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Indonesia is an area with three different volcanic arcs. Almost every year, there are disasters in Indonesia, particularly tsunamis. On the other side, Indonesia has SDGs 2030 focused on disaster management or risk reduction. Based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis, this study will look at the part that SDGs education plays in disaster readiness. To attain the research orientation, the researchers developed a tsunami education program and assessed its validity and reliability to find a suitable model. The research approach included a cross-sectional survey to gather quantitative data on the students' replies. The data are valid and expected based on the normal tests. Two of the five indicators from the model influence analysis have been verified, making the model just partially acceptable. However, it is known that only a small number of factors have an impact on other variables based on total effect, direct effect, and indirect effect analyses. Five variables were identified as not significant in the final analysis. Therefore, not all of the model's hypothetical variables can be accepted entirely. The scope of research can be expanded in the future by using more focused variables, a larger sample size, and more respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 16 June 2021 Seram earthquake occurred at a moderate magnitude of Mw 5.9 along the Banda Arc close to Seram Island, followed by a tsunami with a runup height of 0.51 m. A detailed kinematic study of the earthquake helps us better understand the tectonic environment of the secondary faults and the causes of an unexpected tsunamis after earthquakes, particularly on the island. In this study, we image the rupture processes of this earthquake using a Multiple Signal Classification Back-Projection (MUSIC-BP) method. This method used P-seismic waveforms from teleseismic data recorded by seismic stations across the Australian continent (AU arrays). These waveforms were filtered in the range of 0.5-1.0 Hz to remove unwanted phases. Our results show that the rupture moves bilaterally to southwest and northeast at a relatively slow speed of 1.47 km/s. In this earthquake, the rupture propagated ~35 km away from the epicenter and had a total duration of ~30 s. The maximum peak of the energy released is estimated to be ~15 km from the epicenter. The rupture directivity agrees well with the spatial distribution of aftershock events and the reported focal mechanism solution. According to the result of the rupture kinematics parameter, the tsunami was not caused directly by the earthquake. However, the direction of tsunami propagation is the same as that of earthquake rupture propagation. Furthermore, the results of this study reveal that the seismogenic fault under Seram Island has an SSWNNE fault orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both tsunamis and climate change have a significant impact in many aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research through scientific publications on the most effective mitigation efforts to reduce these impacts. This study's objectives are to analyze the research profile of climate change and tsunami mitigation using bibliometric analysis. A total of 1750 climate change mitigation documents and 139 tsunami mitigation documents were analyzed. The study results show that the publication of climate change mitigation has increased rapidly in the last decade exponentially, while the publication of tsunami mitigation tends to stagnate. Furthermore, research trends in climate change mitigation, namely emission control, environmental policy, and carbon sequestration, are the most researched mitigation efforts. Meanwhile, the leading causes of climate change are greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the trend of tsunami mitigation research is more towards disaster management and mitigation, the causes of tsunamis by earthquakes, and coastal area mitigation objects. The research profile on climate change mitigation follows the 13th goal of the SDGs, namely climate action, while tsunami mitigation follows the 11th goal of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective research is to obtain information from the Scopus database from 1972 to 2021 related to tsunamis from a mechanical perspective. The preliminary data get from the Scopus database considering that the Scopus indexed documents have gone through a rigorous review process and have credibility in publishing research results. 119 documents (years 1972-2021) get from Scopus databased obtained based on the keyword Tsunami Mechanism. The VOSViewer application visualizes the research results related to the tsunami mechanism. Of all the papers, there are 80 of 119 documents in the form of articles on Tsunami Mechanisms from 1972 to 2021. Then, the scientist who studied the most tsunamis was Pararas-Carayannis, G., with seven documents. The author is in the first position of all written documents published in International Journals indexed by Scopus. The cities most affected by the tsunami were Japan. The affiliate most associated with tsunamis is The University of Tokyo in Japan. Earth and Planetary Sciences is the subject area in the first position with 77 documents. The keyword that appears the most is "tsunami" in 59 documents. The journal "Pure