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V času svetovne krize in zaostrenih gospodarskih razmer se je povečalo tveganje tudi pri poslovanju finančnih institucij. Vsaka finančna ustanova mora obvladovati tveganja pri svojem poslovanju, tako kreditna, tržna kot operativna. Največji delež tveganja odpade na kreditno tveganje, ki mu je bilo v diplomskem seminarju posvečenega največ prostora. V diplomskem seminarju smo želeli izpostaviti pomen upravljanja s kreditnim tveganjem v banki. Banka mora predvsem oceniti, kakšna je možnost, da bo posojeni denar oziroma financirani predmet dobila poplačan. Pred financiranjem je torej nujno potrebno oceniti, kakšno tveganje obstaja, da stranka mogoče ne bo mogla ali ne bo hotela poplačati obveznosti. Za obvladovanje kreditnega tveganja se banke poslužujejo različnih tehnik odkrivanja možnosti plačila oziroma neplačila. S tem področjem se v bankah ponavadi ukvarja oddelek bonitete oziroma področje »Upravljanje s kreditnimi tveganji«. Zaposleni v bonitetni službi ocenjujejo posamezna podjetja, ki želijo financiranje, na podlagi klasičnih finančnih analiz, ugotavljanja bonitete strank in predvsem ugotavljanja, ali je stranka sposobna ustvariti dovolj denarnega toka, da bo potencialne obveznosti lahko plačevala. S poglobljeno analizo smo pridobili dodatna znanja s področja ugotavljanja bonitete in plačilne sposobnosti podjetij. In the times when the whole world is facing the crises and economic circumstances are bad, the management of the financial institutions is also under the big pressure of the risk taking. Big companies gone bankrupted, various insolvencies and bad paying discipline have forced banks and leasing companies to monitor more effectively the risk management connected to financing of their clients. Also by us in Slovenia. Every financial institution has to establish an efficient risk management weather these are loan contracts, commercial contacts or operative risks. The higher percentage of the risk goes to loan contracts. In this graduate seminar paper we would like to point out the importance of the management with loan ventures from the side of a bank. The most important thing from the side of a bank is to establish what is the possibility that the loaned money or financed object will be repaid. So, before making the decision whether to finance the client, the evaluation of the possibility whether the client will be able and willing to repay its obligations is necessary. There are various techniques being used for risk management in banks which usually have a separate department dealing with rating of the clients or so called »Risk management department«. Employees in this department value or rate each company which would like to be financed in any way. They do that on the basis of classical financial analyses, client’s rating etc. But most of all they need to establish whether the client is capable to make enough financial currency to be able to repay potential obligations. With deeper analyses we will get additional knowledge in the field of establishing the rating of the potential clients, their cash flow and liquidity.

Varčevanje je področje, kateremu ljudje namenimo različno pozornost. Nekateri so mu bolj, drugi manj naklonjeni. Nekateri varčujejo že od malih nog, spet drugi se za varčevanje odločajo kasneje. Odločitev za varčevanje je osebna komponenta in je v največji meri odvisna od motivov, ki nas k varčevanju vodijo, ter varčevalnih navad. Lahko gre za varčevanje za nakup nepremičnine, za šolanje otrok, za varnostno rezervo, za pokojnino ali za kaj drugega. Večina ljudi si namreč želi brezskrbnega življenja in lagodnosti tudi v prihodnje. Navedeno pa je možno le z zavestno odločitvijo o varčevanju. Smiselno je narediti finančni načrt, ki naj opredeljuje časovno komponento, višino sredstev, ki bodo varčevanju namenjena, cilje varčevanja ter izbiro produkta, s katerim bomo varčevali. Smiselno je, da pred odločitvijo o načinu varčevanja natančno proučimo ponudbo varčevalnih produktov in institucij, ki varčevanje ponujajo. Med slednjimi so namreč velike razlike in potrebno si je vzeti čas za pridobitev vseh potrebnih informacij. Potrebno je ugotoviti, kakšni so predvideni donosi varčevanja, stroški, ki so z varčevanjem povezani, ter ne nazadnje tveganja, katerim smo varčevalci pri določenem varčevalnem produktu izpostavljeni. Po pridobitvi potrebnih informacij bo namreč izbira načina varčevanja veliko lažja in skladna s cilji varčevanja. Saving money is an area that is given varying attention by different people. Some have stronger, while others have weaker preference for it. Some people start saving their money from their earliest years, while others take the decision to save their money later. The decision taken to save money is a personal component, which as far as possible depends on motives that lead us to saving, as well as our saving habits. Savings can be intended for the purchase of a real estate, for children's education, for safety margins, for pensions, or any other intentions. Most of the people want to continue to live a carefree and a leisurely life. The only way to achieve that is by taking a conscious decision to save money. It is appropriate to design a financial plan, which should determine the time component, the amount of assets to be saved, savings targets and savings products used for saving. Before taking the decision about saving, it would be reasonable to examine carefully the supply of savings products and institutions that offer saving. Comparing the latter ones, there are some large differences in their supply, which is why it is necessary to take enough time to acquire all the information needed. It is of great importance to find out what are projected savings yields, the expenses connected to savings, and finally, risks to which savers are exposed while using a certain savings product. After acquiring all the information needed, our decision about the way of saving will be much easier and, moreover, consistent with our savings goals.

