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The global energy consumption has surged from the minimal requirements of primitive societies to today's extensive needs, which are being met primarily by fossil fuels. However, the environmental impact of these fuels, emitting greenhouse gases and contributing to global warming, prompts a reevaluation. Renewable energy is becoming an essential alternative energy source, and wind energy is one of the viable options. This study investigates the viability of wind energy in Northern Nigeria as a safer alternative to fossil fuel-based energy generation. Comprehensive wind data of two decades was obtained for six stations across three geographical zones in Northern Nigeria, detailing hourly readings at 10-meter and 80-meter heights. The study determined monthly and yearly wind speeds, as well as wind power density (WPD) at 10 meters per station. Results unveiled the regional distribution of mean wind speed, ranging from the highest in Jos (9.9 m/s) to the lowest in Yola (1.86 m/s). Employing diverse wind turbine models, including Acciona 70/1500 class I, GE 1.6-100, and Samsung 2.5/90, the study evaluated the Annual Energy Output and Net Capacity Factor. Notably, Jos exhibited the highest WPD (1402 W/m²), contrasting with Yola's lowest (15.9 W/m²) at 80 meters. The findings indicate that Sokoto, Kano and Jos possess enough potential capable of generating electricity for integration into the national grid, while the remaining stations hold sufficient wind energy potential suitable for powering irrigation devices and other agricultural activities. It is recommended that the areas with high potential for wind energy should be harnessed into the national grid by the Government by providing funds to actualise this project on a large scale for the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy usage especially wind resource is extending for power generation due to environmental pollution and high prices of fossil fuels. Thus, wind potential is studying to power generation in greenhouses and help sustainable agriculture. Data was collected using the Weibull distribution function. Tehran province in Iran is selected as the pilot and, the wind energy potential of 8 regions is investigating. Results show that Firoozkouh with an energy density of 142.51W/m2 is the best region and good capacity to use wind energy. The energy consumption rate in a greenhouse is 11kW in a hectare. The wind resource can be used to provide a total or partial portion of the required energy for greenhouses. Wind turbines with 500 to 10 Kw power output were used to study the wind resource usage feasibility. Wind can produce clean energy. The wind is a part of renewable energy and is widely distributed in many areas. Experimental results confirm the validation of theoretical calculation. Finally, the cost of wind resource and the amount of carbon dioxide reduction is investigating that the decrease of carbon dioxide in Firoozkouh is more than 31ton per year using a 10kW wind turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facilities on wind energy generation are increasingly finding usage areas in line with the ecologically friendly energy generation approach. One of the important activities of wind power generation facilities, which have high investment cost, low operating cost and low environmental impact is the maintenance and repair of wind turbines. A preventive maintenance approach is dominant to reduce maintenance times and eliminate lost time in wind turbines. Damage inspection of turbines has been evolved from tower crane access, rope access, camera viewing, and other applications to image with manual drones over the years. However, when these methods are evaluated within the framework of criteria such as cost, performance, occupational safety and data reliability, they are still insufficient and the need for inspection with autonomous drones arises. The advantages and disadvantages of autonomous drones used in the determination of damage in wind turbines are analyzed and the results are considered to contribute to the practitioners operating in the sector and academicians working in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of wind energy on bat populations is a growing concern because wind turbine blades can strike and kill bats, and wind turbine development is increasing. We tested the effectiveness of 2 management actions at 2 wind‐energy facilities for reducing bat fatalities: curtailing turbine operation when wind speeds were <5.0 m/second and combining curtailment with an acoustic bat deterrent developed by NRG Systems. We measured the effectiveness of the management actions using differences in counts of bat carcasses quantified by daily and twice‐per‐week standardized carcass searches of cleared plots below turbines, and field trials that estimated searcher efficiency and carcass persistence. We studied turbines located at 2 adjacent wind‐energy facilities in northeast Illinois, USA, during fall migration (1 Aug–15 Oct) in 2018. We estimated the effectiveness of each management action using a generalized linear mixed‐effects model with several covariates. Curtailment alone reduced overall bat mortality by 42.5% but did not reduce silver‐haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) mortality. Overall bat fatality rates were 66.9% lower at curtailed turbines with acoustic deterrents compared to turbines that operated at manufacturer