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Özcan, Taner (Balikesir Author), Teucrium L. is a well-known and cosmopolitan genus of the Lamiaceae family. In Turkey, the genus is represented by 36 species (48 taxa). Teucrium Sect. Teucrium that this study focuses on comprises around 30 species worldwide and is mainly distributed in countries of the Mediterranean Basin. With 11 species (14 taxa), it is the second-largest section of the genus Teucrium in Turkey. In this study, morphological and molecular findings were evaluated and the phylogeny and biogeographical distribution of Sect. Teucrium were analyzed. Also, five endemic taxa belonging to Sect. Teucrium and which play an informative role in the subsectional classification of the section were analyzed for the first time. A new species of the genus Teucrium from southwest Turkey was described as T. semrae Aksoy, Dirmenci & Özcan and analyzed using different approaches. The infrageneric position of T. semrae in sect. Teucrium and the phylogenetic structure of the section were determined according to morphological and micromorphological features and molecular nrITS and cpDNA data. The phylogenetic position of the new species was argued by comparing the closest members. Comparative figures and illustrations, distribution maps and an updated identification key for the Sect. Teucrium in Turkey are presented, and a new detailed classification is proposed in this study., Balikesir University 2012/8

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), The aerial parts of Satureja metastasiantha were hydrodistilled for 3 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, simultaneously, the main compounds of which were characterized as p-cymene (22.3%), thymol (21.0%), carvacrol (18.45%), and gamma-terpinene (12.1%). Antioxidant capacity, acetylcholinesterase and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibition effects, and antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the species were evaluated. The anticholinesterase activity of the essential oil of S. metastasiantha was observed with 30% inhibition at 200 mu g/mL. The essential oil of the species showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 128 mu g/mL minimum inhibitory concentration value.

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), In this study, three new hybrids from the genus Cirsium are described for the first time. Cirsium xnezaketiae Yildiz, Dirmenci & Arabaci, C. xkelkitensis Yildiz, Arabaci & Dirmenci, and C. xerzincanicum Yildiz, Dirmenci & Arabaci are investigated in detail morphologically, palynologically, and molecularly. The hybrid individuals were detected on field trips due to their intermediate morphological characters. Their morphological properties were analyzed to compare with their parents. The pollen grain morphologies of the hybrids and their allies were investigated using light and a scanning electron microscope. The pollen grains were radially symmetrical, isopolar, trizonocolporate, and with echinate or scabrate sculpturing. The tectum is psilate/punctate, microreticulate, or ornate in sculpture. Dimorphic pollen grains were encountered in C. leucocephalum (Willd.) Spreng. subsp. leucocephalum. Two nuclear DNA regions were used to find single nucleotide polymorphisms. nrITS DNA data gave more information than nrETS data about polymorphism. In conclusion, C. xnezaketiae, C. xkelkitensis, and C. xerzincanicum exhibit some significant morphological, palynological, and molecular differences from their parents and present evidence of potential introgression hybridization. Since the hybrids live in a complex with their parents, and some parents have polymorphic loci like their putative hybrids, it can be presented as evidence for potential introgression since backcrossing may be possible among taxa.

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), Origanum ayliniae Dirmenci & Yazici, which differs significantly from O. dictamnus L., is described for the first time in this paper. In addition, a new hybrid, O. x adae Dirmenci & Yazici, between O. ayliniae and O. sipyleum L., is described and investigated in detail. The general morphology, pollen structure, chromosome features, and nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rpl32) genomes of collected specimens were studied. O. x adae was determined to have some intermediate properties morphologically and palynologically that place it between the parents. Pollen size and shape were important features in the diagnosis of the hybrid and its parents in this study. The somatic chromosome number of O. ayliniae, O. x adae, and O. sipyleum was counted as 2n = 30. According to the results of these different approaches, O. ayliniae differs significantly from O. dictamnus, which has a close relationship with O. ayliniae, and O. x adae has a hybrid nature. These results support previous reports for the speciation of Origanum members via hybridization. This study aimed to present a new species (O. ayliniae), a new hybrid of O. x adae, and their differences. In conclusion, O. ayliniae, O. x adae, and O. sipyleum provide significant morphological, micromorphological, palynological, cytological, and molecular information about homoploid hybridization., European Community research program - +326+ES-TAF264

