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Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (Fig. 1 G���I) Measurements. See Table 9. Remarks. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni was described from soil around roots of tobacco in SC by Steiner (1937). It has been recorded from 10 countries in Europe, 6 in Asia, 1 in Africa, 2 in North America, 1 in Central America, and 1 in Oceania (CABI 2009). In the USA, it occurs in 25 states (Barker & Clayton 1973; Lucas et al. 1974; CABI 2009). Tylenchorhynchus claytoni occurred commonly in turf soils from Rhode Island (Troll & Tarjan, 1954), Massachusetts (Troll & Rohde 1966) and NC (Lucas et al. 1974). In the present study, it was recovered from 25 counties in NC and SC. It was found in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) in SC and two turf management zones (green, fairway) and two grass species (bermudagrass and creeping bentgrass) in NC. The morphological features and morphometrics of these populations did not differ from previously described populations (Steiner 1937; Loof 1974 b; Golden et al. 1987)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Steiner, G. (1937) Tylenchorhynchus claytoni n. sp., an apparently rare nemic parasite of the tobacco plant. Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 4, 33 - 34.","Barker, K. R. & Clayton, C. N. (1973) Nematodes attacking cultivars of peach in North Carolina. Journal of Nematology, 5, 265 - 271.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Troll, J. & Tarjan, A. C. (1954) Widespread appearance of plant parasitic nematodes on golf greens in Rhode Island. Plant Disease Reporter, 38, 342 - 344.","Troll, J. & Rohde, R. A. (1966) Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus penetrans and Tylenchorhynchus claytoni on turfgrasses. Phytopathology, 56, 995 - 998.","Loof, P. A. A. (1974 b) Tylenchorhynchus claytoni. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 39. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Golden, A. M., Maqbool, M. A. & Handoo, Z. A. (1987) Descriptions of two new species of Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with details on morphology and variation of T. claytoni. Jornal of Nematology, 19, 58 - 68."]}

Dolichodorus heterocephalus (Fig. 4 F���I) Measurements. See Table 7. Remarks. Dolichodorus heterocephalus was described from specimens collected from fresh water at Silver Springs, Florida, and Douglas Lake, Michigan, by Cobb (1914). It was reported from Massachusetts (Paracer 1968) and New Jersey (Hutchinson et al. 1961). It is also known from South Africa (Heyns 1971) and Italy (D'Errico et al. 1977). Golden et al. (1986) designated a lectotype of D. heterocephalus and presented detailed morphometric data from its type locality and several other populations including ones from Sanford and Gainesville, Florida, and East Wareham, Massachusetts, which revealed some differences in morphometrics among populations. Perry (1953) reported that D. heterocephalus caused severe stunting accompanied by depleted root systems of celery and corn in Florida. In the current study, D. heterocephalus was only found in a bermudagrass tee in Beaufort County, SC. The morphological features did not differ from the original and other populations (Cobb 1914; Orton Williams 1974 b). The morphometrics of the identified population matched the type population in Gainesville, Florida (Golden et al. 1986), except for a slightly smaller range in body lengths for males and females, and a greater a value for females. This is the first record of D. heterocephalus from turfgrasses in SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1914) The North American freeliving fresh water nematodes. Contributions to a science of Nematology II. Transactions of American Microscopical Society, 33, 69 - 134.","Paracer, S. M. (1968) The biology and pathogenicity of the awl nematode, Dolichodorus heterocephalus. Nematologica, 13, 517 - 524.","Hutchinson, M. T., Reed, J. P., Streu, H. T., DiEdwardo, A. A. & Ferris, J. M. (1961) Plant parasitic nematodes of New Jersey. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 796.","Heyns, J. (1971) A guide to the plant and soil nematodes of South Africa. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema; x + 233 pp.","Golden, A. M., Handoo, Z. A. & Wehunt, E. J. (1986) Description of Dolichodorus cobbi n. sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) with morphometrics and lectotype designation of D. heterocephalus Cobb, 1914. Journal of Nematology, 18, 556 - 562.","Perry, V. G. (1953) The awl nematode, Dolichodorus heterocephalus, a devastating plant parasite. Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 20, 21 - 27.","Orton Williams, K. J. (1974 b) Dolichodorus heterocephalus. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 4, no. 56. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux."]}

Cactodera sp. (Fig. 3 L–O) Measurements. See Table 6. Remarks. Only the J 2 of a Cactodera species was found from a zoysiagrass tee in Moore County, NC, and from a bermudagrass fairway in Florence County, SC. No cysts or white females were detected. The morphological characteristics of the J 2 were similar to those of C. thornei, which was first described from the roots of Miner's lettuce (Montia perloliata) in California by Golden & Raski (1977). This species has been recorded from China (Peng & Vovlas 1994). However, the species found here could not be identified since no cysts were collected and DNA sequences for comparison are unavailable. This is the first record of the genus Cactodera from turfgrasses in NC and SC.

Ogma floridense (Fig. 5 E, J) Measurements. See Table 10. Remarks. Ogma floridense was described from specimens collected around the roots of Liquidambar styraciflua in swamps in the Aucilla Wildlife Management Area northwest of Perry in Taylor County, Florida (Vovlas et al. 1991). In this survey, O. floridense was found in a golf course tee in Wake County, NC, and a golf course fairway in Beaufort County, SC, both established with bermudagrass. The male of O. floridense was not found. Only one male was described in the original description (Vovlas et al. 1991). The morphology and morphometrics of the identified population did not differ from the population first described (Vovlas et al. 1991). This is the first record of O. floridense from turfgrasses in NC and SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Vovlas, N., Inserra, R. N. & Esser, R. P. (1991) Mesocriconema ornicauda n. sp. and Ogma floridense n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from two Florida habitats. Journal of Nematology, 23, 48 - 57."]}

