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When private incentives are insufficient, a big push by government may lead to industrialization. This article uses mobilization for WWII to test the big push hypothesis in the context of postwar industrialization in the American South. Specifically, I investigate the role of capital deepening at the county level using newly assembled data on the location and value of wartime investment. Despite a boom in manufacturing activity during the war, the evidence is not consistent with differential postwar growth in counties that received more investment. This does not rule out positive effects of mobilization on firms or sectors, but a decisive role for wartime capital deepening in the South's postwar industrial development should be viewed more skeptically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first half of the 20th century, the US South lagged behind the Northeast in social and economic development, but in the 1920s and 1930s writers from the US South produced texts that used modernist aesthetic forms to depict poor, rural living conditions. This essay argues that ruralism in the South was a product of modernization, and that cultural development in southern literature preceded modernization, yielding texts that employ a discontinuous narrative technique to depict the rural regions, such as William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and James Agee's and Walker Evans Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The essay recalls the student strike of May 1970 at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, and discovers a similar peace movement to the anti-Vietnam demonstrations at U.S. northern and western campuses. It says that the 6,000 UNC students who demonstrated in May 1970 not only displayed the power of their united voice, but also proved that demonstrations on U.S. southern campuses could compete the volume seen on any college or university in the U.S.

An introduction is presented which discusses the essays within the issue on the U.S. Mississippi River in the 20th century with topics, including U.S. Southern identity, cartography and the depiction of the Mississippi River in the novel "Hard Blue Sky," by Shirley Ann Grau.

The Great Migration-the massive migration of African Americans out of the rural South to largely urban locations in the North, Midwest, and West-was a landmark event in US history. Our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of African Americans born in the early twentieth century South. This inference comes from an analysis that uses proximity of birthplace to railroad lines as an instrument for migration. (JEL I12, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the important role played by U.S. author William Faulkner in the formalization of both U.S. literary studies and southern literary studies. Topics discussed include the application of southern studies as area studies under a nationalistic project during the Cold War. Also discussed are the origins of modern southern literature as an academic discipline and Faulkner's prominence in the literary criticism "Southern Renascence: The Literature of the Modern South" in 1953.

This paper addresses the gap in literature that ignores sport as practiced, managed or communicated by women by focusing on sportswriter Mary Garber, and the meanings engendered through her coverage of black high school and collegiate athletics in the Twin City Sentinel of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, during the mid-1940s through early 1960s. She received numerous prestigious awards during a career that spanned seven decades, but limited historical treatises examine this influential figure. Few scholars have attempted to understand the history of women in this male-dominated field or the sociocultural forces and obstacles that contextualise and hinder their contributions. It is a sad irony that Garber was atypical for her time, and remains so in the contemporary climate. Therefore, one major objective of this paper is to create a discourse through Garber's body of work that will help to eradicate the gender inequalities of women in sport media. In contrast with representations of women and racial minorities in mainstream sport media, this paper demonstrates that Garber addressed pertinent social concerns and supplemented dominant ideological content with more inclusive depictions of the population she covered by resisting white, masculine, heteronormative assumptions about which sports and athletes merit attention.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Pete Seeger's song archive and an extensive oral history the author conducted with John Handcox of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union, this article draws attention to the power of songs and oral poetry as forms of oral history that provide "a way in" to our "emotional history" and that help us to better understand labor and civil rights struggles in the American South. Using examples from the life story of Handcox, the author asks: how can oral historians expand knowledge of the emotional past through the power of songs and oral poetry? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walter Sullivan (1924-2006), a Nashville, Tennessee native who spent most of his academic and professional life at Vanderbilt University, is generally considered and the Southern Renaissance to which they belong. This essay seeks to position Sullivan's second, largely forgotten novel, The Long, Long Love as part of the post-agrarian, post-Renaissance, postmodern, and post-southern American intellectual reevaluation of the South that questions tradition through an assertion of "pro-New South, pro-urban, and pro-capitalist" values and thoroughly reconsiders Civil War "truths," myths, history, and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Electric Home and Farm Authority's (EHFA's) subsidizing electric kitchen appliance industry and its impact modernizing the kitchen in the U.S. Southern States during the 1930s and early 1940s. The role that the EHFA's subsidies had in lowering the cost of electric kitchen appliances is discussed.

