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V času pred krizo je veliko bank dajalo kredite podjetjem brez visokih garancij. Ker so se ta podjetja kasneje razvijala in rastla, so lahko zlahka odplačevala dolgove. Tako je rast posojil strmo naraščala, banke so med seboj tekmovale, katera bo podjetjem odobrila več posojil. Ko pa je leta 2008 prišlo do gospodarske krize, se je začelo pri poslovanju bank pojavljati veliko tveganj, vezanih na kredite in slaba posojila, in s tem tudi težave z likvidnostjo, kar je posledično ogrožalo obstoj bank. Povečala se je potreba po ustanovitvi tako imenovanih slabih bank. V delu diplomskega projekta je natančneje opisan pomen in delovanje slabe banke v splošnem pomenu, saj je za nadaljnjo obravnavo potrebna osnovna razlaga slabe banke. V sklopu slabih bank, ki so potrebne za normalno poslovanje bank v državi, smo opisali edino slovensko slabo banko, Družba za upravljanje terjatev – DUTB, in pa štiri nemške slabe banke: Erste Abwickelungsanstalt, Bankaktiengesellschaft (BAG), Bankgesellschaft Berlin in FMS Wertmanagement, ter jih predstavili. V zadnjem delu diplomskega projekta smo na podlagi predstavitve vseh bank izbrali nemško slabo banko FMS Wertmanagement ter jo uporabili za primerjavo s slovensko banko DUTB. Kriteriji, ki smo jih pri tem uporabili, so: leto ustanovitve, kdo so ustanovitelji, diskont prenosa terjatev, pričakovana življenjska doba in struktura. Primerjalna analiza slovenske in nemške slabe banke je tudi vsebinski namen te naloge. In the pre – crisis period, many banks provided loans to companies without high guarantees. As this companies developed and rised, it could easily repay its depts. The growth of loans increased sharply, so the banks were competing with each other, which would lend more loans to companies. When the economic crisis hit in 2008 , the banks started to experience a lot of risks related to loans and bad loans and with that also problems with liquidity, the need to create so-called bad banks has increased. Our graduation project describes specifically the meaning and functioning of a bad bank in general sense, since further explanation requires a basic explanation of a bad bank. As part of the bad banks which are needed for the normal operation of banks in the country, we described the only Slovenian bad bank Company for receivables management – DUTB and four German bad banks: Erste Abwickelungsanstalt, Bankaktiengesellschaft (BAG), Bankgesellschaft Berling and FMS Wertmanagement. In the last part of our graduation project, we selected the German bad bank FMS Wertmanagement on the basis of the presentation of all banks and used it for comparison with the Slovenian DUTB. The criteria we used were: the year of establishment, who were the founders, the discount of the transfer of receivables, life expectancy and structure. The comparative analysis of the Slovenian and German bad bank is also substantive purpose of this task.

Ključna vsebina diplomskega seminarja je analiza vpliva DUTB na slovenski bančni sistem v obdobju 20082015. Poleg opisa zakonske podlage DUTB je v ospredju raziskava vpliva DUTB na izbrane dejavnike stabilnosti bančnega sistema likvidnost, solventnost, finančna uspešnost in donosnost. Analiza je bila izvedena na podlagi podatkov Banke Slovenije in strokovnih člankov ter zajema naslednje kazalnike: kazalnika likvidnosti I. in II. razreda, kazalnik kapitalske ustreznosti, kazalnik neto obrestne marže ter kazalnika donosnosti kapitala in sredstev. Pri likvidnosti smo opazili padanje obeh kazalnikov, vendar je likvidnost II. razreda bolj strmo padala do leta 2013, ko pa sta se oba kazalnika povrnila na zadovoljive ravni. Neto obrestna marža je na začetku opazovanega obdobja precej stagnirala, vendar je tudi ona s koncem leta 2011 začela padati ter se je povrnila blizu predkrizne ravni z letom 2014. Pri kapitalski ustreznosti smo ugotovili predvsem počasno odzivnost lastnikov bank do potrebe po zvišanju le-te. Donosnost bank je postala negativna z letom 2010 in svojo najnižjo točko dosegla leta 2013. Z letom 2015 sta oba kazalnika donosnosti spet postala pozitivna. Vsi kazalniki imajo skupno lastnost doživeli so močan trend pozitivne rasti v letih 2013, 2014 in 2015. Pri rasti vsakega smo ugotovili povezavo z ustanovitvijo DUTB. Glede na opravljeno raziskavo je ugotovitev tega diplomskega seminarja, da je DUTB pozitivno vplivala na slovenski bančni sistem. The key content of the thesis is the analysis of Bank Assets Management Company's influence