Hemicycliophora conida (Fig. 7 D���F) Measurements. See Table 14. Remarks. Hemicycliophora conida was described from sugar beet in Ireland (Thorne 1955). It has been documented in Belgium, England, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland (Loof 1968; Brzeski 1974), Iran (Loof 1984), Spain (Castillo et al. 1989), South Africa (Van den Berg 1981), and UK (Spaull & Mewton 1982). In the present study, H. conida was detected in five counties in NC and SC. It was found in bermudagrass fairways and tees in SC and bentgrass putting greens and tees in NC. It was not found in zoysiagrass in either state. The morphology and morphometrics of the identified population did not differ from other populations (Loof 1968). Hemicycliophora conida was divided into two morphological forms (Forms I and II) differing in the number of annuli (230 or more vs 180 to 220), the excretory pore position (about 50 annuli from the head vs 40), female stylet length (average about 90 vs 80 ��m), and spicule length (23 vs 19 ��m). These forms were regarded as conspecific (Loof 1968). The type populations were Form II. The populations in this study were primarily Form I. This is the first record of H. conida from turfgrasses in NC and SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 29, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1955) Fifteen new species of the genus Hemicycliophora with an emended description of H. typica de Man (Tylenchida, Criconematidae). Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 22, 1 - 16.","Loof, P. A. A. (1968) Taxonomy of Hemicycliophora species from west and central Europe (Nematoda: Criconematoidea). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen, 68, 1 - 43.","Brzeski, M. W. (1974) Taxonomy of Hemicycliophorinae (Nematoda, Tylenchida). Zeszyty Problemowe Post e pow Nauk Rolniczych, 154, 237 - 330.","Loof, P. A. A. (1984) Hemicycliophora species from Iran (Nematoda: Criconematoidea). Nematologica, 30, 22 - 41.","Castillo, P., Gomez-Barcina, A. & Loof, P. A. A. (1989) On two species of Hemicycliophora de Man 1921 (Nematoda, Criconematoidea) found in Spain. Nematologia Mediterranea, 17, 77 - 82.","Spaull, A. M. & Mewton, P. G. (1982) Numbers of root-ectoparasitic nematodes under some forage crops. Nematologica, 28, 450 - 452."]}

Hemicriconemoides wessoni (Fig. 6 D���F) Measurements. See Table 13. Remarks. Hemicriconemoides wessoni was first documented in Alturas, Florida by Chitwood & Birchfield (1957) from around the roots of Myrica cerifera L. It has also been found in Georgia (Dasgupta et al. 1969), Alabama (USDA collection, Beltsville), and SC (Ye & Robbins 2000). Pinochet & Raski (1975) described H. annulatus collected from St. Augustine grass at the Crago Sod Farm (South Bay, Florida) as being closest to H. wessoni. Ye & Robbins (2000) examined several populations of H. wessoni from different geographical origins, compared them with the type specimens of H. annulatus, and found that the small differences observed in H. annulatus were within the intraspecific variation of H. wessoni, thus supporting the synonymy of these two species. They found H. wessoni in samples from creeping bentgrass in SC. In the present survey, H. wessoni was only found in association with bermudagrass fairways and tees in SC and greens, fairways and tees in NC. Bermudagrass was not previously known to be a host. Hemicriconemoides wessoni was obtained from 50 bermudagrass samples taken in 13 counties in both NC and SC. Both morphology and morphometrics fit previous descriptions (Esser 1960; Ye & Robbins 2000). This is the first record of H. wessoni from bermudagrass, and also the first record of this nematode in NC. and in the format: mean �� S.D. (range)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Chitwood, B. G. & Birchfield, W. (1957) A new genus, Hemicriconemoides (Criconematidae, Tylenchida). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 24, 80 - 86.","Dasgupta, D. R., Raski, D. J. & Van Gundy, S. D. (1969) Revision of the genus Hemicriconemoides Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Journal of Nematology, 1, 126 - 145.","Ye, W. M. & Robbins, R. T. (2000) Morphology of four species of Hemicriconemoides (Nematoda: Criconematidae) in the USA with the synonymy of H. annulatus. International Journal of Nematology, 10, 101 - 111.","Pinochet, J. & Raski, D. J. (1975) Four new species of the genus Hemicriconemoides (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Journal of Nematology, 7, 263 - 270.","Esser, R. P. (1960) Three additional species in the genus Hemicriconemoides Chitwood and Birchfield 1957 (Nemata: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 5, 64 - 71."]}