and Applied Geophysics" was the primary source. The implication of this research is to provide empirical evidence that research related to tsunami is still an exciting topic at present and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake research has expanded over the past few decades. Also, over the past 30 years, earthquakes have become a major study because earthquakes occur every year in each region. The aims of this research is to analyze the top 100 cited articles in the earthquake field from 1991 to 2021. Research give an idea of citation, author, year, journal and country characteristics of these articles using literature review, bibliometric analysis and VOSViewer which the data from Scopus database. The research found that articles is most document type of top 100 cited papers which 2005 was the most published year for the article. The average number of citations per article was calculated as 727 citations per paper. The journal Nature is the primary source of the Nature Publishing Group, which governs the publication of the most influential earthquake studies. Kanamori is recognized as the most productive author who received the highest number of quotes and the most incredible link strength. The United States dominates the production of highly cited articles. The research areas in these papers are mainly emphasized on earthquake, states, geological, sciences, earth, and japan. Further research related to earthquakes can also be directed to the relevance of the tsunami. The results of the Scopus database show 2,098 document results [January 17, 2022] with the title “earthquake tsunami.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used a tsunami-faulting model, where the discriminant for tsunami potential is the dominant period ! of P-waves times the rupture duration of an earthquake ! of more than 50 seconds. The product of TdT50ex was estimated in real time and validated with Tsunami Event Validity (TEV) from NOAA/WDC database. The TdT50ex discriminant was calculated using a direct procedure for the vertical component of P-wave seismograms velocity. The data were obtained from 51 earthquakes that occurred during 2011-2020 with magnitudes of 6.5 ≤ Mw 8.6, containing 19 strike-slips fault, 11 normal-fault and 21 reverse-fault earthquakes. The results suggest that earthquakes are said to be potential to generate tsunamis when TdT50ex ≥ 10 s is satisfied. In summary, TdT50ex is proved to be an effective tsunami discriminant to detect the presence of a tsunami wave after about 4 minutes an earthquake occurs, implying that this is (can be accessed at http://prediksi-tsunami.unesa.ac.id/www/index.html) a useful parameter for rapid and accurate tsunami early warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 30 October 2020, an earthquake with a moment magnitude Mw=7.0 occurred in the Aegean Sea close to the coasts of Turkey and of the Greek Island of Samos. The earthquake generated a local tsunami in the area, which had maximum amplitude of 2 meters, and inundation in certain coastal region of up to 155 times the run-up height. The present study provides a measure of the rupture dynamics of this tsunamigenic earthquake and provides the parameters of its rupture velocity, as well as the direction and length of the rupture by using beam forming and Multiple Signal Classification Back Projection (MUSICBP) techniques. In this present study we used 189 AK array stations and 153 European (EU) networks stations. The area of high frequency (HF) radiators extends almost bilaterally for more than 64 km along the rupture dynamics, with almost all ruptures having westward directivity. However, there was also an eastward rupture with high energy and low velocity. The timing of the HF radiators seen by both arrays were plotted against their epicenter distance slope 1 of the blue lines, which indicated rupture speeds of 1.9 km/s (slow), and the slope 2 of the yellow lines indicated very fast rupture speeds of 5 km/s, while the slope 3 of the purple lines indicated average rupture speeds of 3.3 km/s (regular). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to start a company and commercialize a great technological innovation, it is necessary to develop an effective business plan. The present study proposes the scientific development of such a business plan named "Educational Design Research" (EDR). This EDR plan aims to produce a 2021-2025 methodology for the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Surabaya State University to address, among other things, the analysis, design, preparation, evaluation, and final reporting, for use in issuing and implementing effectively tsunami warnings in Indonesia. At the design stage of this project, the researchers involved in the present study compiled a business plan based on theory, and provided examples of procedures that could be readily accessed, evaluated and implemented in issuing tsunami warnings. The business plan was developed in close cooperation and thorough discussions with other units of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University. The revised business document plan was subsequently provided to a consultant for additional evaluation, recommendations, and revisions. The results of the present study are in the form of a business plan document for adoptation in more effective earthquake and tsunami warnings,using the "Jokotingkir" technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many communities in Indonesia are potentially affected by tsunamis but do not have adequate preparedness in dealing with such disasters. This study aims to improve the preparedness capacity of the people living around the coast that are potentially affected by the tsunami through tsunami mitigation learning by using OMBAK learning model. The learning is done online to avoid the transmission of covid-19. Before the online learning begins, the student community is asked to work on the tsunami mitigation pre-test. The number of people living around the coast who took part in this learning was 62 people, ranging in age from 13 to 55 years old. Furthermore, students were briefed via a zoom meeting (synchronous) about the implementation of this online learning, especially relating on how to learn tsunami mitigation by using disaster mitigation video media. In this tsunami mitigation learning process, students are allowed to learn asynchronously. We also allow students to discuss tsunami mitigation materials through the WhatApp Group (WAG) during the learning process. After completing the learning process, students were asked to work on posttest questions. Based on the results of the percentage analysis on the learning implementation, it was found that the implementation of tsunami mitigation learning by using OMBAK learning model was carried out very well. In addition, based on the analysis of t-test and gain score from pretest and post-test data, it was obtained that there was a significant increase in the students' tsunami mitigation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely known that earthquakes with strike-slip or normal-faulting crustal displacements have generated destructive tsunamis around the world. Many researchers have proposed that the main cause of such events was due to factors not associated with tsunami-seismic parameters. However, the present study examines a correlation between tsunamis generated by strike-slip or normal-faulting earthquake events and their associated two tsunami-seismic parameters, namely the dominant period Td and the duration of more than 50 seconds, T50ex of earthquake P-wave, and compares these with tsunami event validity (TEV). Based on this analysis, we confirm a correlation between tsunamis generated by strikeslip or normal-faulting earthquake events with periods Td × T50ex= 10 s. Thus, we propose that major earthquakes with both strike-slip and normal-fault motions, have the potential to generate more effectively tsunamis when the rupture duration is = 50 seconds and P-wave dominant periods have values of Td × T50ex= 10s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to produce a Research Roadmap of the Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science. The design of this research was Educational Design Research (EDR). The research site was chosen at the Surabaya State University (Unesa). This research was conducted using the modified ADDIE Model, with five stages including needs analysis, design, development, evaluation, and reporting. The Research Roadmap of Tsunami Early Warning (RRTEW) is an operational form of the Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science which is included in the Research Master Plan (RMP) and the Strategic Plan (RP) for Unesa Research in 2020-2030. RRTEW was given to 15 experts through a validation process using the Expert Validation Sheet. Research data in the form of scores from expert assessments were analyzed using a single measure interrater coefficient correlation (ra) to determine validity and using Cronbach's alpha (a) to determine RRTEW reliability. In addition, the results of the validation and input from experts will be used as a reference for revising RRTEW. The evaluation of all components of RRTEW by three experts was declared valid and reliable. The implications of this research are expected to: (1) provide an example of a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science in tertiary institutions; (2) contributing thoughts to policymakers regarding the development of a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science; (3) contributing thoughts to the academic community in increasing research in the form of developing a Research Roadmap of Excellent Field of Science Unesa: Tsunami Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the main source of the Palu-Indonesia tsunami based on the direction of rupture, Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT), the tsunami parameters, including the rupture duration (Tdur), the 50 Seconds Exceed Duration (T50ex) and the dominant period (Td) of the earthquake that occurred on September 28, 2018. The method employed in this study involves fitting the rupture duration versus seismic station azimuth graph to estimate the direction of the rupture, the full waveforms inversion method for determining the CMT and the direct procedure method for estimating tsunami parameters. The estimated direction of the earthquake rupture is azimuth 179°, which almost coincides with the Palu Koro Fault (PKF) azimuth. The direction of the earthquake rupture passed below the surface of the seawater in Palu Bay, which could possibly be the main source of the tsunami. The strike and dip of the nodal plane generated by the earthquake are 350° and 64°, respectively, which