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), A new species, Micromeria aybalae H. Duman & Dirmenci (Lamiaceae), Micromeria Benth. sect. Micromeria, is described from Mugla Province in southwestern Turkey. A description, taxonomic note, distribution map, habitat, and nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F based phylogeny are presented. The differences between the new species and its allies, Micromeria cremnophila Boiss. & Heldr. s.l. and M. hispida Benth., are discussed, and an identification key is provided for the Turkish Micromeria., Nature Conservation Center/Ankara TUBITAK 104T293 FP6 (SYNTHESYS Project) "Structuring the uropean Research Area" Program GB-TAF 3087 FP7 (SYNTHESYS Project) "Structuring the European Research Area" Program ES-TAF 264

WOS: 000406931000006, A new species, Cirsium bozkirensis H. Duman, Dirmenci & Tugay (Asteraceae), Cirsium sect. Epitrachys DC, is described from Konya Province, South Anatolia, Turkey. Diagnostic and morphological characteristics that distinguish it from allied species C. cephalotes Boiss. and C. pugnax Sommier & Levier. are provided. A description, distribution map, and taxonomic comments on the new species and allied species are given. SEM photograph about setae, stem indumentum, and achene of new and allied species are obtained and characters are discussed., TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106T167]; FP6 (SYNTHESYS Project) structuring the European Research Area Program [ES-TAF 264]; FP7 (SYNTHESYS Project) structuring the European Research Area Program [ES-TAF 264], We would like to thank TUBITAK for its financial support of our research (project no. 106T167) and the curators of the following herbaria who gave us permission to examine the specimens: BM, E, G, GAZI, K, KNYA, LE, and W. We also thank Infrastructure Action under the FP6 (SYNTHESYS Project GB-TAF 3087), FP7 (SYNTHESYS Project ES-TAF 264) structuring the European Research Area" Program, the Council of Higher Education of Turkey (YOK), and the Basic Sciences Research and Applied Center of Balikesir University.

other, A new species of Teucrium L. from Southeast Anatolia (Turkey), Teucrium sirnakense Özcan Dirmenci, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to the sect. Scordium Boiss. and is closely related to Teucrium melissoides Boiss. Hausskn. and Teucrium scordium L. s.l. The differences between the new species and its allies are discussed. A description, distribution map, ITS nrDNA phylogeny, and taxonomic comments on the new species are provided.

Özcan, Taner (Balikesir Author), Leaf indumentum and nutlet surface micromorphology of 13 taxa belonging to the Teucrium sect. Teucrium was studied with a scanning electron microscope. We observed 5 trichome types on the nutlets and 8 trichome types on the leaves. Branched trichomes were not found on the nutlets. Nutlet shapes of the taxa were elliptic, obovate, oblong, or rotund, and their surfaces were generally alveolate with different ornamentations. Some nutlets had longitudinal ridges. The indumentum varied among unrelated species and showed some significant similarities within related species. In Flora of Turkey sect. Teucrium was divided into 2 groups according to leaf fragmentation and other morphological characters. The current study supports this grouping. The indumentum types on nutlets and leaves have a high taxonomical value for the species of the genus., Istanbul University - 31081 Balikesir University - 2012/8