Heterodera sp. (Fig. 3 I���K) Measurements. See Table 6. Remarks. The J 2 of an unidentified species of Heterodera was found in golf course tees established with bermudagrass in Horry County, SC. No cysts or white females were found. The morphology and morphometrics of J 2 ���s were similar to those of H. mani, which was described from perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne) in Magilligan, Northern Ireland by Mathews (1971) and has been recorded from the Western Hemisphere and California (Golden 1979), Northern Ireland (Mowat 1974), Germany (Sturhan 1976 a; 2006), Belgium (Vandenbossche et al. 2011), the Netherlands (Maas & Brinkman 1977), Estonia (Krall et al. 1999), Iran (Moghaddam & Kheiri 1995) and Pakistan (Maqbool 1980). The 18 S rDNA and ITS sequence (2289 bp sequenced) had 99 % identity with a European population of H. mani (EU 669916 1700 bp sequenced) (Holterman et al. 2009). However, as no cysts were detected in this study, the species of Heterodera could not be determined. This is the first record of Heterodera from turfgrasses in SC. measurements in ��m and in the format: mean �� S.D. (range)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Mathews, H. J. P. (1971) Two new species of cyst nematode, Heterodera mani n. sp. and H. iri n. sp., from Northern Ireland. Nematologica, 17, 553 - 565.","Golden, A. M. (1979) Identification and relationship of the rye grass and oat cyst nematodes. Nematropica, 9, 99 - 100.","Mowat, D. J. (1974) The host range and pathogenicity of some nematodes occurring in grassland in Northern Ireland. Record of Agricultural Research, 22, 51 - 58.","Sturhan, D. (1976 a) First records of five Heterodera species in the Federal Republic of Germany. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 28, 167 - 169.","Sturhan, D. (2006) Cyst-forming nematodes and related Heteroderidae in Germany. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, 404, 18 - 30.","Vandenbossche, B., Viaene, N., Sutter, N. de, Maes, M., Karssen, G. & Bert, W. (2011) Diversity and incidence of plantparasitic nematodes in Belgian turf grass. Nematology, 13, 245 - 256.","Maas, P. W. T. & Brinkman, H. (1977) Life cycle and pathogenicity of a grass cyst nematode, Heterodera mani, on perennial ryegrass in the Netherlands. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 42, 1541 - 1548.","Krall, E., Sturhan, D. & Muur, J. (1999) Cyst nematodes attacking cereals and grasses in Estonia. Transactions of the Estonian Agricultural University, Agronomy, 203, 44 - 48.","Moghaddam, E. M. & Kheiri, A. (1995) Some plant parasitic nematode fauna of sugar beet fields in Mashhad region. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 31, 24 - 26.","Maqbool, M. A. (1980) Occurrence of eight cyst nematodes on some agricultural crops in Pakistan. Karachi University Journal of Science, 8, 103 - 108.","Holterman, M. H. M., Karssen, G., van den Elsen, S. J. J., Mooijman, P. J. W., Pomp, R., van Megen, H. H. B., Bakker, J. & Helder, H. (2009) Small subunit rDNA-based phylogeny of the Tylenchida sheds light on relationships among some high-impact plant-parasitic nematodes and the evolution of plant feeding. Phytopathology, 99, 227 - 235."]}

Cactodera sp. (Fig. 3 L���O) Measurements. See Table 6. Remarks. Only the J 2 of a Cactodera species was found from a zoysiagrass tee in Moore County, NC, and from a bermudagrass fairway in Florence County, SC. No cysts or white females were detected. The morphological characteristics of the J 2 were similar to those of C. thornei, which was first described from the roots of Miner's lettuce (Montia perloliata) in California by Golden & Raski (1977). This species has been recorded from China (Peng & Vovlas 1994). However, the species found here could not be identified since no cysts were collected and DNA sequences for comparison are unavailable. This is the first record of the genus Cactodera from turfgrasses in NC and SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Golden, A. M. & Raski, D. J. (1977) Cactodera thornei n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and a review of related species. Journal of Nematology, 9, 93 - 112.","Peng, D. L. & Vovlas, N. (1994) Occurrence of the cyst-forming nematode Cactodera thornei in China. Nematologia Mediterranea, 22, 75 - 78."]}