shows that a vertical displacement pushed seawater vertically in Palu Bay and caused the tsunami. All tsunami parameters from the earthquake exceeded the threshold; therefore, it is very likely that the earthquake was the main source of the first tsunami wave. The estimation results of the rupture directivity, Centroid Moment Tensor, and tsunami parameters are confirmed by inundation data that are qualitatively comparable with the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ease of accessing and using earthquake and tsunami early warning applications is a priority in this study. It is related to the more time the community prepares for disaster mitigation. The purpose of this research is to produce an Android-based earthquake and tsunami early warning application. The availability of this fast android-based earthquake and tsunami early warning application can help in quicker and more reliable earthquake and tsunami early warning for short distances to areas that have the potential to impact a tsunami. The research method used in this research is the ADDIE development method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the first year, the focus of the development of the Rapid Tsunami Early Warning Application about 4 minutes after O.T. Our previous research results, which have supported many events this application will make it easier for us to complete the prototype target. The prototype of the Android-based earthquake and Tsunami, early warning application, has been tested in real-time at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Surabaya State University, Indonesia. The results of the trial have shown the eligibility requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who live in tsunami disaster-prone areas need to be prepared to mitigate potential future risks. The present study aims in developing a learning model for tsunami mitigation in Indonesia. The model used for this study adopts an ADDIE approach - an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The analysis section of the report evaluates the learning needs of people who live in tsunami-prone locations. The subsequent design section of the report focuses in setting the creation of a new learning model regarding the mitigation of tsunami disaster impact and destruction. The development section addresses the required needs for the development of a tsunami mitigation learning model. The implementation section aims in applying and testing the developed model. Finally, the evaluation section assesses all of the activities of the developed model. The results of the study propose a new Tsunami learning model having four phases, abbreviated as "OMBAK". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of conducting ocean water generates weak magnetic signals relative to the main field. These signals lead to magnetic anomaly observed as variations in the vertical component bz of timevarying secondary field and the horizontal component bH during past tsunamis across the Pacific and Indian oceans. In this study, the maximum amplitude of bz was predicted using theoretical approach and the prediction was compared with magnetogram provided by INTERMAGNET and/or BCMT for tsunamigenic events and cases with no tsunami threats in Indonesian regions. The focus of this study is thus to examine whether theory used to estimate tsunami-magnetic signals is consistent in terms of accuracy with real-time field records from the two world wide magnetic institutions. For three events where tsunami occurred, including the 2004 Aceh event, it was found that frozen-flux theory provides a useful tool for best estimates of bz with its application to bH signals is here limited with caution. While bz is a measure of tsunami wave height offshore, bH is likely to be a good indicator for tsunami propagation direction. For four recent earthquakes of no tsunami potential after shocks the bz signal provided no anomaly with convincing signs of tsunami absence were, in the same period of time, given by almost zero declination. The results for all cases considered in the present study confirm that detection of magnetic anomaly owing to tsunami passage prior to tsunami arrivals at coastal zones is possible. This is of primary importance for tsunami early warning in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta testing is a final stage for product examination following a series of product development. Regarding this, beta testing performed for an increased accuracy of Indonesian tsunami early warning application (Ina-TEWA) was applied to real conditions of Indonesian earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.0 or greater that occurred during a time period from January 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019. This stage was conducted in real-time for use of tsunami early warnings officially managed by Centre for Research and Development, The Indonesian Agency for Geophysics, Climatology and Meteorology (BMKG). It is frequently preceded by a series of preliminary tests known as alpha testing usually designed only for laboratory-scaled examination that is limited and offline. While implemented in real-time tsunami warnings, beta testing is considered as examination of acceptance given by and hence direct feedback from users. The launch for this tsunami early warning application is of great importance in the sense