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), A new species of Teucrium L., Teucrium aladagense Vural & H. Duman, is described from Aladag mountain, located in Adana, Kayseri, and Nigde provinces in Turkey. The species belongs to Teucrium L. sect. Stachyobotrys Benth. A description, distribution map, habitat, information on trichome morphology, and the threatened category of the species are provided. The differences between the new species and its allies T. lamiifolium d'Urv s.l. and T. hircanicum L. are discussed, and an identification key is provided for the identification of similar taxa., Balikesir University - BAU-BAP 2012/18 SYNTHESYS Project - European Community Research - ES-AF264 - GB-TAF3087 Infrastructure Action under the FP6 "Structuring the European Research Area" program Infrastructure Action under the FP7 "Structuring the European Research Area" program Ministry of National Education - Turkey Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK)

Özcan, Taner (Balikesir Author), In this research, Lallemantia iberica (Bieb.) Fisch. & Mey., L. canescens (L.) Fisch. & Mey. and L. peltata (L.) Fisch. & Mey. belonging to the Lallemantia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. genus (Lamiaceae) which is represented by three taxa growing naturally in Turkey, were studied. The somatic chromosome numbers observed in each taxa was 2n=14. The classification of chromosomes, the length of long and short arms, haploid chromosome length, arm ratio, centromeric index and relative chromosomal length were measured by Software Image Analyses (Bs200Pro). Also their karyotype asymmetry indices (TF%, As K%, Syi, Rec, A, A1 and A2) were calculated. According to the asymmetry index, L. peltata has a more symmetrical karyotype than L. canescens. This is the first study for account of chromosome counts and karyotypes for the studied taxa.

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil of 23 Stachys taxa was analysed by GC/MS. The main compounds were found to be linoleic (27.1-64.3%), oleic (20.25-48.1%), palmitic (4.3-9.1%), stearic (trace to 5.2%) and 6-octadecynoic (2.2-34.1%) acids. The latter compound could be used as a chemotaxonomic marker of the genus Stachys. A cluster analysis was performed for comparison and characterisation of the seed oil from Stachys species.

Yıldız, Bayram (Balikesir Author), Two new species of Cirsium Mill. from east Anatolia (Turkey): C. sivasicum Yildiz, Arabaci & Dirmenci and C. peshmenianum Yildiz, Dirmenci & Arabaci, are described and illustrated. Both new species belong to C. sect. Epitrachys DC. (Asteraceae: Cardueae) and are closely related to C. rigidum DC., C. leuconeurum Boiss. & Hausskn. and C. karduchorum Petr. The differences between the new species and their allies are discussed and a diagnostic key is provided. A detailed description of a previously poorly known species, C. leuconeurum, is also provided. The pollen grain morphology of the new species and their allies were investigated with light and scanning electron microscopes. Based on the shape of the spines and the surface ornamentation, the pollen grains of the species were divided into 3 types: C. rigidum and C. sivasicum (type I), C. leuconeurum and C. pesmenianum (type II), C. karduchorum (type III)., European Community - AT-TAF58 GB-TAF3087

Akçiçek, Ekrem (Balikesir Author), Türkiye’den farklı lokalitelerden toplanan 26 Stachys L. (14 tür, 11 alttür ve 1 varyete) taksonunun somatik kromozom sayısı Stachys byzantina C.Koch ve S. thirkei C.Koch hariç ilk kez sayıldı. Bu çalışmada bütün Stachys taksonlarının diploid kromozom sayısı 2n = 30 olarak belirlendi. Çalışma Türkiye’deki Stachys cinsinin taksonomik revizyonuna katkı sağlamıştır., Somatic chromosome numbers of 26 Stachys L. taxa (14 species, 11 subspecies, and 1 varietas), collected from diff erent localities in Turkey, were counted for the fi rst time, except for Stachys byzantina C.Koch and S. thirkei C.Koch. In this study, all of the Stachys taxa determined were somatic with chromosome numbers counted as 2n = 30. Th is research has made a contribution to the taxonomic revision of the genus Stachys in Turkey.