on the Slovenian banking system, during the period of 2008-2015. The primary focus of the research, besides the legal basis, is the analysis of DUTB's influence on chosen indicators of banking systems stability: liquidity, solvency, financial success and profitability. Bank of Slovenia's data was the basis of our analysis, which consists of the next indicators: liquidity ratios I. and II. class, capital adequacy ratio, net interest margin ratio, return on capital and return on assets. We noticed a decline in both liquidity ratios, with decline of II. class ratio being far more distinctive until 2013, when they both returned to satisfying levels. Net interest margin was stagnating until 2011, followed by a three year decline, which ended 2014, when the margin returned on pre-crisis levels. Capital adequacy was unsatisfactory, mainly due to slow actions of bank owners. Bank profitability became negative in 2010 and reached its lowest point in 2013. By 2015 banks became pofitable again. All selected indicators have a common attribute they all experienced a strong trend of positive growth in years 2013, 2014 and 2015. In all areas of analysis, we discovered a connection between Bank Assets Management Company's founding and ratios growth. Based on our analysis, the finding of this thesis is, that Bank Assests Management Company had a positive effect on Slovenian banking system.

Brezhibno delovanje bančnega sistema je ključnega pomena za obstoj in nadaljnji razvoj države. Že v sami preventivi je potrebno, da smo pozorni na bančno politiko, ki jo vodi država, ter da nenehno spremljamo zadolženost, likvidnost in kapitalsko ustreznost bank. Kadar se pojavi bančna kriza, le-tej navadno sledi tudi valutna in dolžniška kriza, nemalokrat pa nato celotno nacionalno gospodarstvo pade v gospodarsko recesijo. Iz omenjenih razlogov se je nanjo treba primerno odzvati. Osnovni namen ustanovitve slabe banke je stabilizacija bančnega sistema, povečanje transparentnosti ter povrnitev zaupanja investitorjev in pomoč ter aktivno sodelovanje v procesu prestrukturiranja potencialno dobrih podjetij. Zelo pomembno je, da banke in država delujejo usklajeno. Ključnega pomena je predvsem povrniti zaupanje v bančni sistem in ustrezno zavarovati bančne vloge. Uvedba slabe banke je vsekakor učinkovit proces reševanja bančne krize nacionalnega bančnega sistema, vendar ugoden končen rezultat ni samoumeven. V prvi vrsti je potrebno izbrati najprimernejši model implementacije slabe banke in izbrati ustrezen organizacijski model. Zelo pomembna je tudi zaposlitvena struktura. Zaposleni morajo biti strokovno podkovani in politično neobremenjeni, saj ima političen vpliv močno negativen vpliv na slabo banko. Uporabo mehanizma slabe banke v procesu premostitve bančne krize spremljajo visoki stroški. Konkretnejši prenosi sredstev in tveganj namreč povečujejo stroške, pa vendar obenem prinašajo transparentnost, večajo fleksibilnost bank in boniteto ter povečujejo zaupanje tujih investitorjev in omogočajo lažji dostop do virov financiranja. Za izbiro ustreznega modela je torej potrebno predhodno opraviti vrsto analiz različnih postavk, jih ustrezno ovrednotiti, določiti njihov vpliv na koeficient kapitalske ustreznosti banke in na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov izbrati ustreznega. Ključnega pomena je predvsem prvo leto delovanja slabe banke, saj mora le-ta razmeroma hitro in jasno določiti, kako bo obravnavala posamezne vrste slabih kreditov ter terjatev. Primeri slabih bank iz tujine so v mnogih primerih pokazali, da so izkušnje uporabe inštrumenta slabe banke v veliki meri pozitivne. Pri tem gre zlasti izpostaviti primere iz Irske, Švedske, Nemčije in Amerike. Proper working order of the banking system represent key elements in the existence and further development of a country. The banking policy of a country and constant monitoring of indebtedness, liquidity and capital adequacy of banks should represent an integral part of the preventive measures. Whenever a banking crisis appears, it is usually followed by a monetary and debt crisis. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for the whole national economy to fall into economic recession. Therefore, a banking crisis should be properly addressed. The main purpose of creating a bad bank is to stabilize the banking system, increase transparency and regain trust of investors as well as their help and active involvement in the process of restructuring potentially good companies. It is of the utmost importance that companies and banks work in harmony. Key aim is mainly to rebuild trust in the banking system and to properly secure bank deposits. The implementation of a bad bank represents an efficient process of solving the banking crisis of the national banking system. However, a positive final outcome should not be self-granted. Primarily, the most suitable model for the implementation of a bad bank and a suitable organisation model should be chosen. Secondly, employment structure plays also an important role. Employees need to have proper expertise and should not be subjected to any political influences, as politics can have a strong negative effect on the bad bank. The process of overcoming banking crisis is often accompanied by high costs due to the use of bad bank mechanism. A more substantial transfer of assets and risks increases the costs. However, at the same time it ensures transparency, increases flexibility and credit rating of banks as well as increases foreign investors’ confidence and enables easier access to financial sources. In order to choose a suitable model it is therefore necessary to conduct a series of analysis for various thesis in advance. Moreover, the items must be properly evaluated, their influence on the coefficient of the capital requirement of a bank must be determined and on the basis of the results gained a suitable model should be chosen. The first year of the bad bank practice is of key importance. How individual types of bad loans and claims will be handled must be identified relatively fast and clearly. It has been shown that the use of bad banks abroad has born positive results and the examples from Ireland, Sweden, Germany and the USA clearly prove that.

V delu diplomskega projekta je predstavljeno, kako je prišlo do svetovne finančne krize leta 2008. Vse države so se takrat morale soočiti z dejstvom, da je tudi njih prizadela kriza, in se odločiti, kako posredovati, da bi bile posledice čim manjše. Raziskovali smo tudi, kdo so krivci za nastanek krize globalne razsežnosti. Ker se je kriza zgodila zaradi ameriškega drugorazrednega trga hipotekarnih posojil, se je seveda kriza najprej pojavila v ZDA, ker pa je ameriško gospodarstvo tako veliko in močno, se je kriza hitro razširila tudi v Evropo, saj so evropske banke veliko vlagale v ameriški trg hipotekarnih posojil. Slabe terjatve so nastale predvsem zaradi zgrešene politike bank, ki so dajale kredite fizičnim osebam in pravnim subjektom, za katere se je vedelo, da ne bodo sposobni vrniti najetih kreditov. Države so se morale odločiti, s katerimi instrumenti bodo ublažile posledice krize. Večina držav se je odločila za uvedbo slabe banke in prenos slabih sredstev. Ker pa poznamo več modelov slabe banke, se je bilo treba odločiti, kateri model izbrati, da bi tako čim prej izplavali iz krize. Opisali smo več modelov, ki so med bolj prepoznavnimi in uspešnimi. Podrobneje smo opisali slovenski model slabe banke – DUTB in ga primerjali s špansko slabo banko – SAREB. Primerjali smo ju po več kriterijih in predstavili ugotovitve. Our graduation project presents how it came to the global financial crisis in 2008. All countries have to face the fact that in the meantime they are also affected by the crisis and to decide, how to act accordingly so that the consequences are lowered to minimum. We also studied who are the culprits for the emergence of the crisis, which has acquired a global dimension. As the crisis has been caused by US sub-prime mortgage market, it first emerged in the United States, but because the US economy is so large and powerful, the crisis quickly spread to Europe because European banks have invested heavily in the US mortgage credit market. Bad debts occure mainly due to the misguided policies of banks that give loans to natural persons and legal entities, which are known to not be able to repay loans. All countries should decide what instruments should be used to mitigate the effects of the crisis. Most countries have decided to establish a bad bank and to transfer bad assets. However, since there are several models of bad bank, it has been necessary to decide which model to decide on, in order to settle them as soon as possible to lessen the crisis. We describe several models which are among the most recognizable and successful. Further comparisson of Slovenian model of bad bank - DUTB with the Spanish bad bank SAREB is shown. We compared them according to various criteria and came up with conclusions which are also presented below.