Meloidogyne graminis (Fig. 3 A���D) Measurements. See Table 5. Remarks. Meloidogyne graminis was described from grass in Florida by Sledge (1962) and has been reported from the southeastern, midwestern, and mid-Atlantic USA (Sledge 1962; Bell & Krusburg 1964; Sledge & Golden 1964; Dickerson 1966; Southard 1967; Williams & Laughlin 1968; Grisham et al. 1974). It has also been recorded from Germany (Sturhan 1976 b), China (Zhuo et al. 2011), India (Kaul & Chhabra 1988) and Libya (Fourgani & Edongali 1989). It feeds and reproduces on some turfgrasses, including bermudagrass (Burton & Hanna 1977; Murray et al. 1986), zoysiagrass (Grisham et al. 1974; Murray et al. 1986), tall fescue (Elmi et al. 1990), Paspulum notatum, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Oryza sativa, Digitaria sanguinalis and Ammophila arenaria (Jepson 1987). It is considered the most widespread and potentially destructive turfgrass nematode (Murray et al. 1986). In the present study, the second-stage juveniles (J 2) of M. graminis were found in 104 turfgrass samples collected in 30 counties in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bermudagrass and zoysiagrass) in both states. No adult female was detected. The morphology and morphometricsof J 2 s did not differ from those described by Karssen & Hoenselaar (1998). However, the morphometrics for several characters (a, c���, stylet, tail length, and hyaline tail part) of J 2 s showed a smaller range than the originally described population. The 18 S rDNA sequences from isolates 11-30688 (1968 bp sequenced) and 11-30365 (1987 bp sequenced) had 99 % identity with an isolate from a golf course in Pinal County, Arizona (JN 241837, 609 bp sequenced) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ JN 241837). This is the first record of M. graminis from turfgrasses in NC and SC. in ��m and in the format: mean �� S.D. (range). Measurements. See Table 5. Remarks. Meloidogyne naasi was described from spring-sown barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Gloucestershire, England by Franklin (1965) and has been reported from Kansas (Michell 1972; Ediz & Dickerson 1976), Illinois (Michell et al. 1973), the southern USA (Crow 2005 b), Canada (B��lair et al. 2006), Argentina (Echeverr��a & Chaves 1998; Chaves & Torres 2000), Chile (Kilpatrick et al. 1976), United Kingdom and Ireland (Franklin 1965, 1973; Cook et al. 1992; Karnkowski 2005), Poland (Kornobis 2001), Belgium (Vandenbossche et al. 2011), Hungary (Amin & Budai 1992; Amin 1994), the Netherlands (Maas & Maenhout 1978), Germany (Sturhan 1973; Thomas 1981), Italy and Malta (Inserra et al. 1975, 1978; Lamberti & Dandria 1979;), France (Person-Dedryver et al. 1987), Yugoslavia (Grujicic 1969), the SR Serbia (Jovicic & Grujicic 1986), Libya (Siddiqui & Khan 1986) and New Zealand (Sheridan & Grbavac 1979). It was pathogenic to creeping bentgrass in greenhouse experiments at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (Sikora et al. 1972). In this study, M. naasi was found in nine counties in NC and SC. It occurred in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) in both states, two grass species (bermudagrass and bentgrass) in SC and three (bermudagrass, bentgrass and zoysiagrass) in NC. No adult female was detected. The morphological characteristics of the J 2 did not differ from those described by Franklin (1965). The 18 S rDNA sequence 11-30383 also confirmed this species with 99 % identity (2015 bases sequenced, compared with AY 593901) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ AY 593901). This is the first record of M. naasi from turfgrasses in NC and SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Sledge, E. B. (1962) Preliminary report on a Meloidogyne sp. parasite of grass in Florida. Plant Disease Reporter, 46, 52 - 54.","Bell, A. A. & Krusburg, L. R. (1964) Occurrence and control of a nematode of the genus Hypsoperine on zoysia and Bermuda grasses in Maryland. Plant Disease Reporter, 48, 721 - 722.","Sledge, E. B. & Golden, A. M. (1964) Hypsoperine graminis (Nematode: Heteroderidae), a new genus and species of plant parasitic nematode. Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 31, 83 - 88.","Southard, C. J. (1967) The pseudo-root-knot nematode of bermuda grass in Tennessee. Plant Disease Reporter, 51, 455.","Williams, A. S. & Lauhglin, C. W. (1968) Occurrence of Hypsoperine graminis in Virginia and additions to the host range. Plant Disease Reporter, 52, 162 - 163.","Grisham, M. P., Dale, J. L. & Riggs, R. D. (1974) Meloidogyne graminis and Meloidogyne spp. on zoysia; infection, reproduction, disease development, and control. Phytopathology, 64, 1485 - 1489.","Sturhan, D. (1976 b) Outdoor occurrence of Meloidogyne species in Western Germany. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 28, 113 - 117.","Zhuo, K., Hu, M. X., Wang, H. H., Tang, Z. L., Shao, X. Y. & Liao, J. L. (2011) Identification of Meloidogyne graminis on golf greens. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 20, 253 - 256.","Kaul, V. K. & Chhabra, H. K. (1988) A new record of Meloidogyne graminis on Raya and occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Journal of Oilseeds Research, 5, 200 - 202.","Fourgani, G. M. & Edongali, E. A. (1989) Speciation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) associated with crop plants in Libya. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 6, 38 - 39.","Burton, G. W. & Hanna, W. W. (1977) Performance of mutants induced in sterile triploid turf bermudagrass. Mutation Breeding Newsletter, (9), 4.","Murray, J. J., Poole, T. E. & Ostazeski, S. A. (1986) Techniques for determining reproduction of Meloidogyne graminis on zoysiagrass and bermudagrass. Plant Disease, 70, 559 - 560.","Elmi, A. A., West, C. P., Kirkpatrick, T. L. & Robbins, R. T. (1990) Acremonium endophyte inhibits root-knot nematodes reproduction in tall fescue. Arkansas Farm Research, 39, 3.","Jepson S. B. (1987) Identification of root-knot nematodes. Wallingford, United Kingdom, CABI, 247 pp.","Karssen, G. & Van Hoenselaar, T. (1998) Revision of the genus Meloidogyne Goldi, 1892 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in Europe. Nematologica, 44, 713 - 788.","Franklin, M. T. (1965) A root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi n. sp., on field crops in England and Wales. Nematologica, 11, 79 - 86.","Michell, R. E. (1972) Comparative studies on the developmental rate, reproductive potential, pathogenicity, host range, and morphology of five geographical isolates of Meloidogyne naasi. Dissertation Abstracts International, 33 B, 11.","Ediz, S. A. & Dickerson, O. J. (1976) Life cycle, pathogenicity, histopathology, and host range of race 5 of the barley root-knot nematode. Journal of Nematology, 8, 228 - 232.","Michell, R. E., Malek, R. B., Taylor, D. P. & Edwards, D. I. (1973) Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. III. Reproduction and pathogenicity on creeping bentgrass. Journal of Nematology, 5, 47 - 49.","Crow, W. T. (2005 b) Plant parasitic nematodes on golf course turf. Outlooks on Pest Management. February, 10 - 15.","Belair, G., Simard, L. & Eisenback, J. D. (2006) First report of the barley root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi infecting annual bluegrass on a golf course in Quebec, Canada. Plant Disease, 90, 1109.","Echeverria, M. M. & Chaves, E. J. (1998) Identification of Meloidogyne naasi Franklin, 1965 from Argentina. Nematologica, 44, 219 - 220.","Chaves, E. & Torres, M. S. (2000) Nematode fauna associated with golf courses in the south-eastern region of the Buenos Aires province. Nematofauna asociada a campos de golf en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia (Universidad de Buenos Aires), 20, 379 - 386.","Kilpatrick, R. A., Gilchrist, L. & Golden, A. M. (1976) Root knot on wheat in Chile. Plant Disease Reporter, 60, 135.","Franklin, M. T. (1973) Meloidogyne naasi. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, set 2, no. 19. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Cook, R., Mizen, K. A., Plowright, R. A. & York, P. A. (1992) Observations on the incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes in grassland in England and Wales. Grass and Forage Science, 47, 274 - 279.","Karnkowski, W. (2005) A new species of root-knot nematode on potato. Ochrona Ro s lin, 50, 38 - 39.","Kornobis, S. (2001) Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. in Poland. Progress in Plant Protection, 41, 189 - 192.","Vandenbossche, B., Viaene, N., Sutter, N. de, Maes, M., Karssen, G. & Bert, W. (2011) Diversity and incidence of plantparasitic nematodes in Belgian turf grass. Nematology, 13, 245 - 256.","Amin, A. W. & Budai, C. (1992) A new pest in the Hungarian fauna: the root-knot eelworm Meloidogyne naasi Franklin (1965). Novenyvedelem, 28, 462 - 463.","Amin, A. W. (1994) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary. Bulletin EPPO, 24, 417 - 422.","Maas, P. W. T. & Maenhout, C. A. A. A. (1978) The grass root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne naasi) on sugar beet. Gewasbescherming, 9, 159 - 166.","Sturhan, D. (1973) Meloidogyne naasi - a new parasite of cereals in Germany. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 25, 102 - 103.","Thomas, E. (1981) Occurrence of Meloidogyne naasi in the northern part of the Rhineland. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 33, 20 - 21.","Inserra, R., Lamberti, F., Vovlas, N. & Dandria, D. (1975) Meloidogyne naasi in southern Italy and Malta. Nematologia Mediterranea, 3, 163 - 166.","Inserra, R. N., Vovlas, N. & Brandonisio, A. (1978) Endoparasitic nematodes associated with cereals in Southern Italy. Nematologia Mediterranea, 6, 163 - 174.","Lamberti, F. & Dandria, D. (1979) Plant parasitic nematodes in the Maltese islands and the problems they cause. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 18, 71 - 76.","Person-Dedryver, F., Gueye, P. S. & Boulch, M. F. (1987) Grasses as hosts of Meloidogyne naasi Franklin: II. Study of nematode populations and their effects on yield of three varieties. Nematologica, 33, 72 - 82.","Grujicic, G. (1969) Contributions to the study of parasitic nematodes on wheat in Yugoslavia. Savremena Poljoprivreda, 17, 531 - 539.","Jovicic, D. & Grujicic, G. (1986) Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the SR Serbia. Zastita bilja, 37, 31 - 40.","Siddiqui, Z. A. & Khan, M. W. (1986) Nematodes causing damage to wheat crops in Libya. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 3, 23.","Sheridan, J. E. & Grbavac, N. (1979) Cereal root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi Franklin, on barley in New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology, 8, 53 - 54.","Sikora, R. A., Taylor, D. P., Malek, R. B. & Edwards, D. I. (1972) Interaction of Meloidogyne naasi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Tylenchorhynchus agri on creeping bentgrass. Journal of Nematology, 4, 162 - 165."]}

