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En este artículo se estudia la competitividad de los productos agropecuarios colombianos con respecto a los estadounidenses, con el fin de establecer en qué medida el tratado de libre comercio entre los dos países representa un riesgo o una oportunidad para dichos productos. Se calculan las ventajas comparativas reveladas de Colombia en la zona de intercambios que este país conforma con los Estados Unidos, según el método del Centro de Estudios Prospectivos y de Información Internacional (CEPII), para 60 grupos de la Clasificación Uniforme para el Comercio Internacional (CUCI) de productos agropecuarios y sus derivados. En la mayor parte de los casos los grupos no presentan ninguna ventaja comparativa o presentan desventajas. Por lo tanto, es necesario fortalecer su competitividad para que los intercambios de productos agropecuarios con los Estados Unidos puedan realmente contribuir al crecimiento de la economía colombiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analecta Política is the property of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the problem of distributing relief supplies after the occurrence of a disaster. We develop a dynamic model to serve demand, while prioritizing the response, according to the level of urgency of demand points. Our model is thought to be applied during a planning horizon and it considers dynamic demand, capacity constraints and priorities. To evaluate the applicability of our model, we use a real case study of a flood occurred in Colombia. We also test the computational solvability of our model and we propose and test different solution methodologies for solving larger instances of our problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Resource wars face greater difficulties to end conflict, as well as greater probabilities of relapse. In part, this is due to the persistence of resource-fueled criminal networks developed under the auspices of armed conflict. In this paper we focus on the Colombian armed conflict, one of the longest-lasting conflicts in the world. Recent evidence suggests that gold mining in Colombia has been permeated by illegal organizations linked to the drug trade, driving armed conflict and criminality. This reveals that attention to drugs alone as a conflict resource in this particular case has overshadowed the degree to which legal resources and economic activities have been permeated by illegal organizations and interests. This paper provides a framework of the gold–drugs relationship, which reveals the existence of resource portfolios , or the parallel participation and exchangeability of resources in the provision of funding for illegal organizations. We argue that, in addition to the impact of each resource on armed conflict and criminality, illegal organizations develop abilities to extract benefits of different resources at once or interchangeably (a resource portfolio), which should be taken into account when analyzing the consequences of war on countries’ social and economic institutions. In addition, political or reputational factors have been insufficiently considered in analyzing groups’ decisions to engage in or abandon specific economic activities. We show that, along with expectations of revenue, resource portfolios may also respond to political conditions, as illegal organizations accustomed to deriving income from coercive practices such as kidnappings—until recently a widespread phenomenon in Colombia—have caused increasing international and domestic outrage followed by pressure to stop this brutal violation of Human Rights. Based on field research in gold mining Colombian regions—combining more than seventy semi-structured interviews with first-hand observation during field trips—and a careful review of press, non-governmental organizations’ and official reports in local, regional, and national media, the paper provides a general framework of this complex relationship, paying specific attention to the evolution of the links and interchangeable nature of gold and drugs as conflict resources throughout the production phases of the gold extraction process. At a time when Colombia’s ongoing peace process is likely to put an end to the armed confrontation between guerrilla groups and the Colombian state, our paper raises a warning sign for scholars and policymakers to consider the potential transformations of illicit markets and their role in shaping the prospects of durable peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary We explore the effects of the growing urbanization of rural areas in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico and investigate whether the presence of small- and medium-sized cities within rural–urban territories enhances economic growth and reduces poverty and income inequality compared to deep-rural and metropolitan territories. For Chile and Colombia, our results suggest that these urban centers can make a greater contribution to the rate of economic growth and poverty reduction in rural–urban territories compared to deep-rural ones, but in some cases with a rise in income inequality. The mechanisms through which urban centers affect the dynamics of territorial development are country-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the innovation–productivity relationship in Latin America, and particularly in the Colombian service sector, is scant. In this study, we explore such relationship comparing the Colombian service industry with manufacturing. Following the Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse empirical approach, the four major findings are as follows: Indeed, Colombian service firms undertake (technological and nontechnological) innovation processes. Regardless of the industry, the probability of innovation increases when there is investment in research and development (R&D) labs and firms are large. The more intensive innovation investment is, the higher the probability of innovation implementation. Finally, labor productivity is enhanced after the introduction of innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the effects of family involvement on dividend policy in closely held firms that face agency problems involving majority–minority shareholders. We argue that minority shareholders press for dividends when they perceive situations fostering wealth expropriation. Looking at 458 Colombian companies, we find that family involvement in management does not affect dividend policy; family involvement in both ownership and control through pyramids affects dividend policy negatively; and family involvement in control through disproportionate board representation affects dividend policy positively. Thus, family influence on agency problems, and hence on dividend policy as a mitigating mechanism, varies depending on family involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Educacion y Desarrollo Social is the property of Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Departamento de Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the currency demand approach, size and development of Colombia's shadow economy are estimated over the period from 1980 to 2012. The results show a great extent of shadow economic activity varying over time between 27 and 56% of GDP. The most important factors driving the shadow economy are indirect taxation and unemployment. Analyzing the interaction between shadow and official economy, the shadow economy has a negative effect on the official one. Average growth of real per capita GDP is 1.86% between 1980 and 2012, without shadow economy it would have been higher around 0.12 percentage points on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether or not Colombia has improved is a controversial topic. If improvement has occurred, what, if any, lessons from the Colombian model can be learned? The first lesson is that Colombia's problems were caused more by a weak state than by drugs. The second lesson is that improving state capacity requires more than just increased security. The state must also provide the basic social services that citizens require to gain and maintain their support. Additionally, government institutions need to improve their professionalism, protect human rights, and root out impunity and corruption. The alternative is to suffer from new cycles of violence as old foes are vanquished, but new ones emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo discurre sobre la prevalencia de pobreza en Colombia durante el periodo entre 2001-2005. Los autores comentan sobre las desigualdades sociales y económicas en el país, incluyendo la distribución del ingreso. También se consideran algunos modelos matemáticos relacionados con la prevalencia de pobreza en Colombia durante este periodo.

