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Two patients were treated surgically for an aneurysm of the celiac artery, one of atheromatous and the other of dysplasic origin. Diagnosis was established by mode B ultrasonography, and confirmed by arteriography and operative findings. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of detecting such lesions, when confronted with an atypical epigastric symptomatology, by means of ultrasonography, particularly by the use of an apparatus in real time. This should enable a more rapid and probably more precise approach to the aorta and large abdominal vessels.

As long as a clearly defined protocol is followed, exploration of the hepatic veins and biliary canals by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be incorporated in any echotomographic study of the hepatic parenchyma and reciprocally. This method of investigation is harmless, rapid, reproducible and low in cost.

A total of 468 patients were evaluated using a high-resolution scanner with a high-frequency transducer. Scrotal calcifications were diagnosed by sonographic criteria in 22 patients. Size, number, arrangement, and especially location (testicular or extratesticular) were precisely determined. Calcifications, located within testicular parenchyma, particularly if multiple and grouped, were considered highly suspicious for malignancy, and surgery was mandatory. Based on these sonographic features, 9 patients underwent surgery with pathological examination. In all, calcifications were confirmed and found in 4 necrotic germ-cell tumors, in a germ-cell tumor scar but with intratubular occult seminoma, in 1 epidermoid testicular cyst, in 1 tuberculous epididymo-orchitis, in 1 granulomatous orchitis, and at last, in 1 ruptured testis with an old hematoma. In the 13 remaining patients, calcification was usually defined as solitary, large, and extratesticular by sonography and considered benign. No changes were seen in follow-up examinations.

Provided that a rigourous protocol is adopted, exploration of the hepatic veins by echotomography (grey scale) is practically always possible. It should be integrated into every echotomographic study of the liver (parenchyma, biliary tract, portal system and inferior vena cava). The findings cover a narrow range: hepatic veins free, compressed or not visible. This method is harmless, rapid, reproducible and inexpensive.

Leydig cell tumors arise from the gonadal stroma and represent two or three per cent of all testicular tumors. They may occur at any age in contrast with germinal tumor. In adults, about 20 per cent occur with endocrine disturbance: gynecomastia or impotence. Ten per cent are malignant and few cases are bilateral. They are small, yellow, brown tumor. Reinke's crystals are observed in 50 per cent and are pathognomonic. They present no necrosis no hemorrhage, no cyst. A benign tumor is difficult to distinguish from a malignant tumor. A vascular and capsular invasion, an infiltrative margin, a bilateral or multiple tumors must evoke a malignant case. Cryptorchidism, even corrected seems to be partly responsible in tumor induction. Ultrasonography can help for a precocious and reliable diagnosis of tumors, specially in case of occult tumors (2 cases). It also helps to survey the controlateral testis (bilateral tumor: 1 case).

Thirty-seven hyperechoic cavernous hemangiomas of the liver were investigated by sonography and angiography. Posterior enhancement of a hyperechoic mass on sonography was correlated with hypervascularity on angiography. Such enhancement was noted in 76.5% of cases and in all angiomas larger than 25 mm in diameter.

Ultrasound seems to be the investigation of choice when a testicular tumor is suspected, especially when physical examination appears to be normal. 37 testicular tumors have been diagnosed out of a series of more than one thousand case of scrotal ultrasonography. The most important sonographic patterns are presented and their etiologies are discussed.

Fibrous pseudotumor of the testicular appendices is a rare, benign tumour which, because of its site, frequently simulates a malignant testicular tumour. Ultrasonography establishes the diagnosis of benign extratesticular tumour based on a number of arguments in favour of this entity, allowing local excision instead of unnecessary orchidectomy.