, with one of them unexpectedly lagging behind. In contrast, several non-listed universities perform obviously better among the sample universities. In addition, several other aspects of this Double First-class list are also found to be less objective, scientific, or rigorous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of information literacy towards the academic performance of English as second language (ESL) students from China. The American academic system requires students to be self-reliant and independent in their quest for knowledge, thus making it difficult for foreign students specifically East Asian students to adapt to the American educational process. Students must be information literate to be able to successfully adapt to the independent learning common in the American academe. East Asian students should give emphasis to the development of their ability to be self-reliant through aquatinting themselves with the value of information literacy.

There has been an increasing interest in Language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs) in terms of research and number of courses offered, shown by the monographic volumes and systematic reviews that have been published so far. This study aims to consolidate this emerging field by exploring research from 2019 to 2021. The origin of scientific contributions, methodologies used, and the most discussed topics have been considered. Results show that the distribution of papers remain concentrated in a few countries and universities -such as Spain, UK and China, which are producing progressively more high-impact research. Also, the consistent use of mixed methods has implied the optimisation of available data and allowed for more fine-grained conclusions. Lastly, it has been proved that LMOOC publications are evolving to a more mature phase, with an increase of conceptual papers that has contributed to consolidate core theoretical foundations. It can be then said that LMOOC research has reached its coming of age and is now considered a well-established sub-field of Computer Assisted Language Learning, with substantial practice and high-quality scholarly publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese higher education institutions have adopted a US-style tenure track system since the 1990s. This is an important reform aimed at modernizing China's higher education system. In response, authors have begun to carry out close examination of the career system and analyse its implications in a national context (Republic of China). This study aims to present the key research themes, identify research gaps and offer recommendations from the increasing pool of Chinese-language literature on the tenure track system. A scoping review of Chinese language papers was conducted using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (including the China Academic Journals Full-text Database, China Core Newspapers Full-text Database, China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database, China Masters' Thesis Full-text Database, and China Yearbooks Fulltext Database) (CNKI) database. Four major research themes were identified in Chinese discourse: (1) examining the tenure track system, (2) providing suggestions for better adaptation of the tenure track system in the Chinese context, (3) analysing the negative effects of the tenure track system, and (4) analysing the positive effects of the tenure track system. Generally, authors were concerned with the adaptation and cultivation of the US-originated tenure track system in the Chinese context and emphasized the importance of acknowledging its perceived negative influences on early-career scholars who have not received adequate attention. Overall, the authors demonstrate increasing interest in the tenure track system in China, and the literature is of variable quality. Further empirical studies are needed to analyse, evaluate and guide future improvement of the career system in the Chinese context in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English in Chinese higher education has shifted from being taught as a foreign language alongside other disciplinary-focussed courses to becoming an important medium of instruction used for learning and teaching non-language related academic subjects. While using English medium instruction (EMI) seems a natural and neutral academic exercise, the switch has muddied the water of EMI implementation and caused a number of social and academic issues for both students and lecturers. These problems include unfair promotion opportunities, unequal access to EMI classes, inadequate learning outcomes, and poor teaching quality. This special issue builds on past and current EMI work that explores issues related to EMI implementation in Chinese higher education institutions and in classrooms. Through the selection of several empirical papers, the special issue shines light on current knowledge, policies and practices of EMI in China to pave the way for research-informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate blood supply, a prerequisite for flap survival after grafting, makes angiogenesis of the flap the biggest problem to be solved. Researches have been conducted around vascularisation in correlation with flap grafting. However, bibliometric analyses systematically examining this research field are lacking. As such, we herein sought to conduct comprehensive comparative analyses of the contributions of different researchers, institutions, and countries to this research space in an effort to identify trends and hotspots in angiogenesis and vascularisation in the context of flap grafting. Publications pertaining to angiogenesis and vascularisation in the context of flap grafting were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. References were then analysed and plotted using Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace V. In total, 2234 papers that were cited 40 048 times (17.63 citations/paper) were included in this analysis. The greatest number of studies were from the United States, with these studies exhibiting both the highest number of citations (13 577) and the greatest overall H‐index (60). For The institutions that published the greatest number of studies were WENZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (681), while UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG has the highest number of citations (1458), and SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY holds the greatest overall H‐index (20). The greatest number of studies in this research space were published by Gao WY, while Horch RE was the most commonly cited researcher in the field. The VOS viewer software clustered relevant keywords into three clusters, with clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to studies in which the keywords 'anatomy', 'survival', 'transplantation', 'therapy' most frequently appeared. The most promising research hotspot‐related terms in this field included 'autophagy', 'oxidative stress', 'ischemia/reperfusion injury', which exhibited a most recent average appearing year (AAY) of 2017 and after. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis indicate that the number of articles exploring angiogenesis and flap‐related research has risen steadily, with the United States and China being the two countries publishing the greatest proportion of studies in this field. The overall focus of these studies has shifted away from 'infratest and tissue engineering' towards 'mechanisms'. In the future, particular attention should be paid to emerging research hotspots, which include 'ischemia/reperfusion injury' and treatments for promoting vascularization, such as 'platelet‐rich plasma'. In light of these findings, funding agencies should continue increasing their investment in the exploration of the concrete mechanisms and interventional therapeutic relevance of angiogenesis during flap transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Globally, biobanks have become an essential tool for the protection and development of human genetic resources, and their development has played a very pivotal role in promoting basic research in life sciences and clinical diagnosis and treatment of major diseases. High-quality and standardized biobanks have become essential for basic research, translational clinical medicine research, and the implementation of precision medicine strategies. Recently, China has established some national or regional alliance-level biobanks; however, the issue of sharing mechanisms has always been a long-term factor restricting the full utilization of biological resources. There are a few examples of colleges and universities coordinating resources to promote the construction of school-level biobanks. [Methods] Herein, the focus is on constructing biobanks in medical colleges and universities in China, analyzing the difficulties and bottlenecks in sharing, and corresponding optimization policy references are proposed. The research methods employed are literature review, typical case analysis, survey questionnaire, and in-depth interviews, among others, to conduct multichannel and all-around research on the problem. [Results] Based on the literature survey, this paper summarizes the problems hindering biobank sharing into internal construction systems, external institutional management, and ethical issues, such as imperfect sample quality standardization and information access, informed consent, benefit sharing, and other specific issues. Through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews, the results reveal that insufficient willingness to share, incomplete information disclosure, unclear benefit-sharing mechanism, lack of standardization of sample and information quality, and ethical concerns are the prominent problems hindering sharing. The relatively successful mechanism of the international and domestic representative biobanks in promoting sharing includes the formulation and implementation of unified biobank construction standards and norms, establishment of public and open information platforms, standardization of sharing rules and processes, benefit-sharing and distribution mechanism, and full implementation of scientific and reasonable ethical principles. [Conclusion] By referring to international and domestic successful cases while considering the advantages and foundations of medical colleges and universities, this paper proposes the following suggestions for biobank construction in medical colleges and universities. First, it is crucial to strengthen the top-level design and to create a "centralized and disaggregated" biological sample storage platform and network-sharing platform. Second, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the scientific construction of biological sample banks, promote the standardization of biological sample bank technology, boost the strength of professional management teams, and pay great attention to the disciplinary construction of biobanks. Third, strengthening the construction of the ethical governance system and ensuring reasonable informed consent and data security are important measures to promote effective data sharing while ensuring data privacy. Last, drawing on agreements signed by both parties for sample and data sharing, it is essential to establish the life cycle of research result data, constantly improve the sharing management mechanism, and innovate the benefit-sharing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking 457 papers in core journals of Chinese waterfront landscape included in CNKI database from 2000 to the fi rst half of 2020 as samples, visualization analysis of the number of papers, research institutions, research authors, key words and spatial and temporal distribution of domestic research papers on waterfront landscape in the past 20 years were performed to grasp the dynamic process of the development of domestic waterfront landscape research and clarify the development context, so as to provide academic information with scientific basis and valuable theoretical reference for waterfront landscape related research in China. The results showed that the researches on domestic waterfront landscape presented a downward trend from prosperity to decline; research forces were mainly concentrated in colleges and universities, and most research institutions did not form cooperative relations with authors, and were still in a relatively isolated situation. At present, the research hotspots and frontiers of waterfront landscape in China mainly focus on urban waterfront, urban historical landscape, ecology, cultural landscape and plants landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of globalization and the intensification of international competition, the construction of public cultural facilities has long been not limited to meeting the cultural needs of the people but has become an important initiative to shape the competitiveness of cities. This paper collected POI and socio-economic statistics from 2012 to 2020 from 285 Chinese cities and employed the coefficient of variation (CV), Gini index (GI), ESDA, and GeoDetector to analyze the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of public cultural facilities. Findings: (1) Public cultural facilities in Chinese cities were featured by evident regional gradient differences and uneven spatial distributions, with a CV greater than 1.3 and a GI greater than 0.5 in both years. They also showed signs of aggregation at weak levels, with a Moran I of 0.15 in both years and a cluster pattern of "hot in the east and cold in the west". (2) Different types of public cultural facilities had differences in their differentiation, aggregation, and change trends. The CV changed from 1.39~2.69 to 1.06~1.92, and the GI changed from 0.53~0.80 to 0.47~0.62, with the differentiation of libraries, museums, theaters, art galleries, and cultural centers decreasing gradually, while that of exhibition halls increased day by day. As the Moran I increased from 0.08~0.20 to 0.12~0.24, libraries, museums, art galleries, and cultural centers showed weak aggregation with an increasingly strong trend. Theaters and exhibition halls also showed weak aggregation but in a declining trend, with the Moran I changing from 0.15~1.19 to 0.09~0.1. (3) The five driving variables exhibit significant differences in their strength across time and across regions, with the economic and infrastructure factors being the strongest and the urbanization factor the weakest. There are significant differences in the strength of the driving forces among the factors, with the total retail sales of consumers, the number of subscribers to internet services, regular higher education institutions, and undergraduates in regular HEIs playing both direct and interactive roles as the core factors. (4) The 285 cities in China are divided into four policy zonings of star, cow, question, and dog cities. Star cities should maintain their status quo without involving too much policy intervention, whereas the core and important factors should be the focus of policy in dog cities and cow cities, and the auxiliary factors should be the focus of policy in question cities. This paper contributes to the in-depth knowledge of the development pattern of public cultural facilities and provides a more refined basis for the formulation of public cultural facility promotion policies in China and similar countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International collaboration is one of the effective ways to enhance the impact of scientific research papers. In this research, international research collaboration papers published by world-class universities in the field of humanities and social sciences from 2015 to 2019 were selected as the research object, and the effective enhancement of the impact of international research collaboration papers was found to not be dependent on expanding the scale of international research collaboration, but rather on selecting researchers with different international backgrounds and from high-level institutions for collaboration. It was also discovered that, in the field of humanities and social sciences, despite a relatively low proportion of international research collaboration papers being led by Chinese scholars, the Chinese research is characterized by a higher impact compared with the research led by non-Chinese scholars. In light of this, a series of proactive measures should be taken by China's world-class universities, such as actively participating in and initiating international collaboration, selecting high-level research collaborators, and attracting scholars from different countries to engage in research collaboration in the field of humanities and social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from the "2014 Chinese University Faculty Survey," this article analyzes the distribution characteristics and manifestations of internationalization from returnee faculty to Chinese colleges as well as their impacts on the internationalization of higher education in the three dimensions of scientific research output, teaching content and methods, and international exchanges. Compared to local teachers, returnee faculty members adjust their research output strategies to reach a higher level of internationalization. They favor publishing papers in international journals and publish fewer domestic papers and make fewer domestic patent applications. They focus on international perspectives and content in their course teaching content and methods. In terms of international exchanges, they participate in international academic conferences and travel abroad more often for advanced studies. Their experiences studying overseas accumulate their comparative advantage in the internationalization of the academic profession. Higher education institutions should make them play larger roles in promoting the internationalization of scientific research and teaching as well as international academic exchanges to improve the level of internationalization of Chinese higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of knowledge graphs in education. It covers the patterns and prospects of research in this area. A total of 48 relevant publications between 2011 and 2023 were collected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest for review. The findings reveal a sharp increase in recent years in the body of research into educational knowledge graphs which was mainly conducted from institutions in China. Most of the relevant research work adopted a quantitative method, such as performance evaluation, user surveys, and controlled experiments, to assess the effectiveness of knowledge graph approaches. The findings also suggest that knowledge graph approaches were primarily researched and implemented in higher education institutions, with a focus on computer science, mathematics, and engineering. The most frequently addressed objectives included enhancing knowledge representation and providing personal learning recommendations, and the most common applications were concept instruction and educational recommendations. Diverse data resources, such as course materials, student learning behaviours, and online encyclopaedia, were processed to implement knowledge graph approaches in different scenarios. Relevant technical means employed for the implementation of knowledge graphs dealt with the purposes of building knowledge ontology, achieving recommendations, and creating knowledge graphs. Various pedagogies such as personalised learning and collaborative learning are supported by the knowledge graph approaches. The findings also identified key limitations in the relevant work, including insufficient information for knowledge graph construction, difficulty in extending applications across subject areas, the restricted scale and scope of data resources, and the lack of comprehensive user feedback and evaluation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Higher education institutions have a critical role in creating and disseminating the knowledge required to address the complex global challenges faced by global society, as summarized in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This role of higher education is linked with the concept of internationalization, which has recently been called upon to help contribute to tackle the global challenges and meet the SDGs, particularly through more attention to "Internationalization at Home" (IaH). This paper aims to examine the role of higher education in addressing the SDGs, especially with respect to the links between IaH and the SDGs. Design/methodology/approach: A case study of the International Campus of Zhejiang University (iZJU) is conducted to illustrate how iZJU, which is a pioneer of "Internationalization at Home" and an exemplar of sustainable campus in China, contributes to the value of the SDGs and makes an impact. Findings: The authors examine the practice of IaH at iZJU in the dimensions of organization, curriculum, people and campus, and the authors find evidence from the iZJU model in addressing the value of the SDG4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17. Originality/value: First, the authors contribute to the literature on the role of higher education in addressing the SDGs, especially with respect to the links between IaH and the SDGs. Second, the authors contribute to the IaH literature by examining IaH from a Chinese perspective, as there has been little exploration of what IaH means beyond the European context. Third, the authors build on the analytical framework in the IaH literature in the dimensions of organization, curriculum and people and extend with a new dimension of campus. Fourth, the authors show that IaH is a comprehensive approach to include both curriculum internationalization and campus internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a methodological reflection on a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project that used the photovoice method to unravel the educational experiences of disabled college students in China's higher education institutions. Although CBPR endeavors to nurture equitable community engagement in research processes, there are practical challenges to address the full participation of people with divergent disabilities and access needs. Drawing upon the critical disability studies literature, and particularly upon the activist scholarship of disability justice that revolves around interdependency, collective access, and cross-disability solidarity, we provide an open discussion on the complexities, tensions, and challenges of envisioning and creating access for participants with different disabilities in a visuality-centered CBPR. Our findings suggest that access creation in CBPR should go beyond the checklist style of accommodation and instead be approached as relational, dynamic, and iterative processes that require ongoing reflection, (re)learning, and negotiation among researchers and participants. We implemented nonvisual photography to adapt to the visuality-centered bias in the photovoice method. Nonvisual