International commerce between Colombia and the Pacific Basin is clearly detrimental to the former, producing weak conditions for production and exports. This relationship pattern is of inter-industrial trade, whereby Colombia exports raw materials and imports capital goods and manufactured items, repeating the scheme developed in the past with other industrialized countries. This article analyzes the behavior of the commercial balance in Colombia, the manufacturing export and import indices, job creation, competitive limits for the nation and a return to producing primary commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This investigation presents the process of the use of futurology and ICT knowledge in the SMEs of Boyaca Department, Colombia. In the development of the study the theoretical elements that support the abovementioned investigation were established. In the methodological aspect, the study proposed by the CEA was born in mind, ECLAC, and the ICT Statistical Information Center, which established key indicators for the measurement of the ICTs in companies. Based on this information, an instrument was designed to be applied to 62 SMEs of the region, belonging to the different economic sectors, located in the municipalities, out of which relevant information for the above-mentioned study was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This article analyzes the cash flows of companies from Caldas in their operation structures, their financing and their investments and their relationship with the regional economic environment during 2002 and 2010 is determined. Objective. To establish the relationship that exists between the cash flows of companies from the industrial sector in Caldas that reported financial states to the Superintendencia de Sociedades between 2002 and 2010 and the behavior of the economic context in the region during the same period. Materials and methods. This research work has a documentary, descriptive-correlational character, due to the fact that, in the process, the cash flows of the operation, the financing and the investments were to be identified and correlated with the different macroeconomic variables that can affect them, such as GDP and unemployment in Caldas, the interest rates, DTF (the Colombian deposit interest rate) and IGBC (the Colombian stock market index) in Colombia, identifying, year by year, the reductions or the increases the cash flows may have, and their relationship with the behavior of the economy in the same periods. Results. In the cash flow analysis for the industrial sector, it can be confirmed that the net cash flows appear in a positive way, and therefore it can be said that cash flows generated liquid resources for the industrial sector. This is also confirmed due to two situations: The total cash flow was influenced by the operative cash flow and, simultaneously, the total cash flow received a positive contribution from the financing flow. It can be concluded, then, that the total cash flow in the companies from the industrial sector generated its liquidity through these two flows. Conclusion. This research work allows affirming that the industrial sector in Caldas, between 2002 and 2010, generated resources through its operative flow, and that it is the liquidity source for such companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpina is a pioneer in the Colombian food industry whose business activities have been characterized by permanent innovation. This article describes how Alpina has developed a culture of innovation, quality and permanent initiative that governs all its activities. It demonstrates how continuous changes in the competitive environment have led the company to engage in a permanent process of innovation and strategic reflection in order to ensure its sustainability into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta una reflexión del autor acerca de la innovación y la competitividad de la economía colombiana en el contexto de la globalización económica. Comenta sobre la relación entre desarrollo económico e innovación, las claves del gerenciamiento de la innovación y la situación de la ciencia y la tecnología colombiana.