V diplomskem seminarju se natančneje ukvarjamo s procesom prve in druge sanacije bančnega sistema Republike Slovenije. Sanacija pomeni ozdravitev banke in ponovna vzpostavitev predpisanih pogojev za njeno delovanje. Predstavlja celoto organizacijskih, finančnih in pravnih ukrepov, katerih cilj je odpraviti nezaželjene vzroke, ki ogrožajo ali vodijo k nesolventnosti bančnega sistema. V prvem delu diplomskega seminarja predstavljamo značilnosti slovenskega bančnega sistema, ustanovitev banke Slovenije, ter strukturo bančnega sistema. Nadaljujemo z definicijo sanacije, ter navedemo glavne vzroke sanacije bank po osamosvojitvi. Sanacijo natančneje definiramo in določimo zakonsko podlago za prvo in drugo bančno sanacijo pri nas. Predstavimo tudi ukrepe, ki so bili uveljavljeni, to so stresni testi, dokapitalizacija in ustanovitev slabe banke. Na koncu diplomskega seminarja primerjamo prvo in drugo sanacijo na podlagi izbranih kriterijev. In the slovenian banking sector there are two important processes, namely the rehabilitation and the transformation of banks according to criteria of the developed Western countries. This thesis seminar is further engaged with the process of rehabilitation of the banking system of the Republic of Slovenia. Rehabilitation means the recovery of the Bank and the resoration of normal conditions for its operation. It consists of organizational, financial and legal measures aimed at eliminating the causes that threaten or lead to the insolvency or over-indebtedness of banks. The first section presents the characteristics of the Slovenian banking system, the establishment of the Bank of Slovenia and the structure of the banking system. We continue with the defination of rehabilitation, and we state the main causes for the bank rehabilitation after the independence. We introduce the rehabilitation of the banking system in the Republic of Slovenia and define the legal basis. We also introduce the measures that have been applied, i.e. stress test, capital increase and the creation of a bad bank. At the end of the seminar we comparing the first and second rehabiliatio on the basis of criterias.

Naloga banke kot finančne institucije je predvsem uravnoteženje ponudbe in povpraševanja po denarju. Vključenost bank v gospodarstvo države pomembno vpliva na njeno optimalno delovanje in rast z zagotavljanjem likvidnosti gospodarskih subjektov. V primeru različnih odklonov od normalnega delovanja bančnega sistema je interes držav, da bankam pomagajo iz likvidnostnih težav. Oblika in višina pomoči se med državami lahko zelo razlikuje zaradi finančne sposobnosti in različne zakonodaje. To je razvidno iz načinov reševanja zadnje globalne finančne krize, ki jo je sprožil zlom ameriškega nepremičninskega in finančnega trga leta 2007. V diplomskem delu bomo podrobneje predstavili vzroke in dejavnike za nastanek bančnih kriz v izbranih državah Evropske unije ter pristope k reševanju njihovih bančnih sistemov, s poudarkom na sanaciji slovenskega bančnega sistema in njegove stabilizacije v prihodnosti. Različni sanacijski pristopi držav so privedli do bolj ali manj uspešnih rešitev v smislu sanacije bank. Uspešnost sanacij v posameznih državah je težko oceniti glede na to, da procesi sanacije v nekaterih državah še potekajo. The Bank's role as a Financial Institution is mainly balancing the supply and demand for Money. The involvement of Banks in the Country's economy has a significant impact on its optimal performance and growth by providing liquidity. In the case of various deviations from normal procedures of the Banking System it is in Countries interest to assist Banks in case of liquidity problems. Form and level of support can vary greatly between Countries due to different legislation and their financial capabilities. This is reflected in the ways of solving the last global financial crisis, which was triggered by the collapse of the US real estate and financial markets in 2007. The thesis will present the causes and factors of banking crises in selected Countries of the European Union and the approaches to resolve their banking systems with emphasis on the rehabilitation of the Slovenian banking system and its stabilization in the future. Different approaches to the rehabilitation of Countries have led to more or less successful solutions in terms of rehabilitation of Banks. The success of rehabilitation in individual Countries is difficult to assess as the rehabilitation processes are still ongoing in some Countries.