cut‐in speed. Curtailment and the deterrent reduced bat mortality to varying degrees between species, ranging from 58.1% for eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) to 94.4 for big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver‐haired bat mortality was reduced by 71.4% and 71.6%, respectively. Our study lacked a deterrent‐only treatment group because of the expense of acoustic deterrents. We estimated the additional reduction in mortality with concurrent deployment of the acoustic deterrent and curtailment under the assumption that curtailment and the acoustic deterrent would have reduced mortality by the same percentage at adjacent wind‐energy facilities. Acoustic deterrents resulted in 31.6%, 17.4%, and 66.7% additional reductions of bat mortality compared to curtailment alone for eastern red bat, hoary bat, and silver‐haired bat, respectively. The effectiveness of acoustic deterrents for reducing bat mortality at turbines with rotor‐swept area diameters >110 m is unknown because high frequency sound attenuates quickly, which reduces coverage of rotor‐swept areas. Management actions should consider species differences in the ability of curtailment and deterrents to reduce bat mortality and increase energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of innovative technologies in the manufacture of wind turbines (WT) has produced more efficient WT that can operate successfully in low wind speed (LWS) environments. This technology has not been implemented in many LWS parts of the world due to the paucity of enabling technical information (wind resource availability and wind turbine configuration). This study uses ten years wind speed data from twelve Nigerian cities and their population densities, remote sensing, and the configuration of some commercially available LWS turbines in generating technical information suitable for data-backed decision-making on low-speed turbine deployability, operational conditions, and energy yield at 50 and 400 m. Five different numerical and metaheuristic procedures were randomly selected and utilized to estimate Weibull parameters used in computing wind energy development (WEDP) parameters (effective wind power density, EWPD, and wind available time). WT with low cut-in speeds (∼2 m.s−1) can be installed in all the cities. With the highest EWPD and WEDP ratings (100%) at both 50 and 400 m, Obudu is the most suitable location for the development of wind power infrastructure. • Wind has been accepted globally as the most dependable renewable energy source. • Site-specific wind speed regimes have to be subjected to some form of analysis. • Scale and shape parameters generated from numerical and metaheuristic procedures. • metaheuristic procedures outperform the numerical procedures at all the locations. • Wind resource appreciates such that all the sites fall into Classes 5, 6 and 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is the numerical study of the effects of the fluid interaction with the blades of the working bodies of the renewable energy conversion systems. The paper presents the results of numerical research regarding the influence of the blade shape (straight), the number of blades (2, 3, 4) or the wind speed in the area on the output power of the small capacity wind turbines. The validation of the simulation data was performed by comparison with the experimental data obtained on a Windtrainer Junior laboratory wind energy system. Computed power coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental results. Increasing the efficiency of energy conversion for small wind turbines for their implementation in green farms represents a significant step in the concept of sustainable rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) in Colombia could tackle the energy distribution difficulties as large parts of the territory are not connected to the electrical grid. The present research experimentally determines the wind resource available of a rural place known as Chicamocha's canyon and selects the airfoil for a VAWT blade through CFD modeling. By using the mean wind speed of the location, the performance of the NACA0018 and DU06W200 airfoils is evaluated in terms of the lift and drag coefficients through a 2D CFD modeling using OpenFOAM and the "Spalart-Allmaras fv3" turbulence model. It is found feasible the use of wind energy at the location where the mean year density power is 485 [W/m²], and the DU06W200 airfoil is suggested for constructing the blades of a VAWT, as its aerodynamic efficiency (cl/cd) overcomes by 14% the commonly used NACA0018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wind energy has grown rapidly in the last 20 years and sites to install full-scale wind farms are starting to run out. Small-scale wind turbines represent a feasible alternative, particularly in forested areas of low wind potential and high turbulence. Objective: to present a review of the aerodynamic profiles for small-scale wind turbines, to determine their possible application in wooded areas. Materials and methods: a review of smallscale horizontal axis wind turbines is carried out using the Web of Science and Scopus databases mainly on the journals: Energy, Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, and Renewable Energy. A classification of three large groups is defined for the aerodynamic profiles: very frequent use, medium frequency use and low frequency use. Results: the profiles of very frequent