photography empowered participants with visual disabilities to evoke multiple sensorialities in their photo-taking, displaying, and interpretation. Moreover, the participants without visual disabilities also learned and practiced collective access and interdependency through co-transforming the CBPR into an accessible space for all. The heterogeneity among participants with divergent disabilities and access needs challenged CBPR's envisioning of a unified community with recognized commonalities. The inclusion of participants across disability groups created an opportunity for all participants to draw meaning from the ableist social and political circumstances that forged them as a community and to develop a sense of belonging and bonding in and through CBPR. In that light, disability justice and access should be reimagined and incorporated into CBPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the 4th International Symposium on Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation (ISHTEC2012) held in Guangzhou, China on January 6-9, 2012 is presented. It says that the conference was organized by Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation at the Education Ministry of the South China University of Technology. Moreover, a warm response from researchers in the heat transfer was received by the conference.

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The quality assurance of higher education in China is an issue of vital international interest. To improve the international reputation of the nation's universities, steps must be taken to ensure a sustained focus on the quality assurance within its ranks. This paper is primarily focused on the quality assurance models operational in Chinese universities, the Big data challenges and the legal framework backing them. The paper also discusses the implementation of the models, the extent to which they meet international standards, and how they adhere to prevailing laws. The degree of success in attaining and maintaining quality and evaluation of quality improvement opportunities are also discussed. Some of the solutions recommended in this study are the participation of more teachers and students in quality management, more emphasis of Higher Education Institution (HEI) quality assurance on self-regulation and a learning-oriented approach and conducting sessions to collect anonymous feedback from students to reward staff with best practices. Some of the Quality Assurance practices/models adopted in Chinese Universities are the Ministry of Education (MOE) reviews; the Academic Degree Committee oversight; Higher Education Evaluation Center (HEEC) overview, University self-evaluation according to HEEC Indicators, and the Webometric Ranking Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a bottom-up way of approaching China's macro-level initiative in the regions of Asia and examines the language ideologies and linguistic entrepreneurship of international students as an agentive response to China's rise. Using data gathered via semi-structured interviews, we present the narratives of 26 Asian international students enrolled in courses at higher education institutions in Shanghai. The findings reveal that China's growing presence in the region has increased the instrumental value of Chinese, as a majority of students acknowledged China's rapid development as well as the dominant positioning of Chinese in the current regional language system. Chinese was ideated as linguistic capital in the local labour market, where the learners were empowered to express their desire for material success and upward mobility. The findings also reveal linguistic entrepreneurship associated with Chinese language learning, and such agentive behaviour was previously observed in the domain of English language learning, especially in South Korea. We argue that the process of commodifying the Chinese language appeared to legitimise the value of Chinese in the regions of Asia, while providing an entry point to problematise our current understanding of English hegemony and linguistic imperialism in the changing global landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to provide descriptive and critical insights into high-performance student-athletes (HPSA) policies and their implementation in China's competitive sports and higher education institutions (regular HEIs, excluding vocational colleges). The purpose of this research is to facilitate the sound development of HPSA policies by analysing their strengths and weaknesses. We conducted a documentary analysis of 25 policies related to Chinese HPSA, contributing to the healthy and long-term development of HPSA and Chinese competitive sports. Additionally, we developed practical considerations for future policymaking. Moreover, this paper, represents the first comprehensive attempt to explore HPSA policies within mainland China in English. It encompasses various aspects, including psychological consideration, the social environment, academic development, post-athletic preparation, and the mechanisms of regular HEIs. Giving considerably greater attention to these aspects would benefit policymaking and practice within the Chinese HPSA context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of English medium instruction (EMI) in higher education has gained popularity in China's tertiary education as a result of globalization. International students in Chinese universities are celebrated as part of soft power projection to extend China's global impact. Informed by Piller and Cho's concept of "Neoliberalism as language policy" (2013) and Collins' "social reproduction theory" (2009, 2012), this study attempts to explore the EMI learning experiences of a cohort of international students at a border university in China. The policy documents, in-depth interviews, classroom observation, reflective journals and online interactions converge to reveal that, international students in EMI programmes experience exclusion and inequality despite the welcoming discourses of diversity. The paper highlights the necessity to pay attention to the ways in which higher education institutions reproduce inequalities of social stratification of international students through explicit and implicit institutional practices. It is argued that EMI policy in China's peripheral regions targeting international students from less-developed countries tends to perpetuate and accentuate educational inequalities. The study sheds light on a more inclusive pedagogical approach to alleviating international students' marginalisation and educating students of diverse linguistic, cultural, socioeconomic backgrounds for global citizenship in the context of China's Belt and Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual image refers to the unreal image projected by projector, mobile phone, and other projection equipment. Through virtual images, we can explore some scenes that are difficult to observe directly with the naked eye or express fictional images in our minds. At present, the technology is widely used in construction industry, tourism industry, and medical system. At present, after the development of efficient physical education in China, schools generally do not pay attention to the specific application of virtual image technology in badminton teaching in colleges and universities in China. This paper analyzes the representative badminton events in China's physical education, improves the traditional algorithm, optimizes the effective segmentation and recognition algorithm of virtual image technology in motion capture, combines the improved virtual image technology with virtual reality glasses, and compares the accuracy of the virtual