Banke so v današnjem času čedalje bolj izpostavljene tveganjem in nepredvidljivim situacijam, ki jih lahko doletijo. Izjemni dogodki so sicer redki, vendar verjetni, in prav je, da jih banke upoštevajo. Takšni dogodki radi nastopijo po dolgem času mirnih ekonomskih in finančnih stanj. Stresni dogodki doletijo banke v glavnem ob večjih krizah. Glavni cilj stresnega testa je izračun potencialne izgube finančne institucije ob upoštevanju izjemnih dogodkov. Skozi magistrsko nalogo bomo tako govorili o stresnih testih, ki so pomembno orodje pri ocenjevanju tveganj v primeru individualnih šokov, ki lahko doletijo institucijo. Magistrska naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov. V prvem delu predstavljamo teoretično izhodišče stresnih testov, njihovih metodologij in scenarijev, pravila in principe bank pri stresnem testiranju ter sam potek stresnega testiranja. Teoretično smo opredelili vrste tveganj, njihove značilnosti in merjenje s poudarkom na likvidnostnem tveganju. V drugem, empiričnem delu magistrske naloge, pa smo najprej na primeru banke prikazali stresni scenarij za upravljanje likvidnosti, kjer lahko vidimo, kako banke v praksi izvajajo stresne teste. Poudarek empiričnega dela je na anketi, ki smo jo poslali vsem bankam, registriranim v Sloveniji, in tako pridobili pomembne informacije o izvajanju stresnih testov v slovenskih bankah. Nowadays banks have been more and more exposure to risk and the ramifications of unforeseen circumstances. While the occurrence of anomalous or exceptional events may be uncommon, they are nevertheless a distinct possibility, and it is appropriate therefore that the banks pay careful consideration to such. These anomalies have a tendency to become manifest after a protracted period of stable economic and financial conditions. Banks are particularly susceptible to stressful events during times of major crises. Stress testing has as its primary objective the calculation of potential losses sustained by financial institutions consequent to irregular or anomalous events. Accordingly, in the context of a postgraduate dissertation we will discuss the importance of stress testing as a tool for economic risk assessment, particularly in regard to those specific shocks that can negatively impact financial institutions. This dissertation is comprised of 2 sections. In the first section we present the theoretical basis for the field of stress testing: its methodology and context the rules and principles of the banks in regard to stress testing and, the conduct of stress testing. Concomitantly, we define the different kinds of risks, their characteristics and measurement, with particular emphasis on the risk of insolvency and liquidity. In the second section of the dissertation we consider stress testing from an empirical perspective. Therein we present a scenario of liquidity management in the context of bank stress, and from which can be ascertained how the banks conduct stress tests in practice. The emphasis within the empirical section is on a survey which we previously mailed to all registered banks in Slovenia, and from which we gained important information about the implementation of stress testing in these institutions.