Finančna kriza, ki se je leta 2008 iz ZDA razširila v Evropo, je močno prizadela bančne sisteme številnih držav. Zaradi pokov nepremičninskih in borznih balonov se je v bilancah bank povečal delež slabih terjatev, kar je zmanjšalo njihovo kapitalsko ustreznost ter ogrozilo likvidnost in solventnost bank, s tem pa stabilnost bančnih sistemov. Eden izmed načinov reševanja bančnega sistema, ki so se ga v času globalne finančne krize poslužile številne države, je uporaba koncepta slabe banke. Slovenija je s tem namenom ustanovila Družbo za upravljanje terjatev bank. Naloga podrobneje opisuje pojme, povezane s slabo banko, ter sam koncept in različne oblike slabe banke. Koncept je bil v preteklosti že večkrat uporabljen. V času aktualne krize številne države, med njimi tudi ZDA, Nemčija, Irska, Španija in Slovenija, na ta način rešujejo svoje banke. Slovenska slaba banka je bila ustanovljena pet let po začetku krize in zaenkrat uspešno dosega kratkoročno zastavljene cilje. S svojim delovanjem je v prvem letu pripomogla k izboljšanju kapitalske ustreznosti in likvidnosti bank ter k izboljšanju zaupanja v bančni sistem. O njeni učinkovitosti ter doseganju glavnega namena in cilja bo lažje presojati po nekaj letih njenega delovanja. In 2008, financial crisis, which started in the US, spread over to Europe, affected banking systems of many countries. Because of the housing and the stock market bubbles' pops, there was an increase of non-performing loans ratio in banks. This reduced banks’ capital adequacy and endangered their solvency and stability of banking systems. One way of solving a banking system is the concept of bad bank. Many countries used this concept for rescuing their banks in the current crisis. For this purpose, Slovenia established the Bank Asset Management Company. This paper defines terms connected with bad bank, the concept of bad bank and different forms of it. The concept has already been used several times in the past. In the current crisis, many countries are rescuing their banks this way, including US, Germany, Ireland, Spain and Slovenia. Slovenian bad bank was established five years after the crisis began and it has successfully fulfilled its short-term goals up to now. During the first year of its operation, the slovenian bad bank contributed to the improvement of banks’ capital adequacy and solvency, and to the improvement of trust in the banking sector. It will be easier to judge its effectiveness after a few years of its operation.

V diplomskem projektu se podrobneje ukvarjamo z drugo sanacijo bančnega sistema v Republiki Sloveniji. V prvem delu predstavimo definicije, povezane s sanacijo bančnega sistema, in modele, ki se uporabljajo za sanacijo. Nadaljujemo s kratkim zgodovinskim pregledom bančnega sistema v Sloveniji ter navedemo glavni vzrok slovenske sanacije, kar je prehitra in neuravnovešena rast bančnega sistema pred krizo in začetek svetovne gospodarske krize. Sanacijo bančnega sistema v Republiki Sloveniji kronološko predstavimo in opredelimo zakonsko podlago. Ukrepe, ki so bili v Sloveniji uporabljeni, torej stresni testi, dokapitalizacija in ustanovitev slabe banke, podrobneje opišemo in prikažemo njihovo uresničevanje. V zadnjem delu diplomskega projekta ugotavljamo primernost sanacije bančnega sistema v Republiki Sloveniji. V primerjavi z dvema evropskima državama, Španijo in Irsko ugotovimo, da je bila sanacija slovenskega bančnega sistema v osnovi izvedena primerno, vendar pa bi lahko bili določeni ukrepi izvedeni optimalneje. The diploma project is in detail engaged with a second rehabilitation of the banking system in the Republic of Slovenia. In the first part we present definitions related to the rehabilitation of the banking system as well as the models that are used for the rehabilitation. We continue with a brief historical overview of the banking system in Slovenia and we describe the main causes of Slovenian rehabilitation. Namely, too rapid and imbalanced growth of the banking system before the crisis and the beginning of the global economic crisis. The rehabilitation of the banking system in the Republic of Slovenia is presented chronologically and defined on legal basis. The measures that have been used in Slovenia, i.e. stress tests, capital increase and the creation of a bad bank, are described in detail and their implementation has been illustrated. In the last part of this project we examine the suitability of the rehabilitation of the banking system. In comparison with the two European countries, Spain and Ireland we found out that the rehabilitation of the Slovenian banking system was basically carried out properly, but certain actions could have been done in a more optimal way.