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Fig. 2 I, J) Measurements. See Table 3. Remarks. Helicotylenchus dihystera was described from soil around sugarcane roots (Saccharum officinarum) in Harwood, Australia. It is a cosmopolitan species with a wide geographical distribution, occurring in 17 countries in Europe, 28 in Asia, 30 in Africa, three in North America, 18 in Central America and Caribbean, eight in South America, and eight in Oceania (CABI 2010). In the USA, it occurs in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, NC, South Dakota and Texas (CABI 2010). This species has a wide host range including sugarcane, potato, banana, rice, tea, avocado, coffee, maize, beans, wheat, rye, oat, sorghum, and turfgrass (Kinloch 1971; Siddiqi 1972; Lucas et al. 1974). There was a significant correlation between numbers of H. dihystera and reduced growth of Kentucky bluegrass in a landscape setting in Lincoln, Nebraska (Sumner 1967) and of turf in bowling greens in Adelaide, Australia (Wallace 1971). In this study, H. dihystera was found in 34 counties in both NC and SC. It had high prevalence in all three management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bentgrass and zoysiagrass). Both morphology and morphometrics fit the description of other populations (Sher 1966; Siddiqi 1972)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Kinloch, R. A. (1971) Florida field crops as hosts of Helicotylenchus dihystera. Nematropica, 1, 38 - 39.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Sumner, D. R. (1967) Nematodes in bluegrass. Plant Disease Reporter, 51, 457 - 460.","Wallace, H. R. (1971) The influence of the density of nematode populations on plants. Nematologica, 17, 154 - 166.","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda). VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56."]}

Paratylenchus goldeni (Fig. 6 G���H) Measurements. See Table 10. Remarks. Paratylenchus goldeni was described from specimens collected from boxwood (Buxus sp.) in Salemburg, NC. In this study, it was found in a centipedegrass turf area sampled in Cumberland County, NC. No males of P. g o l d e n i were found, although seven males were observed in the original description (Raski 1975). The morphology and morphometrics of the females fit with the original description. ...... continued on next page, Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165

Mesocriconema sphaerocephala (Fig. 5 C, H, I) Measurements. See Tables 11. Remarks. Mesocriconema sphaerocephala was first described from soil around the roots of a grass on Trinidad by Taylor (1936). It has been found with centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) in Florida (Tarjan 1964 b; Tarjan & Frederick 1981), bermudagrass in India (Siddiqi 1961), grasslands in Spain (Escuer et al. 1999), and other plants in many countries. In the present study, M. sphaerocephala was found in Montgomery County, NC, and Beaufort County, SC. It occurred mainly in the warm-season (C 4) grasses (bermudagrass and zoysiagrass), but not in the cool-season (C 3) grasses such as creeping bentgrass. The morphology and morphometrics fit the description of previously described populations (Orton Williams 1973 b). This is the first record of M. sphaerocephala from turfgrasses in NC and SC. Diagnosis of three Mesocriconema species from turfgrasses Ring nematodes are the most common species encountered in golf courses and occur at fairly high densities, but species identification is challenging. The three ring nematodes identified above (M. xenoplax, M. curvatum and M. sphaerocephala) are similar in general morphology. They can be distinguished from each other using the characteristics listed in Table 12. Mesocriconema sphaerocephala is the shortest of these species, lacks labial plates, and has the least body annulations with posterior margins and anastomoses, hemispherical head and bluntly rounded or hemispherical tail. Mesocriconema xenoplax is the longest of the three species and has rounded, retrorse body annulations that may be smooth or slightly rough, a broad head and four distinct and well-separated labial plates, a sigmoid vagina and broadly rounded to more conoid tail. Mesocriconema curvatum has smooth body annulations without posterior margins and anastomoses, more or less rectangular labial disc with slit-like apertures along its lateral margins, a distinctly lower labial disc than M. xenoplax and a conoid-rounded tail, head not offset and vagina not sigmoid., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Taylor, A. L. (1936) The genera and species of the Criconematinae, a sub-family of the Anguillulinidae (Nematoda). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 55, 391 - 421.","Tarjan, A. C. (1964 b) Rejuvenation of nematized centipede-grass turf with chemical drenches. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 77, 456 - 461.","Tarjan, A. C. & Frederick, J. J. (1981) Reaction of nematode-infected centipedegrass turf to pesticidal and non-pesticidal treatments. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 94, 225 - 227.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1961) Studies on species of Criconematidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from India. Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 28, 19 - 34.","Escuer, M., Lara, M. P. & Bello, A. (1999) Distribution of the Criconematidae in Peninsular Spain and Balearic Islands. International Journal of Nematology, 9, 47 - 67.","Orton Williams, K. J. (1973 b) Macroposthonia sphaerocephala. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, set 2, no. 28. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux."]}