Enotno območje plačil v evrih prinaša spremembe vsem akterjem, ki s posluževanjem plačilnih instrumentov prek veljavnih shem urejajo finančne zadeve. SEPA je okolje, kjer udeleženci izvršujejo domača in čezmejna plačila pod enakimi pogoji ter z enakimi pravicami in obveznostmi. Koristi so deležni tako ponudniki plačilnih storitev kakor tudi pravni subjekti in fizične osebe. Banke so z vstopom v nov prostor morale ovrednotiti vpliv SEPA na bodoče poslovanje in delovanje trga. Zniževanje prihodkov iz naslova procesiranja plačilnih storitev in visoki stroški informacijske tehnologije so botrovali iskanju sodobnejših oblik poslovanja. Vpliv konkurence je in bo tudi v prihodnje pripomogel k snovanju novih produktov, povezanih z elektronskim poslovanjem. SEPA z uporabo enega računa omogoča izvrševanje domačih in čezmejnih plačil potrošnikom in gospodarskim družbam, slednjim pa tudi upravljanje plačilne sposobnosti na enem mestu. Uvedba direktne obremenitve SEPA je omogočila dosegljivost plačnikov za izvajanje čezmejnih plačil kjer koli na območju SEPA. V primerjavi z nacionalnimi direktnimi obremenitvami omogoča shema SEPA, ki ne omejuje namena in višine zneska plačila, izvrševanje enkratnih in ponavljajočih se direktnih obremenitev SEPA, vsak bančni delovni dan. Ponudnikom plačilnih storitev je v skladu s pravili delovanja, ki plačnikom opredeljujejo možnost povrnitve že izvršene direktne obremenitve SEPA, ključno, da debetni plačilni instrument proučijo z vidika tveganja. Za banke je pomembno, da najdejo in upoštevajo ukrepe za omejitev tveganja in s tem pripomorejo k večanju ugleda in zaupanja v sheme SEPA za direktne obremenitve. The Single Euro Payments Area brings change to all players that govern their financial affairs by using means of payment over the existing schemes. SEPA is an environment where participants carry out domestic and cross-border payments under the same conditions and with the same rights and obligations. The benefits are received by payment service providers as well as legal entities and private individuals. Banks by entering the new space had to evaluate the impact of SEPA on future operations and functioning of the market. The decline in revenues from the payment processing services and the high cost of information technology contributed to our finding of more modern forms of business. The influence of competition is and will continue to contribute to the design new products related to electronic commerce. SEPA using a single account allows execution of domestic and cross-border payments to consumers and corporations, the latter as well as the management of liquidity in one place. The introduction of SEPA direct debits has enabled the payer the availability of cross-border payments anywhere in the SEPA area. Compared with the national direct debits, SEPA scheme, which does not limit the purpose and amount of payment, enables one-off and recurring direct debit scheme SEPA each bank business day. It is vital to the payment service providers in accordance with the rules of operation, which is determined by the possibility of recovering the payer the already executed direct debits SEPA, to consider the debit payment instrument in the light of risk. For banks it is important to identify and take account of measures to limit the risk and thus contribute to raising the reputation and confidence in the SEPA scheme of direct debits.

Diplomska naloga prikazuje teorijo in prakso obremenitvenih testov v bančnem sektorju. Posebno pozornost smo namenili predstavitvi vpliva obrestnega tveganja na teste in pomen tveganja v scenarijih. Namen obremenitvenega testa je oceniti odpornost bančnega sektorja EU na malo verjetne, vendar možne dogodke. Ključnega pomena je poznavati delovanje testov, njihove prednosti in slabosti in vedeti, kako delujejo v bančnem okolju. V zaključnem delu diplomske naloge bomo predstavili in interpretirali rezultate pri zadnjem izvajanju obremenitvenih testov in pregledali pomen obrestnega tveganja pri tem. In this thesis the stress tests in banking sector are presented both in theory in practice. We focused to present the influence of risk in interest rate on tests and its importance in test scenarios. The aim of stress test is to estimate the resistivity of EU banking sector on hardly credible, but possible events. The knowledge of test operation, there strength and weaknesses and their working in banking area are of key importance here. At the end of the thesis we will implement and demonstrate the results of last run of stress tests and point out the significance of interest rate risk in them.