image technology proposed in this paper with that of the traditional image technology. The accuracy of the virtual image technology proposed in this paper always remains the first. The practical application in badminton teaching in colleges and universities has achieved good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the Internet era and the high popularity of computers, China's economy, politics, and culture have made rapid progress in recent years. In order to adapt to this era of rapid change, China's higher education has also undergone great changes and carried out reform and innovation. As the top priority in the Internet era, computers should be reformed first. The traditional education model is mainly teacher-centered and classroom-centered. The disadvantages of this teaching mode are that students' subjective initiative cannot be fully developed and brought into play. Traditional teaching pays attention to knowledge teaching and ignores ability training. It emphasizes speaking and neglects practice. Therefore, in order to meet the development needs of the new era and cultivate modern talents, colleges and universities began to explore the innovation and entrepreneurship education mode. There is an application of TRIZ theory to the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship education, and TRIZ theory is a theory for solving invention problems. Its main content is to find its own laws in the process of technological evolution and analyze the laws to get a general solution, but there are many obstacles in exploring the mode of innovation and entrepreneurship education; for example, many governments do not support this education reform and do not broadcast relevant education and teaching funds for schools, resulting in uneven configuration of software and hardware in schools. According to the survey, the proportion of innovation and entrepreneurship education in the eastern coastal areas is as high as 70%, while the proportion of innovation and entrepreneurship education in the central and western regions is only 10%. This set of data shows that regional differences are the main reason for the differences in education development. In terms of the proportion of education funds, although the annual education funds will gradually increase in recent years, the proportion is still a drop in the bucket in front of huge fiscal revenue, with the highest being only 0.1%. Therefore, in order to improve the current situation of innovation and entrepreneurship education mode in colleges and universities, according to their own characteristics, the reform is carried out from the aspects of practical ability, competition participation, and training plan, and the BP neural network model is introduced to predict and analyze the effect of teaching methods. The results of this paper are investigated and analyzed. Finally, the investigation on the development of KAB course and SYB course and the analysis on the stability and error of BP neural network are within the allowable range, this shows that the model established in this paper is more favored by students than the traditional teaching methods, more in line with the social reality, the effect is more ideal, and the result is more stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, the rapid development of information technology has had a profound impact on human work and life as well as on education. In recent years, the rapid development of the Internet and information technology has laid a solid foundation for the digital transmission of information, which has changed the mode of information transmission and improved the efficiency of information dissemination. As an important part of network information dissemination, blended teaching is rapidly developing from an on-demand learning platform to an interactive learning platform and has now become a blended teaching platform in China. The main problem of the current blended teaching model is that the effect of improving performance is not good. In order to solve this problem, this paper introduces automation technology, which can significantly improve the extraction accuracy of information extraction methods in specific fields by using rich domain knowledge and features and complete the extraction tasks at multiple levels. The automation method based on automation technology has great advantages in this regard and effectively improves the English performance. Two groups of voluntary college students were randomly selected to conduct a one-semester blended teaching model designed in this paper to investigate the 'students' English scores. The average grades of students were 95.2, 96.7, 96.8, and 97.2, respectively, which is a big improvement over the existing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the economic development in recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to education, and more and more college graduates have been graduated. The purpose of this paper is to study how to analyze the refinement method of evaluating the innovation and entrepreneurship ability (IEA) of colleges and universities based on the optimal weight model. This paper proposes a sorting refinement method based on the optimal weight model and uses the BP neural network to determine the optimal weight. Weight is a scoring mechanism for comprehensive ranking, that is, a scoring system. The higher the score, the higher the weight, and the higher the ranking of the relative things. The experimental results of this paper show that in 2013, the number of college graduates in China reached 6.09 million, but the number of employed people was only 4.67 million, an increase of 120,000 over the same period. By 2020, the number of college graduates in China has reached 7.27 million, and the number of employed people has been 5.78 million. However, the number of employed persons is always lower than the number of graduates, indicating that employment is difficult. Under this situation, many college graduates choose to start their own businesses, but the success rate of entrepreneurship is also very low, only about 3%. This shows that the IEA of college graduates is not high, so it is necessary to improve the IEA and conduct self-evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the country strongly encourages all walks of life to innovate, especially in the field of education. China's major colleges and universities have increased the encouragement of innovation and entrepreneurship education (IEE) projects in keeping with the pace of the times, so it is particularly important to reasonably evaluate the actual benefits of the project. On the one hand, it can greatly improve the recognition of all walks of life for emerging education projects. On the other hand, it can realize the timely and accurate application of the financial funds of the project. Based on this background, through the analysis and summary of existing theories and comprehensive consideration at all levels, this paper studies the new education projects from the aspects of teaching environment, conditions, quality, satisfaction, and financial capital and then constructs a set of performance evaluation index system for IEE in major colleges and universities. At the same time, this paper analyzes the actual education environment in China and evaluates the IEE in all kinds of colleges and universities by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Judging from the assessment results, the current teaching conditions and the quality of teachers in Chinese universities are very good. But the conclusion from the perspective of students is opposite, and the investment ratio of their financial capital is not optimistic. Therefore, this paper