Magistrska naloga obravnava področje bančništva oziroma reševanje bančnega sistema z različnimi pristopi s poudarkom na reševanju bančnega sistema s slabo banko. Mnogo svetovnih bančnih sistemov se je po eskalaciji finančne krize znašlo v težavah. Praksa je pokazala, da so zaradi visoke povezanosti bančnega sistema z gospodarstvom in obratno novonastale zaostrene razmere zahtevale ukrepanje držav. Države so se odzvale z različnimi ukrepi opisanimi v drugem delu in tudi kombinacijo ukrepov, med katerimi se je ustanovitev slabe banke in prenos slabih sredstev, v več primerih izkazala za primerno. Predvideva se, da bodo banke očiščene slabih terjatev na ta način revitalizirane in pripravljene prispevati k izhodu iz krize. Dobri primeri iz prakse kažejo, da je bilo reševanje bančnega sistema pred zadnjo finančno krizo uspešno z implementiranjem slabe banke na Švedskem, v zadnjem kriznem obdobju pa v ZDA in Nemčiji. Podoben razvoj dogodkov se je odvijal tudi na Slovenskem, kjer je reševanje bančnega sistema s poroštvi/jamstvi, dokapitalizacijami, nadzorovanimi likvidacijami sicer zajezilo naglo slabšanje položaja bančnega sistema, vendar ga ni preprečilo in odpravilo. Skladno s to ugotovitvijo smo v nalogi v zadnjem delu podrobneje raziskali načine reševanja bančnega sistema s slabo banko. Za najbolj primernega za primerjavo smo ocenili nemški model slabe banke, saj gre pri njem za novejši model, katerega portfelj je tako kot pri slovenskem modelu manj homogen v primerjavi z ostalimi navedenimi modeli. Opravili smo poglobljeno raziskavo prenosljivosti nemškega modela slabe banke na slovenskega z izvedbo primerjalne analize modelov, in sicer z vidika posameznih elementov nemške in slovenske slabe banke, njunih prednosti in pomanjkljivosti ter strukture njunih portfeljev. Research field of master’s degree is banking and rescuing of troubled banking systems based on various approaches with emphasis on bad bank. Many of banking systems were highly affected after worldwide escalation of financial crisis. Due to great interconnection between banking systems and economy state measures were required. Countries have responded with various measures described in the second part, and also with combination of those measures, from which the creation of bad bank and transfer of bad assets proved to be appropriate in many cases. Banks relieved from bad assets are expected to be revitalised and to contribute to overcoming of the crisis respectively. Practice cases have proven successful even before the last financial crisis with successful implementation of bad bank in Sweden, and in USA and Germany also during the last financial crisis. Similar development took place in Slovenia, where substantial deterioration of the state banking system was stemmed with guarantees, recapitalizations and liquidations, but was not prevented and suppressed. Consistent with this finding we have further researched feasible ways of solving the banking system with bad bank. We assessed German bad bank model to be the most appropriate model for comparison, as it is one of newer models with less homogeneous portfolio, like Slovenian model. In-depth research of transferability of German bad bank model to Slovenian model was made by carrying out a comparative analysis of latter, and in terms of individual elements of German and Slovenian bad bank, their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the structures of their portfolios.