use are the SG6043, S809 and NACA0012, the first of them is the one having the best aerodynamic performance. Despite this, other profiles such as the SH3055 are widely used in the small-scale wind turbine field. Conclusions: a suitable profile for a smallscale wind turbine for forested areas should be designed for stall regulation and have low sensitivity against changes in surface roughness. The profile with the greatest potential, according to the literature for this application, is the SG6043, being 110% y 85% more efficient than NACA002 and S809, respectively, for a Re of 2 x 105; however, more research is required on issues such as aerodynamic performance of the profiles at high levels of turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Several studies have established the abundance of the wind resources in South Africa, which can position the country as a leader in wind power generation continentally if the resource is well harnessed. In acknowledging this, the government proposed 8.4 GW new-build installed wind capacity by 2030. While a significant percentage of the proposed capacity is to be realised from the large scale utility wind turbines, there was further recommendation for contribution from off-grid small wind technology. Presently, this off-grid technology is still at infancy in the country. Although public support policy programs have been recommended to promote the mass uptake of this technology, it is highly important to evaluate and provide information on the energy productivity of these technologies and the economics involved for informed policy development and successful application of such programs. This study specifically examines the energy productivity and economic viability of small-scale wind energy systems in different locations and regions of South Africa, as inefficiency and the low energy yield are some of the main reasons identified for the low growth of the technology. Highlights • High investment costs. • Uncompetitive LCOE. • Absence of a long-term technology development plan to sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More pronounced climate changes and strict environmental requirements change the criteria used for the determination of the installation capacity and the turbine type for a small hydropower plant (SHPP). This paper proposes a technical solution that determines the optimal configuration for two existing SHPPs that operate in a combined system with the aim to increase the production of electricity during the flow rates lower than the minimum flow for which the supplier guarantees the turbine efficiency. When these two SHPPs with the installed capacities 1.220 MW and 1.327 MW and a common weir water intake, work as a combined system, a techno-economic optimization shows that the addition of a turbine in the downstream plant for flows smaller than 17% of the installation flow improves the electricity production. This nonlinear optimization problem is solved in the Matlab environment with constraints defined by applying the Active-Set algorithm. Based on the criterion of the maximum net present value (NPV), the techno-economic analysis shows that a less efficient but cheaper mechanical plant that comprises a less efficient turbine gives the highest NPV during the period of feed-in tariffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of extant wind turbine designs is presented. Each concept is evaluated for potential for micro-wind production under poor wind quality situations, such as those seen in densely populated, suburban, or sparsely forested regions. It was concluded that the Savonius turbine and the Savonius-Darrieus Hybrid turbines were the most suited designs out of the seven that were investigated. In addition, several types of materials for micro-wind turbines were explored. Two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were run with the Savonius, and Savonius-Darrieus hybrid turbines with wind speeds 3 m/s, 5 m/s, 7 m/s and 10 m/s. Power generated by the turbines under each wind speed as well as the power coefficients and Tip Speed Ratios of the turbines were determined, and it was found that the Savonius turbine simulated had the maximum power coefficient of 0.31 at TSR = 0.97 and the Hybrid turbine had 0.32 at TSR = 2.24. It was also concluded that the Hybrid turbine generates more power than the Savonius turbine for all wind speeds except for 3 m/s. The maximum power output by any turbine simulated in this study was 157 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning LiDARs can be used to obtain three-dimensional wind measurements in and beyond the atmospheric surface layer. In this work, metrics characterizing wind turbine wakes are derived from LiDAR observations and from large-eddy simulation (LES) data, which are used to recreate the LiDAR scanning geometry. The metrics are calculated for two-dimensional planes in the vertical and cross-stream directions at discrete distances downstream of a turbine under single-wake conditions. The simulation data are used to estimate the uncertainty when mean wake characteristics are quantified from scanning LiDAR measurements, which are temporally disjunct due to the time that the instrument takes to probe a large volume of air. Based on LES output, we determine that wind speeds sampled with the synthetic LiDAR are within 10% of the actual mean values and that the disjunct nature of the scan does not compromise the spatial variation of wind speeds within