puts forward the optimization suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated a research area worthy of greater attention: foreign language classroom anxiety (hereafter FLCA) and enjoyment (hereafter FLE) of older adults learning English as a foreign language in Chinese Universities of the Third Age. Understanding the largely overlooked emotional involvement of older language learners contributes to sustaining their motivation in lifelong learning for more remarkable personal growth and successes. Based on the survey of 587 Chinese older learners of English between the age of 50 and 80, paired sample t-test showed that more FLE was reported than FLCA. The results of Welch's ANOVA suggested that those who were better educated had less FLCA and those who believed themselves healthier had more FLE. The language performance evaluation (i.e. relative standing in class and English mastery) affects both FLE and FLCA. Further interviews with 34 older participants revealed three major sources of FLE, including the language use in life situations, the favorable attitude toward FL learning in the cognitive, aesthetic cultural and pragmatic aspects and the social interactions in the U3As. FLCA occurs when the language performance is perceived as dissatisfying and when aspects of mental health (e.g. worsening memory) impede effective learning. Although FLCA and FLE had only a very weak correlation, Chinese older adult learners commented on a shared belief that anxiety usually precedes and subsequently enhances enjoyment in learning, indicating a sign of emotional resilience later in life. This paper demonstrates a need for understanding the emotions in language learning across life stages and socio-cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) universities are important bases for science and technology research and play a critical role in China’s National Innovation System. Based on the Web of Science (WoS), this article analyzes the statistics of paper published by MIIT universities and universities from across China including MIIT universities. The results are as follows: (1) Both the MIIT universities and universities nationwide in China have increased their international academic publications, and MIIT have shown a greater increase for the past decade. (2) In terms of U-I-G interaction, for UG relations, the Tug value of MIIT universities has remained stable, while that of universities in China has become declined. For UI relations, the Tui value of both MIIT universities and universities in China has shown steady growth. For UIG relations, MIIT universities have a greater synergistic effect of Triple Helix relationship than universities in China. (3) For more details in seven MIIT universities, universities elected into “Project 985”, including HIT, BUAA, BIT and NPU, have published more papers, and been more synergistic with government and industry (UIG relations) than other three universities, including NUAA, NUST and HEU. Based on the empirical results, we discuss our findings, and make certain suggestions regarding policy incentives, reasonable administrative system and U-I-G interaction mode, which is significant not only for Chinese universities but also for universities in other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the scientific productivity of China's science system. This paper employs the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results reveal that the overall efficiency of Chinese universities increased significantly from 2009 to 2016, which is mainly driven by technological progress. From the perspective of the functions of higher education, research and transfer activities perform better than the teaching activities. As an implication, the indicator selection mechanism, investigation period and the MPI model can be further extended in the future research. The results indicate that Chinese education administrative departments should take actions to guide and promote the teaching activities and formulate reasonable resource allocation regulations to reach the balanced development in Chinese universities. This paper selects 58 Chinese universities and conducts a quantified measurement during the period 2009–2016. Three main functional activities of universities (i.e. teaching, researching, and application) are innovatively categorized into different schemes, and we calculate their performance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance evaluation results published by the Institute of Higher Education in December 2009 have attracted wide attentions worldwide. This paper explores find gap between Chinese universities and world-class as well as the gap among Chinese universities. Research performance is measured by taking the indicators, including the number of publications and patents, total cites, h-index received by each research institute. We discussed scaling relationships between number of citations and number of publications and patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students’ college satisfaction is an important part of measuring the quality of college teaching. The admission of college entrance exam is the first step for college students to enter colleges and corresponding majors. Whether they affect students’ college satisfaction after enrollment is related to the formulation and adjustment of college admission strategies and training methods. This paper is based on data from students in colleges in Beijing enrolled in the fall of 2006 and 2008 and adopts propensity score matching to analyze the influence of the admitted characteristics of college entrance exams, such as whether they were accepted by their first choice. We also further explored the heterogeneity. The empirical results show that whether the student was admitted to the first-choice college has a significant positive impact on overall satisfaction and academic and nonacademic satisfaction, while whether the student was admitted to the firstchoice major has no significant impact on nonacademic satisfaction. In addition, making an independent major choice has a positive effect on the improvement of overall satisfaction and academic satisfaction, and the impact on overall satisfaction is even greater than that of being admitted to the first-choice major. The impact of the admission characteristics of college entrance examinations on the satisfaction of students in liberal arts and science and students of different types of colleges and universities presents different characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, modern science had been dominated by a handful of Western countries. However, since the turn of the millennium, the global science landscape has undergone dramatic changes. The number of nations where a significant proportion of research done is of high international standard has now increased considerably. China particularly stands out and is today one of the leading science nations in the world. Overall, Chinese research collaborations with countries in the Western world exemplify the general trend towards increasing complexity in the global research landscape. It has gradually become obvious that differences between institutional settings need to be managed more systematically to promote cross-border research cooperation for shared benefits, from individual to institutional levels. An informed discussion of managing complex conditions necessitates an understanding of the relationship-level dynamics of research collaborations. In order to identify what aspects of international research collaborations are the most pertinent to systematically manage at individual and institutional levels, this paper investigates projects in a bilateral