Belonolaimus longicaudatus (Fig. 4 A���E) Measurements. See Table 8. Remarks. Belonolaimus longicaudatus was described from soil around the roots of Zea mays in Sanford, Florida, by Rau (1958). It is a major plant parasite in the southeastern USA, with widespread distribution throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Virginia to Florida (Orton Williams 1974 a). It has been recorded from NC (Lucas et al. 1974, 1978), Connecticut, Louisiana, Texas (Christie 1959), New Jersey (Myers 1979), Oklahoma (Russell et al. 1969), Arkansas (Riggs 1961), Kansas (Dickerson et al. 1972) and California (Mundo-Ocampo et al. 1994). Holdeman (1955) reported B. longicaudatus in Florida, Georgia, NC, SC and Virginia. It has a wide host range including citrus (Duncan et al. 1996), soybean (Handoo et al. 2010), corn (Rhoades 1986), cotton (Koenning et al. 2004), carrot (Rhoades 1975) and turfgrasses (Robbins & Barker 1973). It is considered the most important pest of turf and pasture grasses (Heald & Perry 1970; Crow 2005 b). This species has been documented in association with many grass species, including bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass, crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), pangolagrass (D. decumbens), Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense), limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) (Johnson 1970; Orton Williams 1974 a; Busey et al. 1991; Giblin-Davis et al. 1992). In this survey, B. longicaudatus was found in 131 turfgrass samples in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) in both NC and SC and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) from 24 counties. There was no difference in morphology and morphometrics compared to the original and other descriptions of the species (Rau 1958; Han et al. 2006)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Rau, J. G. (1958) A new species of sting nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 95 - 98.","Orton Williams, K. J. (1974 a) Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 40. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824.","Lucas, L. T., Barker, K. R. & Blake, C. T. (1978) Seasonal changes in nematode densities on bentgrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 373 - 376.","Christie, J. R. (1959) Plant Nematodes: their bionomics and control. Gainesville, Fla: University of Florida, 256 pp.","Myers, R. F. (1979) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, from New Jersey. Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 756 - 757.","Russell, C. C. & Sturgeon, R. V. (1969) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus and Ditylenchus dipsaci in Oklahoma. Phytopathology, 59, 118.","Riggs, R. D. (1961) Sting nematode in Arkansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 45, 392.","Dickerson, O. J., Willis, W. G., Dainello, F. J. & Pair, J. C. (1972) The sting nematode, Belonlaimus longicaudatus, in Kansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 957.","Mundo-Ocampo, M. J., Becker, J. O. & Baldwin, J. (1994) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus on bermudagrass in the Coachella Valley. Plant Disease, 78, 529.","Holdeman, Q. L. (1955) The present known distribution of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus gracilis in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Plant Disease Reporter, 39, 58.","Duncan, L. W., Noling, J. W., Inserra, R. N. & Dunn, D. (1996) Spatial patterns of Belonolaimus spp. among and within citrus orchards on Florida's central ridge. Journal of Nematology, 28, 352 - 359.","Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M. & Mulrooney, R. P. (2010) First report of the sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus on soybean in Delaware. Plant Disease, 94, 133.","Rhoades, H. L. (1986) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, a serious pest of corn in Florida. Nematology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, (131), 2 pp.","Koenning, S. R., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Starr, J. L., Wrather, J. A., Walker, N. R. & Mueller, J. D. (2004) Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the United States: old and emerging production challenges. Plant Disease, 88, 100 - 113.","Rhoades, H. L. (1975) Pathogenicity and control of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, on carrot. Plant Disease Reporter, 59, 1021 - 1024.","Robbins, R. T. & Barker, K. R. (1973) Comparisons of host range and reproduction among populations of Belonolaimus longicaudatus from North Carolina and Georgia. Plant Disease Reporter, 57, 750 - 754.","Heald, C. M. & Perry, V. G. (1970) Nematodes and other pests. Turfgrass Science, Agronomy, (14), 358 - 369.","Crow, W. T. (2005 b) Plant parasitic nematodes on golf course turf. Outlooks on Pest Management. February, 10 - 15.","Johnson, A. W. (1970) Pathogenicity and interactions of three nematode species on six bermudagrasses. Journal of Nematology, 2, 36 - 41.","Busey, P., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Riger, C. W. & Zaenker, E. I. (1991) Susceptibility of diploid St. Augustinegrasses to Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology, 23, 604 - 610.","Giblin-Davis, R. M., Cisar, J. L., Blitz, F. G. & Williams, K. E. (1992) Host status of different bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) for the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology, 24, 749 - 756.","Han H. R., Jeyaprakash, A., Weingartner, D. P. & Dickson, D. W. (2006) Morphological and molecular biological characterization of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Nematropica, 36, 37 - 52."]}

