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Simple Summary: Annexin A2 is a protein that plays a role in many important cell functions, but when its levels are not properly regulated, it can contribute to the development of cancer, particularly in the digestive system. This review looks at the current understanding of how Annexin A2 is involved in cancers of the digestive system, including its potential to help diagnose cancer, predict how a patient will respond to treatment, and even serve as a target for new therapies. Some early studies suggest that blocking this protein or stopping it from interacting with other molecules could slow down cancer growth, prevent the spread of cancer, and make cancer cells more responsive to treatment. By exploring this protein further, scientists hope to develop better tools to diagnose and fight cancer, ultimately benefiting society by improving survival rates and quality of life for patients. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a protein that is involved in many physiological and pathological cellular processes. There is compelling evidence that its dysregulated expression, be it up- or downregulation, contributes to the oncogenesis of various neoplasms, including those of the digestive system. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of ANXA2 in the main tumors of the digestive system. The clinical significance of ANXA2 is primordial, due to its potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and as a part of therapeutic protocols. Certain preclinical studies have shown that inhibiting ANXA2 or disrupting its interactions with key molecules can suppress tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as increase the cancer cells' sensitivity to treatment in various cancers. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex role of ANXA2 in the carcinogenesis of tumors of the digestive system, and to translate these findings into clinical applications for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death among women. Despite the advances in gynecologic oncology, the incidence of EC is on the rise, and the relative 5-year survival remains unchanged in the last decade. This creates an urgent need for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of EC that will result in new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Ideally, we need biomarkers of clinical value that can be analyzed in non-invasive ways. Exosomes are abundant in biological fluids and are considered as a valuable source of biomarkers. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from cells and function as shuttles, transferring biomolecules between cells. These biomolecules have a critical role in the cancer pathogenesis and progression and in regulating the tumor cells' proliferation and metastasis, and they represent attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we review the functions of exosomes in EC, focusing on the potential biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic significance or potential therapeutic use. Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death among women. In the last decade, the incidence of EC is on the rise, and the relative 5-year survival remains unchanged. This creates a dire need for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that can only result from a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. In this direction, exosomes are under heavy research, with two main aims: to identify the potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and to develop technologies based on their use as therapeutic vectors targeting EC cells. Exosomes are widely available in all bodily fluids and are sources of ideal biomarkers for liquid biopsies. They are extracellular vesicles containing DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins, which they transfer between cells, serving multiple functions and being implicated in both the physiological processes and the pathogenesis of diseases. Of all the biomolecules contained in exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs) seem to have the most clinical utility in the diagnosis and treatment of EC. Exosomal miRNAs mediate the communication between EC cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and have a pivotal role in the tumor cells' proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the formation of a tumor microenvironment. They participate in many processes that are tied to carcinogenesis and cancer progression, and they are therefore considered as attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we review the functions of exosomes in EC, focusing on potential biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic significance or potential therapeutic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]