Swedish–Chinese funding program. The paper finds that the majority of collaborations funded had yielded positive impact in terms of publications, strengthened research capacity in research groups, and resource accumulation. The challenges found in the collaborations are related to needs such as improving transparency, ethical concerns, and imbalances in reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking China's "Chengde Petroleum College" as an example, this paper analyzes the current situation of computer room monitoring in colleges and universities. The Internet of Things technology is used to remotely and automatically monitor the environment of the network computer room. This paper studies and puts forward the method and model of edge calculation in the network computer room monitoring system. The monitoring methods of critical parameters such as thermal environment and energy consumption of computer room are given. The practical application shows that, compared with the historical data in the same period, the energy saving rate of the scheme is as high as 15% ~ 27%, and has good market promotion value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a larger study, this paper presents findings from my exploration of discourses about China-US geopolitics through popular discussions on Chinese international students (CIS) who are attending American universities during the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. The study seeks to advance scholarship for international students attending American colleges, with particular implications for Chinese students, as agents of geopolitical relations. In doing so, it investigates (a) how these students are represented in American media and (b) the criticality of international geopolitics in the mobility of international students. The findings reveal that American popular media sources assume a tone when writing about CIS that may stem from a deeper anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in the US. They also suggest that American institutions of higher education, and American companies that employ CIS after graduation, treat these students as imported subjects/objects that support America's intellectual and economic advancement. In doing so, the media perpetuates narratives of geopolitical tensions between the United States and China, while representing CIS as unwitting agents of those tensions. The study seeks to advance scholarship on international students attending US colleges, particularly those from China, during an era of rising populism and right-wing movements in the US coupled with rapidly deteriorating US-China relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical field is prone to research misconduct, with serious cases exposed in China in recent years. In compliance with the guidelines from the Ministry of Education requiring higher education institutions to establish dedicated websites for research integrity, this study conducted online statistics on 466 universities to investigate the status of research integrity in Chinese universities with medical programs. Analysis of the data collected from official websites revealed progress in research integrity construction, but numerous issues persist, including scattered information, infrequent publication of warning cases or advanced deeds, lack of dedicated research integrity personnel, and limited disclosure of contact, whistleblowing channels and annual reports. Therefore, this paper proposes four improvement recommendations and provides incentive measures to ensure their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China issued guidelines to promote the quality of higher education and to advocate the expansion of the use of English (Ministry of Education (MoE). 2001. Guanyu jiaqiang gaodeng xuexiao benke jiaoxue gongzuo tigao jiaoxue zhiliang de ruogan yijian [Guidelines for Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Teaching at Higher Education Institutions]. Available at: http://old.moe.gov.cn/publicfifiles/business/htmlfifiles/moe/moe%5f309/200412/4682.html). This paper reviews empirical studies in English and Chinese on EMI in Chinese higher education published from 2001 to 2019, during the last two decades since these guidelines were released. The review contributes to the field of EMI by documenting, analysing and synthesising empirical evidence and by situating EMI studies in China in the global trends of EMI research. The review aims to give an overview of studies targeted at both global and local audiences, therefore, publications in both English and Chinese were included. To select the Chinese articles the core journals indexed by CNKI were searched, and for the English articles, we used ERIC, IBSS, SCOPUS and WOS databases. After excluding theoretically oriented studies, literature reviews and commentaries, 42 articles remained. The in-depth analysis revealed that the main topics of these studies included the student perception, implementation and educational practices, and the role of language. We conclude that in general there are insufficient empirical studies, especially about EMI teachers' perspectives to inform policies and practices at the micro, meso and macro level. Based on the findings, directions for further research are identified and recommendations for methodological approaches for future studies are also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to unpack policy evaluation and measurement of creating world-class universities in China from an integrated policy analysis. Specifically, an integrated policy analysis of policy evaluation of creating world-class universities concentrated on exploring the world class evaluation index released by the university rankings organization and the scholars' views on the assessment criteria for world-class disciplines. The characteristics of policy evaluation of creating world-class (First-Class) universities included adhering to diversified comprehensive evaluation; clear educational objectives and positioning; taking students as the foundation and cultivate first-class talents and paying attention to scientific research and produce first-class achievements. In the meanwhile, problems existing in the policy evaluation of creating world-class universities were also explored in this study. The suggestion and implications were offered to deepen theoretical research and enhance the practical effect of third-party evaluation and improve the evaluation system for "Double Tops" construction and balance the two characteristics of "Chinese characteristics" and "world-class" and respect the development rules of universities and disciplines and create a systematic ecology of orderly competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to report and analyze the lessons learnt from a case study of the implementation of the move from onsite to online learning at a Sino-Foreign higher education institution. Design/methodology/approach: This paper reports a case study based on an analysis of three elements of the move to digital education during the COVID-19 pandemic. In suggesting three elements, it argues that the first and most immediate move away from onsite teaching should be thought of as emergency response teaching, and it is the lessons learnt from this vital and necessary stage that have informed the subsequent implementation of a more digitalization process. Findings: The case study identifies the journey that the university is going through to deliver digitalized education, and how the pandemic hastened what had already been started. It illustrates how the pandemic has been useful in highlighting where we are, what decisions have been made and what still needs to be done with regard