The TVA has been applauded for its anti-malaria programs in the Southeast during the 1930s and 1940s. However, the TVA developed their anti-malaria programs because they created lakes suitable for mosquito breeding. To estimate the relationship between the TVA and malaria, I construct a county-level panel data from the Southeast United States. I find that the net effect of the TVA was to increase malaria rates following its construction. Using statistical life value estimates, I find that the hidden malaria cost of the TVA offset 24 percent of the fiscal stimulus multiplier generated by the TVA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Frances Euphemia Thompson (c. 1896-1992) taught art education at what is now Tennessee State University in Nashville, from summer 1922 until her retirement in 1969. She was appointed Professor in 1944 and Professor Emerita in 1974. The Tennessee Department of Education published Art in the Elementary Schools: A Manual for Teachers, based on her bachelor's thesis from Massachusetts School of Art, to help classroom teachers, chiefly in rural African American communities, carry out a functional art programme. I am a White art educator, working in the twenty-first century, carrying the 'invisible knapsack' of White privilege. The contents of that knapsack shape my interpretation of Thompson's art learning and teaching. As an art educator doing historical research, I carry other invisible knapsacks: assumptions about art education, what history is and can be. These values and beliefs contribute to the paradox of historical interpretation. How and under what circumstances did Thompson's identity as an African American art educator matter in her professional contributions? In order to answer this question and interpret the life experience of African American art educator from the last century, I must unpack my invisible knapsacks. I will compare my White privilege with Thompson's experiences in the segregated south, and discuss challenges of using culturally and historically appropriate language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the effect of social and cultural conditions in the U.S. South and West in the 1960s and 1970s on the popularity of country-rock music groups such as the Eagles. U.S. popular culture, regional trends in music, and music critics such as Reebee Garofalo are mentioned, as well as the political influences and Western literature on country music. Eagles albums such as "Desperado" and "One of These Nights" are also mentioned.

In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth African American CPA in the US and only the second in the Deep South. Although his active professional career was brief (5 years), it typifies not only the difficulty experienced by an African American achieving this designation in the Jim Crow South, but also the factors that were necessary for such an achievement to occur in that time period. First, Adair Jr. practiced in a dynamic and vibrant segregated business community. Second, he was educated at a black college. An African American who wanted to stay in the Deep South would have had no other option. Third, he benefitted from a strong professional mentoring relationship that enabled him to forge his career path. Inadvertently, Adair Jr. was omitted from the 1990 NABA report of the first one hundred African American CPAs. This historical note seeks to correct that omission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Irish republican leader Eamon de Valera's campaign in the U.S. Southern States to gain support for Irish sovereignty from 1919 to 1920. An overview of Irish American Southerners' attitudes toward Irish independence, which was influenced by their affiliation with the Protestant and Catholic churches, is provided.

An essay is presented which discusses rural U.S. Southern women's selling of food to grocers in urban areas and urban women's purchasing of their food throughout the U.S. South during the first half of the 20th century. Southern women's desire for their food supply to come from local farms is discussed.

The article discusses U.S. Southern states and U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. It examines the political leadership of Southern states following World War II, particularly South Carolina politician Strom Thurmond, support for the U.S. military and anti-Communist foreign policy in the South, and the cultural, economic, and political transformation associated with the Savannah River Plant (SRP) in South Carolina established by the chemical company known as the DuPont Corporation and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).