the planes. We propose scanning geometry density and coverage indices, which quantify the spatial distribution of the sampled points in the area of interest and are valuable to design LiDAR measurement campaigns for wake characterization. We find that scanning geometry coverage is important for estimates of the wake center, orientation and length scales, while density is more important when seeking to characterize the velocity deficit distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Northern Great Plains (NGP) contains much of the remaining temperate grasslands, an ecosystem that is one of the most converted and least protected in the world. Within the NGP, the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) provides important habitat for >50% of North America's breeding waterfowl and many species of shorebirds, waterbirds, and grassland songbirds. This region also has high wind energy potential, but the effects of wind energy developments on migratory and resident bird and bat populations in the NGP remains understudied. This is troubling considering >2,200 wind turbines are actively generating power in the region and numerous wind energy projects have been proposed for development in the future. Our objectives were to estimate avian and bat fatality rates for wind turbines situated in cropland- and grassland-dominated landscapes, document species at high risk to direct mortality, and assess the influence of habitat variables on waterfowl mortality at 2 wind farms in the NGP. From 10 March to 7 June 2013-2014, we completed 2,398 searches around turbines for carcasses at the Tatanka Wind Farm (TAWF) and the Edgeley-Kulm Wind Farm (EKWF) in South Dakota and North Dakota. During spring, we found 92 turbine-related mortalities comprising 33 species and documented a greater diversity of species ( n = 30) killed at TAWF (predominately grassland) than at EKWF ( n = 9; predominately agricultural fields). After accounting for detection rates, we estimated spring mortality of 1.86 (SE = 0.22) deaths/megawatt (MW) at TAWF and 2.55 (SE = 0.51) deaths/MW at EKWF. Waterfowl spring (Mar-Jun) fatality rates were 0.79 (SE = 0.11) and 0.91 (SE = 0.10) deaths/MW at TAWF and EKWF, respectively. Our results suggest that future wind facility siting decisions consider avoiding grassland habitats and locate turbines in pre-existing fragmented and converted habitat outside of high densities of breeding waterfowl and major migration corridors. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind-generated electricity is a growing renewable energy resource. Because wind results from the uneven heating (and resulting pressure gradients) of the Earth, future wind resources may be affected by anticipated climate change. Many studies have used global and regional climate models to predict trends in the future wind resource over the continental United States. While some of these studies identified regions that are expected to gain wind energy, their results often come with a high degree of uncertainty, and lack of agreement across different climate models. In this paper we focus on wind energy density as a measure of the available wind resource over the continental United States. We estimate the change in wind energy density from the period 1968–2000 to the period 2038–2070 by using output from four regional climate models from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). We find strong agreement across all 4 models that the wind energy resource is expected to increase in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and northern Texas – a region already in possession of both large scale generating capacity and political support for wind energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy development is a major priority in the United States, both economically and environmentally. However, there are growing concerns about the impacts to wildlife, including direct mortality and indirect effects such as displacement. Yet little knowledge has been gained regarding effects on reproduction. We monitored 534 Red-winged Blackbird ( Agelaius pheoniceus ) nests at three wind farms and paired control sites in Iowa during 2011 and 2012 to determine what effect, if any, wind turbine proximity had on the survival of nests. We modeled daily nest survival rates during the incubation and nestling stages in program MARK. In addition to proximity to turbine, we included other covariates which are known to effect nest survival including nest height, vegetation above nest, Robel pole vegetation density measures, age of nest, distance to woodlot, and Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater ) parasitism. We found no differences in survival between our control and turbine sites at any site or year, and no effect of turbine proximity during the incubation stage. The best model for the nestling stage included a small effect of turbine proximity, with nest survival being slightly higher, though not significantly so, closer to turbines. Our results indicate that, for a generalist species breeding in an agricultural landscape, wind turbine proximity has negligible effects on reproductive success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Existing research indicated that the ambient crosswind (ACW) has very complex influences on the SUPPS both through the chimney outlet and collector inlet as demonstrated by numerical analysis from the Spanish prototype. But what influence exert ACW through