Banke imajo pomembno vlogo v ekonomijah številnih držav. Njihova temeljna funkcija je funkcija finančnega posrednika med ponudbo in povpraševanjem po denarju. Na ta način vnašajo v preostale segmente ekonomije dodatno likvidnost in tako spodbujajo rast in razvoj narodnih gospodarstev. Motnje v delovanju bančnega sistema povzročajo škodo različnim segmentom države (posameznikom, gospodarstvu, fiskalnemu in monetarnemu sistemu). S tega vidika zato ne čudi močna angažiranost vlad, da so pripravljene reševati bančni sektor skorajda za vsako ceno. Vlade v ta namen sprejemajo različne ukrepe, s katerimi poskušajo stabilizirati svoj bančni sistem, ob tem pa so lahko bolj ali manj uspešne. Kako in katere ukrepe bo vlada uporabila v procesu reševanja bančnih kriz, je v večji meri odvisno od: vzrokov krize, ekonomske in fiskalne situacije v državi, pravnih in institucionalnih možnosti in zmožnosti političnega konsenza vsake države. Zaradi tega ne obstaja univerzalni model v procesu stabiliziranja bančnih kriz, ampak mora biti ta prilagojen značilnostim in posebnostim vsake države posebej. Težišče tega diplomskega dela predstavlja analiza ukrepov pri procesu stabiliziranja bančnih kriz. Zaradi aktualnosti in vsesplošnih debat okoli ustanavljanja slabih bank pa je področju ustanovitve slabe banke namenjena še prav posebna pozornost. Če povzamemo, je diplomsko delo strukturirano na naslednji način: Prvi del je namenjen opredelitvi bančne krize, njenim značilnostim, opredelitvi vzrokov in stroškov bančnih kriz. V osrednjem delu nato podrobneje predstavljamo in analiziramo ukrepe in njihovo problematiko v procesu stabiliziranja bančnih kriz. Nadaljujemo s predstavitvijo modela reševanja bančnega sistema na primeru Švedske v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja, katerega mnogi še danes navajajo kot vzorčen primer reševanja krize. Slednjemu poglavju je dodana še analiza uporabnosti švedskega modela pri razreševanju sodobnih bančnih kriz. Diplomsko delo nato zaključuje s predstavitvijo ukrepov držav in njihovih stroškov pri reševanju bančnih sistemov po izbruhu globalne finančne krize leta 2007 ter podaja ključne smernice in ugotovitve za uspešnost v procesu stabilizacije bančnih kriz. Banks have an important role in the economy of numerous countries. Their main function is to act as a financial intermediary between supply and demand for money. In this way, they provide additional liquidity to other economic segments, therefore encouraging growth and development of the national economy. Disturbances in the operation of the banking system lead to losses in different segments of the state – including individuals, the economy, and the fiscal and monetary system. In this context, it is easy to understand the strong commitment of governments to save the banking sector at any cost. For this purpose, the governments take different measures to try to stabilize their banking systems, with more or less success. The governmental decision about which measures to use and how to use them in the process of resolving the banking crisis depends mostly on the causes of the crisis, the economic and fiscal situation in the state, the legal and institutional frameworks, as well as the opportunity for political consensus in the state. Therefore, there is no universal model in the process of stabilizing the banking crisis, but it has to be adjusted to the special characteristics of each state. The most important part of this thesis represents the analysis of the measures taken in the process of stabilizing the banking crises. Due to recent events and general debates about the establishment of bad banks, special attention is dedicated to this subject in particular. In short, this thesis is structured as follows: the first part defines the banking crisis, its characteristics, causes, and the costs derived from it. The main body contains the thorough presentation and analysis of the measures taken in the process of stabilizing the banking crisis. It also describes the main features of the Swedish approach for resolving the banking crisis in the 1990s, which is by many people still considered to be a model for what should be done to solve the economic crisis. In addition, it also analyzes the usability of the Swedish model for resolving the modern banking crisis. The thesis concludes with the presentation of the measures taken by the states and the costs they had for saving the banking systems after the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2007. Additionally, it summarizes the key guidelines and findings needed for the successful stabilization of the banking crisis.