The Colombian software sector is facing serious competition from foreign companies. This has led Colombian firms to pursue innovation strategies within the value chain in order to increase their international competitiveness. This article presents some of the actions taken by Colombian software companies in order to respond to the challenges posed by competition in the sector, through strategies such as the international assessment of companies, certification of people, creation of work units in intermediate cities, the development of research and innovation projects for process optimization and the strategic alliances for internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary obstacle to genuine multilateral global trade liberalization has been the extreme protection of agriculture in the wealthiest economies. Therefore, the route left open following the collapse of the Doha Round is that of bilateral trade agreements, which are essentially commercial pacts of limited scope. The trade agreement with the United States is the result of Colombia's priority interest in making permanent the concessions granted temporarily to a portion of its exports in compensation for the fight against illegal drugs. The agreement has been developed at the expense of the Andean Price Band System, which was the only mechanism previously available for border controls. In the agreement signed with the European Union, the winning sector was fruit and vegetables, and the loser milk and dairy products. However, both treaties may lose relevance once the United States and the European Union sign the treaty known as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), given the trade diversion effects it will have. On the other hand, depletion of the downward cycle in prices for agricultural products, and the onset of an upward trend in the medium term, could overwhelm the limited room for maneuver provided by such bilateral pacts. To respond to these challenges and to seize new opportunities, Colombia should focus on the mass adoption of biotechnology and on resolving the conflict between current use of the land and its true agro-ecological vocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the background to the innovation process carried out by the Corona Organization, the strategic definition underlying the process, and its key elements, resource base and structure. Emphasis is given to the need to ensure an integral approach encompassing organizational processes, structures, culture and human talent, whenever a long-term and serious innovation strategy is pursued. An Open Innovation strategy is required to leverage the organization's talent and knowledge pool and to guarantee growth. For the strategy to be successful in consolidating innovation capabilities, it is fundamentally important to work closely with external networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to describe the general characteristics of TV advertising in the Colombian Centre Region, and in particular, the tactics and strategies by which it seeks to interpellate the consumer. Both tasks are intended to support the hypothesis according to which the advertising, rather than manipulatng, misleading or inducing the indiscriminate consumption of goods and services, proposes a game to the consumer through its narrative. In turn, the consumer decides whether or not to participate, by submitting to a set of rules of this game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between monetary policy and risk perception in financial systems based on the risk-taking channel of monetary policy theory and using empirical evidence form the Colombian banking system. The authors use data from commercial and consumer loans and consider probit models and duration analysis of interest rates and bank system risk-taking.

The article discusses and models the impact of monetary policy on proces and on real economic activity in Colombia during the period 2001-2009. The authors develop a FAVAR (factor-augmented vector autoregressive) model which describes the reaction of macroeconomic variables to monetary policy changes.

Input-output analysis is widely used in different scenarios, because it is easy to implement and interpret. Nevertheless, it is important to note that input-output coefficients should be built with caution, especially in the case of secondary production, as this may imply negative coefficients. To overcome this problem the coefficients were constructed indirectly, applying this methodology using data from the 2007 national accounts, base 2000. Using these new coefficients, we performed a traditional multiplier analysis to obtain the key sectors of the economy. This analysis is sensitive to the level of disaggregation used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ten years after the "war against poverty," the persistence of poverty and vulnerability in the face of financial and environmental crises, as well as the growing inequality of income and resource access, represent the challenges inherited from the 2000-2010 decade in terms of social protection. These challenges are even more significant when one considers that the concept of 'social risk management,' around which the model of social protection on a global scale was articulated over the past decade, was initiated alongside the promise of transforming risk into a socio-political issue, or, in other words, a topic of planning, prevention, and management and no longer a factor related to uncertainty characteristic of an uncertain and interconnected world. The continuing social effects of similar crises at the end of the 1990s represent a call to reexamine the risk management focus of social protection. This article discusses the legacy of Holzmann and Jorgensen's seminal paper from 1999 on 'social risk management' in the face of newer ideas on social protection emphasizing the centrality of assets and rights. It presents three conceptual challenges: considering how to transform the structure and causes of poverty and exclusion; the failure of conditional cash transfer approaches to sustainably reduce poverty; and the lack of a national policy to guarantee families secure and protected lives. The paper necessarily addresses the concepts of capabilities and of extending the freedom related to "freedom for" (achieve freedom/be free). It also explores the need to develop the concept of "freedom from" (critical events) that implies a deepening of insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we estimate a dynamic panel data model to determine the effect of various institutional factors on the performance of a sample of Colombian companies during the period 2002-2007. Our results indicate that the analysed companies are affected by these factors. Institutions associated with property rights and contract compliance have significant effects on the growth of the firms. On the other hand, financial development does not have a significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the quality of employment in the major cities of Colombia in 2009. The results show that, although the quality of employment has improved since 2001, it still continues to be below the necessary level of quality employment. It also demonstrates the endogenous nature of education and proposes a correcting procedure for obtaining consistent and efficient estimators of employment quality. In differentiating between salaried and self-employed workers, the results reveal that if an individual is self-employed, an increase in the number of years of education does not contribute to improving the quality of employment. This effect only occurs in the case of salaried workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presentan los temas abordados en este número de la revista incluyendo la crisis bancaria de 2008 y 2009 en Europa, el gasto público dedicado a la lucha contra la pobreza en Colombia y la medición de la pobreza también en Colombia.

The goal of this article is to evaluate the impact on mortgage default of the policy regulating the indexation of mortgage balances in Colombia during the 1990's. I argue that this policy, introduced by the Colombian economic authorities during the early 1990's, had a substantial effect on mortgage default during the economic and financial crisis experienced by the Colombian economy during the late 1990's. I perform an econometric analysis based on an optimal default model that is mapped to a random sample of mortgages that were outstanding between 1997 and 2004. The results imply that default was mostly determined by the variation in mortgage balances and home prices, and not much by the variation in income. Moreover, I estimate that approximately 50% of observed default among mortgages initiated after 1996 is the result of the policy of tying the mortgage balances to the interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]