chimney outlet and collector inlet independently on the overall performance of SUPPS is still unclear. In this research, two geometrical models are constructed for numerical simulation on industrial-scale SUPPS in the vicinity of 10 MW. In model 1, ACW acts on both chimney outlet and collector inlet; in model 2, ACW acts only on the chimney outlet. Fluid flow, heat transfer and power output performances of SUPPS are investigated and discussed. It is found that, the negative effect of ACW only occurs at the collector inlet, with cold ambient air into the collector resulting in changing of fluid distribution and deterioration of buoyant driving force, whereas the positive effect occurs at the chimney outlet, with strong ACW passing by the chimney outlet causing entrainment of buoyant airflow within the chimney outlet. To avoid deterioration and to improve the overall performance of SUPPS, effective measures can be taken to prevent ACW from entering the collector inlet and also to induce beneficial effects of high altitude strong ACW blowing across the chimney outlet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The growth rate of wind energy installed has initiated a need for estimation and accurate analysis of transient stability of the power systems because of its intermittent natural. This paper investigates the voltage enhancement and the transient behaviours stability evaluation of a grid connected wind turbine with squirrel cage induction generator. The methodology chronologically provides an overview about the power grid, wind turbine modelling, and the reliability and stability responses of the distribution network. Firstly, in order to estimate the point of connection for wind turbine, a practical power distribution network is being modelled and compared using load flow method. The steady state analysis is performed to determine the voltage magnitude profile: particularity weak bus voltage. Secondly, by using an optimal power coefficient and the correlation of a power law exponent, a wind turbine induction generator model is proposed considering function of velocity and elevation. Finally, dynamic and transient behaviours are investigated for reliability and stability of power systems using voltage bus and wind rotor speed analyses. The simulation results show that wind turbine integration enhances the weak bus voltage and supports dynamic and transient stability analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A great deal has been published in the scientific literature regarding the effects of wind energy development and operation on volant (flying) wildlife including birds and bats, although knowledge of how to mitigate negative impacts is still imperfect. We reviewed the peer-reviewed scientific literature for information on the known and potential effects of utility-scale wind energy development and operation (USWEDO) on terrestrial and marine non-volant wildlife and found that very little has been published on the topic. Following a similar review for solar energy we identified known and potential effects due to construction and eventual decommissioning of wind energy facilities. Many of the effects are similar and include direct mortality, environmental impacts of destruction and modification of habitat including impacts of roads, and offsite impacts related to construction material acquisition, processing and transportation. Known and potential effects due to operation and maintenance of facilities include habitat fragmentation and barriers to gene flow, as well as effects due to noise, vibration and shadow flicker, electromagnetic field generation, macro- and micro-climate change, predator attraction, and increased fire risk. The scarcity of before-after-control-impact studies hinders the ability to rigorously quantify the effects of USWEDO on non-volant wildlife. We conclude that more empirical data are currently needed to fully assess the impact of USWEDO on non-volant wildlife. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bat mortality has been reported at industrial scale wind facilities across North America, with tree-roosting bats accounting for most fatalities, but no data exist for central Canada. We quantified rates of mortality at a wind energy facility in Manitoba, Canada by conducting standardized carcass searches corrected for searcher efficiency and scavenging from mid-August to mid-September 2007. We found that mortality was consistent with, but qualitatively higher than that at comparable wind facilities in western Canada. Mortality of the species most commonly killed, Silver-haired Bats, was evenly distributed across the wind facility, but mortality of Hoary and Eastern Red Bats was higher at some turbines than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Renewable energies have potential for supplying of relatively clean and mostly local energy. Wind energy generation is expected to increase in the near future and has experienced dramatic growth over the past decade in many countries. Offshore winds are generally stronger and more constant than onshore winds in many areas. The economic feasibility for utilization of offshore wind energy depends on the favorable wind conditions in the area. The present paper analyses offshore wind speed in global scale and also studies feasibility of introducing this technology for harnessing wind in Persian Gulf, Caspian Sea, Urmia Lake and Gulf of Oman. Wind speed data were collected from different sources. The ocean surface winds at a 10m height from satellite passes as processed by NOAA/NESDIS, from near real-time data collected by NASA/JPL''s Sea Winds Scatterometer aboard the QuikSCAT. Development of renewable energy is one of priority research goals in Iran. There are many installed wind turbines in suitable regions like Manjil and Binalood, but there has not been any offshore wind installation yet in Iran. It is suggested that policy makers to invest and pay more attentions toward harnessing renewable energy sources like offshore wind in Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern parts of Iran. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyses the wind speed of some major cities in province of Yazd which is located in central part of Iran. Also, the feasibility study of implementing wind turbines to take advantage of wind power is reviewed and then the subject of wind speed and wind potential at different stations is considered. This paper utilized wind speed data over a period of almost 13 years between 1992 and 2005 from 11 stations, to assess the wind power potential at these sites. In this paper, the hourly measured wind speed data at 10m, 20m and 40m height for Yazd province have been statically analyzed to determine the potential of wind power generation. Extrapolation of the 10m data, using the Power Law, has been used to determine the wind data at heights of 20m and 40m. The results showed that most of the stations have annual average wind speed of less than 4.5m/s which is considered as unacceptable for installation of the wind turbines. City of Herat has higher wind energy potential with annual wind speed average of 5.05m/s and 6.86m/s, respectively, at height of 10m and 40m above ground level (AGL). This site is a good candidate for remote area wind energy applications. But some more information is required, because the collected data for Herat is only for 2004. Cities of Aghda with 3.96m/s, Gariz with 3.95m/s, and Maybod with 3.83m/s annual wind speed average at height of 10m above ground level are also able to harness wind by installing small wind turbines. The Tabas and Bafgh sites wind speed data indicated that the two sites have lower annual wind speed averages between 1.56m/s and 2.22m/s at 10m height. The monthly and annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to ensure optimum selection of wind turbine installation for different stations in Yazd. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the statistical data of eleven years'' wind speed measurements of the capital of Iran, Tehran, are used to find out the wind energy potential. Also, other wind characteristics with the help of two methods of meteorological and Weibull are assessed to evaluate of which at a height of 10m above ground level and in open area. For this purpose, a long term data source, consisting of eleven years (1995–2005) of three-hour period measured mean wind data, was adopted and analyzed. Based on these data, it was indicated that the numerical values of the shape and scale parameters for Tehran varied over a wide range. The yearly values of k (dimensionless Weibull shape parameter), ranged from 1.91 to 2.26 with a mean value of 2.02, while those of c (Weibull scale parameter), were in the range of 4.38–5.1 with a mean value of 4.81. Corresponding values for monthly data of whole year were found to be within the range 1.72–2.68 and 4.09–5.67, respectively related to k and c Weibull parameters. Results revealed that the highest and the lowest wind power potential are in April and August, respectively. It was also concluded that the site studied is not suitable for electric wind application in a large-scale. It was found that the wind potential of the region can be adequate for non-grid connected electrical and mechanical applications, such as wind generators for local consumption, battery charging, and water pumping. In wind direction evaluation, it was found that the most probable wind direction for the eleven-year period is on 180°, i.e. west winds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The wind energy potential in Kurupelit Campus of Ondokuz Mayis University was determined in this research. The data regarding wind characteristics such as wind speed, wind direction and wind blowing time measured at 2m height above the l surface and for one year (December 2002-November 2003) gathered from an automatic meteorological station located in the campus was used for this study. These data were processed by using some empirical equations and the power of wind turbines that have diameter of 3, 5, 10 and 15 m were calculated for 10, 20 and 30 m heights. It was seen from the results that the wind energy potential of this campus was not profitable enough for agricultural applications and producing electricity. In addition, it was also find that any wind energy station (small or large scale type) can redeem itself more than 40 years when considering present costs of wind energy systems and electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently many developed mathematical models of electrical power systems (EPS) are designed for calculation of short transient processes lasting about ten minutes, however, in these models load and frequency control algorithms, load variations and wind farm operation generally aren't fully estimated, and the models that estimate these factors are designed for inaccurate calculations. In the paper, a mathematical model of