Funkcija in potreba zakladništva v poslovni banki se razlikuje od banke do banke, odvisno od njene velikosti, vrste poslov, ki jih opravlja, in organiziranosti banke. V nekaterih bankah zakladništvo le opravlja transakcije po naročilu drugih operativnih enot, v drugih pa njegove pristojnosti zajemajo skrb za likvidnost banke, upravljanje bilance banke, upravljanje specifičnih tveganj, vzdrževanje odnosov z drugimi bankami, trgovanje v imenu in za račun banke, razvoj novih finančnih instrumentov, upravljanje uradnih cen (obrestnih mer, tarif , ter tečajev) in podobno. Vrsto aktivnosti sektorju zakladništva večini primerov določi uprava banke, ki tudi opredeli v kolikšnem obsegu se bodo te aktivnosti izvajale. V splošnem pogledu, se funkcije zakladništva med izbranimi tujimi in domačimi bankami v tem delu razlikujejo predvsem zaradi različnih trgov in še posebej specifičnosti (teh) posameznih trgov. Manjši trg ne potrebuje večjih ali po drugi strani zelo ozko usmerjenih sektorjev znotraj banke, saj zaradi same majhnosti trga ali tržnega deleža stroški za takšno organizacijo niso upravičeni. Iz tega izhaja posebnost večjega trga, ki že zaradi same zapletenosti in raznolikosti potrebuje ožja ali specializirana področja ali sektorje, ki jim omogoča ustrezno obravnavanje posamezne aktivnosti. V zadnjem času pa se predvsem v (izbranih) tujih bankah opaža trend specializacije tudi v sektorju zakladništva, ki se čedalje bolj posveča trgovanju, razvoju in prodaji zakladniških produktov in tudi svetovanju svojim komitentom. V skladu s tem, so tako sektorji zakladništva naravnani predvsem kot centri dodane vrednosti, saj z naravo svojih poslov, vplivajo na bilanco banke predvsem pozitivno. V nalogi smo tako predstavili splošno (teoretično) opredelitev zakladništva v poslovnih bankah na podlagi domačih in tujih avtorjev. V sklopu izbranih tujih in domačih poslovnih bank, smo nato opredelili in opisali posamezne aktivnosti iz bančne prakse, ter jih med sabo tudi primerjali. Function and need of a treasurer in commercial bank varies from bank to bank. Mostly this is because of differences in size, type of business orientation and organizational structure of a chosen bank. In some commercial banks treasury department is responsible only for transactions ordered form other departments, in some other, its functions are numerous and include managing bank's liquidity, asset and liability management, managing specific risks, maintaining good relations with other banks, trading, developing and selling new products, managing interest rate, fees and exchange rate. The lines of activities for treasury department are issued from bank's senior management, which also determine in what range these activities will be implemented. In general, activities of treasury department in home and foreign commercial banks are different mostly because of an incomparable (banking) market and especially of different specifics in each one. Smaller market does not need vast and really narrow focused departments inside banks, because the costs for such departments and for whole institution are not justified. From that point of view, we could sum up, that for larger markets, because of their complexity and variety, larger and specialized departments or even divisions are basics for appropriate managing of various activities inside a bank. More recently, especially in (chosen) foreign commercial banks, treasury department is more or less specializing in few categories or activities. This so called trend mostly contains trading, developing and selling new products and also advising services for their clients. In addition to that, the majority of all treasury departments inside commercial banks are organized as value added centers, which are gaining assets for banks. In this paper, we have described theoretical definition of a treasury department in commercial banks, based on foreign and home literature descriptions. We have also described each specific activity for each actual bank, from our selection of a (chosen) foreign and home bank, and based on obtained information, we have also done a comparison between them.

Elektronsko poslovanje omogoča bankam manj papirnatega dela, hitrejše in učinkovitejše servisiranje strank in razbremenitev uslužbencev na bančnih okencih, saj se lahko bolj posvetijo posameznim strankam. Za stranke je takšen način poslovanja udoben, sorazmerno preprost za uporabo, omogoča zasebnost pri opravljanju bančnih poslov, prihrani ogromno časa in ima nizko ceno storitev. Poleg vseh prednosti, ki jih prinaša elektronsko bančništvo, je veliko možnosti za vdor v bančni sistem in zlorabo podatkov. V ta namen banke nenehno razvijajo in uvajajo najsodobnejše varnostne sisteme za zaščito, varnost in zaupnost prenesenih podatkov. Vendar tudi uporabnik sam mora skrbeti za pravilno uporabo in varovanje svojih osebnih podatkov. Veliko bank je že spoznalo, da so organizirani programi upravljanja z operativnim tveganjem ključni za varnost bančnega poslovanja. Banke morajo razviti ustrezno okolje za upravljanje in obvladovanje operativnih tveganj. Electronic commerce enables banks less paper work, faster and more efficient services and it is helping unstressing the employes at their workplace to consecrate more on their clients. For client, this way of business is more comfortable, relatively easy to use, privacy when dealing with banking, and saves a lot of time and it is cheap to use. Beside all advantages that comes with electronic banking is a lot of possibilities to breach into bank sistem and abuse the data. In the purpose of the banks, they are continuously developing and introducing the latest security sistems for protection, safety and confidentiality of trasmitted information. But also the user needs to care for the right use and security of his personal data. A lot of banks already know that organized programs for managing operational risk are the key for safety of banking. Banks need to develop suitable environment for management and controling operational risks.