to readiness for the disruption likely by Industry 4.0. Research limitations/implications: The study was conducted at one institution, which along with eight other similar institutions is unique within China. Findings, especially the processes of making decisions, while relevant to the wider discussion on digitalization and Industry 4.0, should also be considered in this light. Practical implications: While the focus of the paper is on COVID-19 and Rapid Digitalization of Learning and Teaching, the main implication is that universities need to better prepare their teaching staff for digitalized education, especially if they are wanting to engage with disruption brought about by Industry 4.0. Originality/value: The paper is based on a single university case study of a rather unique university within China. The discussion illustrates the need for flexibility and decisiveness in making key decisions on managing disruption, but with strategic direction in mind, illustrated in the study by COVID-19, but with future digitalization initiatives also to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of green campus is related to the global sustainable development. Under the guidance of campus energy-saving policy, China's green campus mainly focuses on campus' energy saving. In contrast, the green campus in the USA pays more attention to environmental problems. This study focuses on the impact of "energy saving" on the sustainable development of green campus. On the one hand, it puts forward targeted optimization suggestions for the Chinese universities. On the other hand, it provides the experience reference and new development ideas for the global campus sustainability. Based on the characteristics of the development mode of green campus in China and the USA, this paper studies the motivation of "energy saving" to "sustainability" in the construction of green campus in China. In terms of research methods, this paper selects Zhejiang University a typical representative of China's green campus that combined with the comparative group of four American universities and conducts a quantitative analysis of G-value and S-value that represented energy consumption and sustainability, respectively. Zhejiang University's G-value (0.019) in 2016 is one-sixth of that of the comparative group in the same period, indicating that the implementation effect of the energy-saving monitoring platform is remarkable. From 2014 to 2017, the G-values are basically stable at 0.02, indicating that its future development potential is insufficient. Zhejiang University's scores in the four categories of S-value are significantly lower than those in the comparative group, showing that there are great differences in the construction achievements of the five universities. According to the score rate of 17 sub-items of S-value, the five universities have different advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the green campus construction of China's case university is too one-sided and only stays at the level of energy conservation. The diversification of construction and the balanced development of all aspects should be paid more attention in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing context and increasing professionalization in higher education have ushered in challenges for liberal arts education worldwide. Situated this discourse in the context of Chinese universities, this paper explores (1) Why do we need a liberal arts education that has been accused of being elitist in the twenty first century? (2) Should an effective or ideal liberal arts education evolve with time and context? If yes, what needs to be taken into account to conceptualize a twenty first century model of liberal arts education? (3) How is a twenty first century liberal arts education defined and featured at Chinese universities and elsewhere? Drawing on an analytical framework constructed with the German concept of Bildung and the Confucian perspective on knowledge, this paper contends that a twenty first century liberal arts education for universities in China and elsewhere needs to absorb meta changes and movements in society at home and around the world, while ideally rooted in a knowledge tradition respectively. Specifically, it should comprise three essential pillars: humanism education, cognitive education, and global education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigating emotion sequence patterns in the posts of discussion forums in massive open online courses (MOOCs) holds a vital role in shaping online interactions and impacting learning achievement. While the majority of research focuses on the relationship between emotions and interactions in MOOC forum discussions, research on identifying the crucial difference in emotion sequence patterns among different interaction groups remains in its infancy. Objectives: This research utilizes deep learning and sequential pattern mining to investigate whether there are differences in emotion sequence patterns across different groups of learners who exhibit various types of interactions in online discussion forums. Methods: Data from a comprehensive array of sources, including log files, discussion texts and scores from 498 learners in online discussion forums, were collected for this study. The agglomerative hierarchical algorithm is used to classify learners into groups with different levels of interactions. Additionally, we implement and evaluate multiple deep learning models for detecting different emotions from online discussions. Relevant emotion sequence patterns were identified using sequence pattern analysis and the identified emotion sequence patterns were compared across different groups with different levels of interactions. Results and Conclusions: Using an agglomerative hierarchical algorithm, we classified learners into three distinct groups characterized by different levels of interactions: high, average and low level. Leveraging the bi‐directional long short‐term memory model for emotion detection yielded the highest predictive performance, with an impressive F‐measure of 94.01%, a recall rate of 93.83% and an accuracy score of 95.01%. The results also revealed that learners in the low‐level interaction group experienced more emotion transition from boredom to frustration than the other two groups. Therefore, the aggregation of students into groups and the utilization of their MOOC log data offer educators the capability to provide adaptive emotional feedback, customize assessments and offer more personalized attention as needed. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Emotions are dynamic over time when learners experience cognitive disequilibrium/equilibrium.Online interactions are critical components, which influence learners' emotional state, cognitive processes and learning achievement.It is not clear what are differences in emotion sequence patterns across the groups with different interaction types. What the paper adds: An agglomerative hierarchical algorithm was implemented to cluster learners into three groups by analysing behavioural data.We explore possibilities for automated classification of emotions using deep learning approaches.Learners in the low‐level interaction group experienced more emotion transition from boredom to frustration. Implications for practitioners: A considerable amount of effort should be expended to identify and respond to learners who experience boredom and frustration emotions.Designing interventions or scaffolding to facilitate learners' interaction and promote favourable emotions.Educators could provide more personalized support based on learners' online interaction cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]