an electrical power system in which wind power farms operate is presented. It enables to analyse long transient processes while estimating wind power plants operation, load variation and various load and frequency control algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study on the frequency deviation of the utility grid due to wind power fluctuations. The deviation is estimated by a deterministic method based on the transfer functions of system components. As the grid frequency is regulated, the deviation can limit high wind power penetration. The research identifies speed governors as one key component in enabling high wind penetration and there is need to factor their increased wear and tear into the ancillary services cost. It also raises the question as to whether the existing standards set for frequency deviation, which have to be complied at the points of connection of wind energy providers, are adequate to promote high wind penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the performance and the energy production of a grid-connected wind farm during six years of operation. The layout and the single line diagram of this wind farm are shown. A complete record of operational data for five turbines is analysed to study the performance of the wind farm. The study illustrates the variation of the energy and wind speed on annual and monthly basis for the whole examined period. On the other hand, the annual growth in the local consumption of the wind farm is shown. As an important indicator, the capacity factor is analysed for single turbines and for the whole wind farm. Finally, the study attempts to correlate the results to the external and internal factors affecting the performance of these turbines using the available database. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the past, there were many attempts to augment the power of wind turbines by means of diffuser systems or similar, but since these attempts did not respect energy- and momentum conservation, they have not been successful.We present the first fundamental discussion of the physics of shrouded wind turbines. A design results, which is different from the diffuser approach—the partially static turbine. It consists of a rotating propeller and of a static element, which allows the propeller to extract energy from an external flow of fluid, which does not pass through the propeller itself. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper provides a structured literature review of the negative economic effects associated with the development of wind energy and synthesized the evidence at an abstract level. We then developed an analytical framework to systematically review economic issues such as volatility, electricity price, housing values, and unemployment in relation to wind energy. Global wind energy development data from the time period from 2000 through 2019 were included for a more robust analysis. This period encompasses the vast majority of total global installed wind energy capacity. After amalgamating evidence from existing studies and data banks, we discuss the policy implications, suggest avenues for future research, and propose solutions to mitigate externalities. By understanding the negative economic impact created by the expansion of wind energy, we can better equip policy makers and developers to create more efficient and sustainable energy policy to benefit citizens and preserve the environment for generations to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of turbines (Vestas V-47:660 kW, Enercon E−40:600 kW, Vestas V-66:1.75 MW) were installed on three selected sites (Mailiao, Jhongtun, Chunfong) as wind power plants for electricity generation on an island. However, such power plants including turbines in establishment and operation during entire life cycle are bound to consume energy and produce carbon emission, causing environmental problems. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of three wind power plants on the environment during their entire life cycle. This paper made the calculations of carbon emissions of three wind power plants, and compared and discussed the occupied shares of each primary energy input in manufacture, construction, operation and disposal phases using the methods of mathematics and materials input-output life cycle assessment. The results show that the CO 2 emission factor of three systems was on average 3.9 g/kWh for the whole life cycle. The average CO 2 emission intensity of all raw materials was 1.35 kg/kg. The occupied share of CO 2 emissions in manufacturing, construction, and decommissioning phases was 44%, 16%, and 40% respectively. The primary energy input intensity was on average 0.0625 MJ/kWh of three systems for whole life cycle. The average energy input intensity of three systems was 21.48 MJ/kg. The combined CO 2 emission intensity of all steel materials was 1.98 kg/kg. The demands for materials and energy inputs, and carbon emissions are positively related to the rated power value of a wind turbine. Wind power has a priority to produce clean energy, and can significantly decrease CO 2 emissions. • The average CO 2 emission factor was 3.9 g/kWh for the whole life cycle. • The average CO 2 emission intensity of all raw materials was 1.35 kg/kg. • The primary energy input intensity was on average 0.0625 MJ/kWh. • The average energy input intensity of three systems was 21.48 MJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]