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Aim: We reported that soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (sTNFR2)/type 1 (sTNFR1) ratios in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) decreased as the severity of chronic periodontitis (CP) increased. This study investigated the effects of the periodontal treatment on TNF- α, sTNFR1 and R2 in GCF and serum of CP patients. Material and Methods: Thirty-five serum and 90 GCF samples were obtained from 35 CP patients (23 non-smokers and 12 smokers) at baseline and after treatment. The levels of TNF- α, sTNFR1 and R2 in serum and GCF were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Results: No significant differences were found in the serum levels of TNF- α, sTNFR1 and R2 and the ratio of sTNFR2/R1 between baseline and after treatment. After treatment, sTNFR1 and R2 levels in GCF of non-smokers and smokers were significantly decreased compared with baseline. However, the sTNFR2/R1 ratio was significantly increased (non-smoker: 0.56±0.03–0.84±0.03, p<0.0001; smoker: 0.59±0.06–0.85±0.04, p=0.0019). There were no significant differences between non-smoking and smoking CP groups in serum and GCF. Conclusion: The ratio of sTNFR2/R1 in GCF significantly increased after treatment, and could be related to the clinical state of CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role of genetic polymorphisms in periodontitis. The dynamics between host immune responses and oral bacteria is discussed for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Evidence correlating genetics and periodontitis, tumor necrosis factor, and metabolism- related polymorphisms and others are discussed.

Background: Soluble types of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors type 1 and 2 modulate the TNF- α-mediated inflammatory responses in chronic periodontitis (CP). Objectives: This study investigated the levels of TNF- α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of healthy subjects and CP patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight sera and 73 GCF samples were collected from 16 healthy subjects and 22 CP patients. GCF was collected from probing pocket depth (PPD)⩽3 mm sites of healthy subjects, PPD⩽3, 4–6 and ⩾7 mm sites of CP patients. The levels of TNF- α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in the serum and GCF were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Results: The total amounts of TNF- α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in GCF significantly elevated with increasing PPD in both site-based ( p<0.05) and subject-based ( p<0.05) analyses. However, their levels progressively diverged as the pocket depths increased, with the soluble TNF receptor type 2 level being comparatively lower than type 1. On the other hand, soluble TNF receptor type 2/type 1 ratios in GCF decreased as the severity of periodontitis increased ( p<0.0001). Conclusion: The imbalance between soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 levels in GCF could be related to CP severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early-onset periodontitis (EOP) is considered to have a genetic basis, which has not been clearly defined. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene polymorphism as one of the genetic factors may influence the expression of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the TMF-α gene are associated with Japanese EOP patients. Methods: Forty-six Japanese, generated EOP (G-EOP) patients and 104 Japanese healthy subjects were identified according to established clinical criteria. Twenty healthy subjects were analyzed by nucleotide sequence to screen polymorphisms of the 5'-flanking region of the TMF-α gene. Then, all subjects were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) methods. Results: We determined 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -1031 (T/C], -863 (C/A), -857 (C/T), -308 (G/A), and -238 (G/A) in the 5'-flanking region of the TNF-α gene. There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequency when we compared G-EOP patients to healthy subjects. Because the frequency of polymorphic alleles at positions -308 and -238 was very low in this study population, we demonstrated the existence of 4 detected haplotypes and 6 detected genotypes concerning 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (-1031. -863. and -857). The frequency of the H1/H3 (TCC/TCT)-detected genotype tended to decrease in G-EOP patients compared to healthy subjects, but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest there is no significant association between polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the TNF-α gene and susceptibility to G-EOP in Japanese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]