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), The genus Lophanthus Adans. is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Specimens collected from Van province, east Anatolia, are described here as the new species Lophanthus turcicus Dirmenci, Yildiz & Hedge. Diagnostic characteristics that distinguish it from allied species are presented; a description, distribution map, and taxonomic comments are given., Lophanthus Adans. cinsi Türkiye’den ilk defa kaydedilmiştir. Bu cinse ait örnekler Doğu Anadolu’dan Van ilinden toplanmış ve burada Lophanthus turcicus Dirmenci, Yıldız & Hedge adıyla yeni bir tür olarak tanımlanmıştır. Yakın akraba türlerden ayırıcı karakterleri; betimi, yayılış haritası ve tür üzerinde taksonomik yorumlar verilmiştir.

Dirmenci, Tuncay (Balikesir Author), The pollen morphology of forty taxa of the genus Nepeta L. was studied and documented in detail using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy in this study. Nepeta L. pollen grains are small to large (P = 18.64-63.46 mu m, E = 15.62-46.33 mu m), suboblate to perprolate (P/E = 0.86-2.09) in shape and hexacolpate (very rarely tetracolpate) with granular membranes. Alternate position of colpi occurs in six Nepeta taxa, N. nuda ssp. glandulifera, N. concolor, N. crinita, N. congesta var. cryptantha, N. stricta var. stricta and N. sibthorpii ssp. tumeniana. In examinations of exine ornamentation with SEM, two types of pollen grains were recognized: (1) type I, with microreticulate sculpture; and (2) type II with bireticulate sculpture, type I and II to be divided into two and five subtypes, respectively. In the two taxa with microreticulate pattern, N. pilinux and N. sulfuriflora, a tendency towards a bireticulum could be recognized due to traces of secondary tectal connections. The bireticulate exine ornamentation is characterized with varying characteristics of the primary muri and secondary reticulum. Pollen morphology within the genus is compared with infrageneric relationships., Uludag University Research Foundation Centre 2001/62

Satıl, Fatih (Balikesir Author), The aim of this study was to determine the commercial Satureja (Sivri kekik) species, gathered amounts, social networks in trade, gathering style, their vernacular names, and local usages in Turkey. The survey was carried out in 17 provinces, 20 towns and 40 villages where the Satureja species have large population. Commercial Satureja was collected from the mentioned fields, along with the information regarding local names, usage, sorting and grading methods obtained questioning the local people. The amount of total commercial Satureja species gathered from Anatolia is around 700-800 tones in a year. The Aegean and Mediterranean regions are the main areas of Satureja collection in Turkey, S. cuneifolia, S. thymbra, S. hortensis and S. spicigera are gathered for trade. Also, S. boissieri, S. coerulea, S. pilosa, S. icarica, S. wiedemanniana, and S. cilicica are gathered only as spices and herbal tea for the local people. Trade of Satureja is an important Source of income for people in local region. Satureja species are gathered directly by the local villagers, especially, unemployed people with financial difficulties. Local middlemen coordinate the Satureja collection and then sell the material to companies in the province, and from there it is processed and distributed throughout the country and abroad. Also, threat factors and solution for long term concervation of the commercial Satureja species were determined in this study. Prohibitions or restrictions on their collection are needed., TUBITAK-TBAG 101T011

Cirsium ekimianum Yildiz & Dirmenci is described from Erzurum province, east Anatolia, Turkey. The diagnostic and morphological characteristics that distinguish it from the allied species C. ellenbergii Bornm. and C. tomentosum C.A.Mey. are presented. A description, distribution map and taxonomic comments on the new species are provided., SYNTHESYS GB - TAF3087 European Community Research Infrastructure Action FP6 European esearch Area' Programme

In this research, the chromosome number and morphology of M. trojana species are determined. Somatic chromosome number was counted as 2n = 12. The karyotype of this species consisted of four metacentric chromosome pairs and two submetacentric chromosomes. Chromosome length varies between 2.44-4.27 ?m. The karyogram and idiogram were determined based on centromeric index and arranged in the decreasing size order. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.