African Americans had access to only a small number of state parks in the Jim Crow South. Between the end of World War II and the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, however, state park officials oversaw a relative expansion in the construction of facilities available to southern blacks. Emphasizing developments leading up to that landmark court ruling, I note that this trend did not indicate waning support for segregation among whites. Rather, this relative expansion was part of a strategy to protect Jim Crow by demonstrating that the 'separate-but-equal' principle was being successfully achieved by southern park agencies. This intensified construction was largely a reaction to increasingly successful legal action in federal courts by the naacp generally; and officials in the state agencies hoped-unsuccessfully-to avoid challenges to state park segregation. After the Brown decision, several border states integrated their park systems, but most agencies displayed the reactionary defiance that characterized most white Southerners as the civil rights movement grew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of novelist James Boyd and the Pilot of Southern Pines, North Carolina, during the World War II years widens the notion of what a country weekly editor can be or can do. In the shadow of Pinehurst, the renowned and tradition-bound golf resort, Boyd rescued his failing hometown weekly newspaper, editorializing in favor of an early entry into the war, civil rights for blacks, and equal rights for women. He also called for adherence to free speech and the Bill of Rights amid a national climate increasingly intolerant of dissent. Contrary to previous scholarship on the southern country weekly, this article about the Pilot shows that not all were conservative and anti-New Deal. It also shows that noteworthy journalism and commentary were not the exclusive province of the nation's major metropolitan dailies. Boyd's newspaper work during the pivotal pre-Pearl Harbor period in 1941 through his death in 1944 at age 55 is illuminating, demonstrating how an editor might negotiate the proper role between journalism and the government and readers in wartime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of libel in the shadow of the landmark New York Times v. Sullivan case in 1964. By exploring lesser-known cases, scholars can better understand the impact that libel had on the fight for civil rights in the South. Legal historians agree Sullivan stopped what would have been an onslaught of libel suits for civil rights coverage, but research has been scarce on similar, lesser-known suits and their impact on delaying coverage of the movement. The Supreme Court's decision opened the doors for the press to cover demonstrations and activities in the South, but this study shows that Sullivan was only one such libel case that offered consequences for coverage of the movement. Sullivan-like cases took much longer to move through the courts than scholars have realized and played an integral role in shaping coverage of the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses Confederate war memorials in the U.S. South, the emotionalism of "Lost Cause" rhetoric and Southern evangelical Protestant religion, and how these sentiments were harnessed by Southern politicians in the 20th century. Specific war memorials in Tennessee and Mississippi are discussed, as is their use by politicians like James K. Vardaman of Mississippi and four-time U.S. presidential candidate George Wallace of Alabama. Also discussed is how the political mythology of the Lost Cause is explored in the novels of Southern writer William Faulkner.

When assessing the Congress of Industrial Organization's (CIO) postwar Southern Organizing Campaign, evangelical Protestantism shows up only on the debit side of the historians' ledger. Focus on anti-union hate sheets like Militant Truth and Gospel Trumpet conveniently substitutes for analysis of the shifting religious terrain of the South. In contrast, we argue that the potential for a sympathetic hearing from southern religious leaders was greater than scholars have previously believed, but that the CIO staff responsible for interpreting Operation Dixie's mission misunderstood the creeds and the theology of the most vibrant southern churches. By choosing individuals who boasted of their endorsement by the liberal Federal Council of Churches, the CIO incurred the wrath of southern denominations that had supported collective bargaining and an employee's right to join unions just a few years earlier. This missed opportunity is not the entire story, however. We also argue that the CIO's religious activists often challenged the Southern Organizing Campaign to promote racial equality and desegregation even when such challenges threatened to harm organizing goals. At the same time, they repudiated the claims of Communists to be the true supporters of black advancement in the labor movement. The connection of religious faith to the struggle for justice in the postwar South is surely far more complex than what exists in previous accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the incidence and meaning of return migration that took place during the twentieth-century "Great Migration" of southern whites and African-Americans to the U.S. North and West. Southern whites in particular had an unusually high rate of return, though this pattern varied significantly from one northern city to another. After presenting an overview of return movement in the Great Migration, this article compares migrants' experiences in two northern cities that had very different histories of return migration. Southern migrants to Indianapolis, Indiana, came mainly from a relatively prosperous southern region to which they returned with great frequency. Southern migrants to Cincinnati, Ohio, on the other hand, moved from one of the most impoverished subregions of the Appalachian South and were much more likely to choose life in the North over a questionable future at home. Ultimately, Cincinnati's migrants drew on their common sense of exile to build a vocal migrant community in the North, while Indianapolis's migrants showed no similar efforts. The two cases together demonstrate the importance of understanding the tight relationship between patterns in return migration and migrant community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]