Mesocriconema curvatum (Fig. 5 A, F) Measurements. See Table 11. Remarks. Mesocriconema curvatum was first described from soil around the roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum sp.) in California. It has been recorded from other western states including Nevada (Raski 1952), as well as from New York, New Jersey, NC and Maryland (Loof 1974 a). It has also been reported from Europe, in Spain (Alcala et al. 1970; Castillo & Gomez-Barcina 1993; Escuer et al. 1999), the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Poland and France (Loof 1974 a); from Asia, in India (De Grisse & Loof 1970), Thailand (Timm 1965), Korea (Choi & Geraert 1975), Iran (Jabbari & Niknam 2007) and Pakistan (Khan et al. 2011); and from Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast Senegal and Togo (Luc 1959, 1970) and Namibia (Waele et al. 1998). In this study, M. curvatum occurred in nine turfgrass samples taken in six counties in NC and SC. It was found in creeping bentgrass putting greens in both states and in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass fairways and tees in NC. The morphology and morphometrics of the identified populations did not differ from previously described populations (Loof 1974 a), except for a smaller stylet and a greater Rex in females. This is the first record of M. curvatum from turfgrasses in SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Raski, D. J. (1952) On the morphology of Criconemoides Taylor 1936, with descriptions of six new species. Proceedings of Helminthological Society of Washington, 19, 85 - 99.","Loof, P. A. A. (1974 a) Macroposthonia curvata. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, set 4, no. 58. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Alcala J. V., Tobar-Jimenez, A. & Munoz Medina, J. M. (1970) Lesions and reactions caused by some nematodes in the roots of certain plants. Revista Iberica de Parasitologia, 30, 547 - 566.","Castillo, P. & Gomez-Barcina, A. (1993) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with tropical and subtropical crops in southern Spain. Nematologia Mediterranea, 21, 45 - 47.","Escuer, M., Lara, M. P. & Bello, A. (1999) Distribution of the Criconematidae in Peninsular Spain and Balearic Islands. International Journal of Nematology, 9, 47 - 67.","De Grisse, A. & Loof, P. A. A. (1970) Intraspecific variation in some Criconematidae (Nematoda). Meded. Fak. LandbWet. Gent, 35, 41 - 63.","Timm, R. W. (1965) A preliminary survey of the plant parasitic nematodes of Thailand and Philippines. In: Report for the South-East Asia Treaty Organization Secretariat-General. Bangkok, Thailand: Thai Sambhand Printing Press, 71 pp.","Choi Y. E. & Geraert, E. (1975) Criconematids from Korea with the description of eight new species (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 21, 35 - 52.","Jabbari, H. & Niknam, G. R. (2007) Identification of some criconematids from Tabriz area, morphometrical comparison of different populations and their grouping using cluster analysis. Agricultural Science (Tabriz), 17, 143 - 160.","Khan, A., Shaukat, S. S. & Sayed, M. (2011) Control of nematodes associated with almond using oil-cakes in Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 29, 171 - 177.","Luc, M. (1959) Nouveaux Criconematidae de la zone intertropicale (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 4, 16 - 22.","Luc, M. (1970) Contribution l'etude du genre Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Biologie, 11, 60 - 131.","Waele, D. de, McDonald, A. H., Jordaan, E. M., Orion, D., Van den Berg, E. & Loots, G. C. (1998) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with maize and pearl millet in Namibia. African Plant Protection, 4, 113 - 117."]}

Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel, Martin, Matt (2012): Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA. Zootaxa 3452: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165

Filenchus cylindricus (Fig. 1 J���M) Measurements. See Table 1. Remarks. The type population of F. cylindricus was first described as Tylenchus cylindricus from natural grassland adjacent to wheat fields near Presho and Winner, South Dakota, and Holbrook, Nebraska, by Thorne & Malek (1968). Elmiligy (1971) described another population from loamy sand around roots of Zea mays in Iowa as T. hageneri. Raski & Geraert (1987) synonymized T. hageneri with T. cylindricus and transferred both species to the genus Filenchus. This species has also been recorded from Bulgaria (Katalan-Gateva & Tsoneva 1977), Romania (Dobrin & Rosca 1996), Turkey (Erdogus et al. 2010) and Pakistan (Erum & Shahina, 2010). In the present study, F. cylindricus was found in samples from a bermudagrass tee in Horry County, SC. The morphological characteristics fit well with the description by Zeidan & Geraert (1991), but the morphometrics showed smaller body length and a value in females than in the described populations (Zeidan & Geraert 1991). This is the first record of F. cylindricus from turfgrasses in SC., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 13, 111 pp.","Elmiligy, I. A. (1971) Two new species of Tylenchidae, Basiroides nortoni n. sp. and Tylenchus hageneri n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Journal of Nematology, 3, 108 - 112.","Raski, D. J. & Geraert, E. (1987) Review of the genus Filenchus Andrassy, 1954 and descriptions of six new species (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 32, 265 - 311.","Katalan-Gateva, Sh. & Tsoneva, P. (1977) Contribution to the study of the plant nematode fauna in Bulgaria. Godishnik na Sofiiskiya Universitet \" Kliment Okhridski \", Biologicheski Fakultet, Kniga 1, Zoologiya, 71, 49 - 52.","Dobrin, I. & Rosca, I. (1996) Filenchus cylindricus and F. misellus, new species of nematodes from Romanian fauna. Revue Roumaine de Biologie. Serie de Biologie Animale, 41, 103 - 107.","Erdogus, F. D., Akgul, H. C. & Bayram, S. (2010) Four new records of species for Turkish nematode fauna: Filenchus cylindricus, F. sandneri, Lelenchus leptosoma and Geocenamus uralensis. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 28, 241 - 251.","Erum, Y. I. & Shahina, F. (2010) Taxonomic studies on parasitic and soil nematodes found associated with wheat in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 28, 1 - 58.","Zeidan, A. B. & Geraert, E. (1991) The genera Filenchus Andrassy, 1954, Sakia Khan, 1964, Boleodorus Thorne, 1941 and Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 (Nemata: Tylenchida) from Sudan. Nematologica, 37, 185 - 212."]}

Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi (Fig. 6 A���C) Measurements. See Table 12. Remarks. Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi was described from Camellia sp. in Florida (Esser 1960). It has been reported from California, Georgia, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, NC and SC (Siddiqi 1974 a; Ye & Robbins 2000), as well as from China (Wang 1993), Iran (Afshar et al. 2006) and Japan (Toida 1983; Hirata & Yuhara 1986). Economically important hosts include camellia in Florida, grape in California, mulberry and bonsai in Japan, jiroft in Iran, and fruit trees in China. In this study, it was found in samples taken in Cumberland County, NC, from turfgrass. Both morphology and morphometrics fit previous descriptions of this species (Esser 1960; Ye & Robbins 2000)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Esser, R. P. (1960) Three additional species in the genus Hemicriconemoides Chitwood and Birchfield 1957 (Nemata: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 5, 64 - 71.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1974 a) Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 41. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.","Ye, W. M. & Robbins, R. T. (2000) Morphology of four species of Hemicriconemoides (Nematoda: Criconematidae) in the USA with the synonymy of H. annulatus. International Journal of Nematology, 10, 101 - 111.","Wang, R. X. (1993) The identification of nematodes on fruit trees in Shaanxi Province. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2, 81 - 86.","Afshar, F. J., Pourjam, E. & Kheiri, A. (2006) Tylenchs associated with Jiroft orchards and a description of four newly found species for the nematode fauna of Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 37, 529 - 543.","Toida, Y. (1983) Criconematidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from soil around roots of mulberry in warm climate regions of Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 13, 14 - 19.","Hirata, K. & Yuhara, I. (1986) Plant parasitic nematodes detected from Bonsai trees and Bonsai nurseries. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, 22, 111 - 117."]}

Hoplolaimus galeatus (Fig. 2 A���E) Measurements. See Table 2. Remarks. Hoplolaimus galeatus was described from soil at Arlington Farms, Arlington, Virginia, USA (Cobb 1913). It has been reported from SC (Lewis et al. 1993; Martin et al. 1994; Koenning & Barker 1998), NC (Lucas et al. 1974), Florida (Crow 2005 b), Kansas (Todd & Tisserat 1990), Arkansas (Robbins et al. 1987), Tennessee (Ponchillia 1975), Alabama (Rodriguez-Kabana & Thurlow 1980), Minnesota (Wallace & MacDonald 1979), Virginia (Niles et al. 1985), Maryland (Feldmesser & Golden 1972), Indiana (Alby et al. 1983), Mississippi (Bost 1985), Kentucky (Chapman 1976), Louisiana (McGawley et al. 1984), Illinois (Allen et al. 2005), Michigan (Olsen 1983), Texas (Heald et al. 1991), Missouri (Wrather et al. 1992) and Iowa (Norton & Hinz 1976) in USA. This species has been reported in Trinidad (Singh 1973), Costa Rica (Tarjan & Jimenez 1973), Argentina (Doucet 1980), Peru (Ciancio et al. 1998), Brazil (Torres et al. 2007), Turkey (Kepenekci & ��kten 2000), Pakistan (Goswami et al. 2008) and Australia (Nambiar et al. 2008). Hoplolaimus galeatus feeds and reproduces on a wide range of plant hosts. It can cause serious damage to cotton (Krusberg & Sasser 1956; Wrather et al. 1992; Martin et al. 1994; Gazaway & Mclean 2003), soybean (Lewis et al. 1993; Koenning & Barker 1998), banana (Torres et al. 2007) and corn (Norton & Hinz 1976). It is also considered to be an economically important pest of turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass (Sternotaphrum secundatum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (Henn & Dunn 1989; Giblin- Davis et al. 1990, 1995). In this survey, this species was found in 22 counties in NC and SC. It was found with high prevalence in all three management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bentgrass and zoysiagrass). The morphological characteristics agreed well with the population described by Sher (1963)., Published as part of Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, pp. 1-46 in Zootaxa 3452 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210165, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1913) New nematode genera found inhabiting fresh water and non-brackish soils. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 3, 438.","Lewis, S. A., Drye, C. E., Saunders, J. A., Shipe, E. R. & Halbrendt, J. M. (1993) Plant-parasite nematodes on soybean in South Carolina. Supplement to Journal of Nematology, 25, 890 - 894.","Martin, S. B., Mueller, J. D., Saunders, J. A. & Jones, W. I. 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A., Niblack, T. L. & Milam, M. R. (1992) Survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in Missouri cotton fields. Journal of Nematology, 24, 779 - 782.","Norton, D. C. & Hinz, P. (1976) Relationships of Hoplolaimus galeatus and Pratylenchus hexincisus to reduction of corn yields in sandy soils in Iowa. Plant Disease Reporter, 60, 197 - 200.","Singh, N. D. (1973) Preliminary report of plant parasitic nematodes associated with important crops in Trinidad. Nematropica, 3, 56 - 61.","Tarjan, A. C. & Jimenez, M. F. (1973) Debilitation of cacao in Costa Rica by plant nematodes. Nematropica, 3, 25 - 28.","Doucet, M. E. (1980) Description of two new Peltamigratus species and of a Hoplolaimus galeatus population from Cordoba Province, Argentina. Nematologica, 26, 34 - 46.","Ciancio, A., Farfan, V. V., Torres, E. C. & Grasso, G. (1998) Observations on a Pasteuria isolate parasitic on Hoplolaimus galeatus in Peru. Journal of Nematology, 30, 206 - 210.","Torres, G. R. de C., Medeiros, H. 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