that it measures directly tsunami parameters from the earthquake source. The main aim of this stage is to identify possible errors, if any, and to make them the errors minimum for an increased accuracy in tsunami assessment to a maximum value possible. Based on beta testing applied to 35 events during the time period examined here, it was merely 7 errors occurred and found for tsunami false warnings. It follows that the Ina-TEWA prediction for accurate tsunami warnings reaches to a value of 80% or false warnings by this application remains relatively high of 20%. Therefore, tsunami early warning application for future use requires a further increase in terms of accuracy. Keywords: alpha testing, beta testing, tsunami warnings, Ina-TEWABeta testing is a final stage for product examination following a series of product development. Regarding this, beta testing performed for an increased accuracy of Indonesian tsunami early warning application (Ina-TEWA) was applied to real conditions of Indonesian earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.0 or greater that occurred during a time period from January 1, 2018 to July 1, 2019. This stage was conducted in real-time for use of tsunami early warnings officially managed by Centre for Research and Development, The Indonesian Agency for Geophysics, Climatology and Meteorology (BMKG). It is frequently preceded by a series of preliminary tests known as alpha testing usually designed only for laboratory-scaled examination that is limited and offline. While implemented in real-time tsunami warnings, beta testing is considered as examination of acceptance given by and hence direct feedback from users. The launch for this tsunami early warning application is of great importance in the sense that it measures directly tsunami parameters from the earthquake source. The main aim of this stage is to identify possible errors, if any, and to make them the errors minimum for an increased accuracy in tsunami assessment to a maximum value possible. Based on beta testing applied to 35 events during the time period examined here, it was merely 7 errors occurred and found for tsunami false warnings. It follows that the Ina-TEWA prediction for accurate tsunami warnings reaches to a value of 80% or false warnings by this application remains relatively high of 20%. Therefore, tsunami early warning application for future use requires a further increase in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective early warning at local to regional distances is maximum 10 minutes after the OT. The shorter the tsunami early warning time that is announced, of course, the more time the community will have to prepare for mitigating the disaster. The purpose of this study is to develop a tsunami application and show the current real-time data available in most tsunami hazard areas in Indonesia - in particular, earthquake location, magnitude and tsunami discriminant Td, T50Ex, T0, Td x T50, and Td x T0 can be determined about four minutes after the earthquake occurs. This process will be implemented and continues in real-time in earthquake monitoring and tsunami early warning installed by the Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Council. The availability of this rapid tsunami application (about 4 minutes after the OT) can help in tsunami early warning that is faster and more reliable for short distances to areas that have the potential of having the a tsunami impact. The purpose of this study is to produce a tsunami early warning application 4 minutes after the earthquake. The research method used in this study is the ADDIE development method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation). In the first year, the focus of the development of rapid tsunami early warning applications was about 4 minutes after the OT. Our previous research results have supported a lot of development this application and make it easier for us to complete the prototype target, it has been obtained the results of the tsunami application prototype 4 minutes after the OT which is currently being tested in real time at the Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Council Research and Development Center in Jakarta, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel time delay for a tsunami has been an increasingly important issue in recent years. The delay in time is calculated from a difference in arrival times between simulated waveforms and waves recorded by DART and gauge stations. In this study, we estimate travel times for the 2011 Tohoku, the 2014 Iquique, the 2004 Aceh, and the 2010 Mentawai events. We compare estimated travel times with travel times from field records and find that the time delay is increasing with epicentral distance, following reduced speeds during propagation. From analyses of the delays, we conclude that speed reduction in the Pacific is 1-2% from the long-wave speed but twice larger or more in the Indian Ocean due to its complex bathymetry. For far-field propagation in the Pacific, the delays could be approximately 17 minutes whereas the same amount of delay was attained at a shorter distance in the Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this research is to improve Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTews), especially to improve result of automatic computation of P wave dominant period by applying filter-M to ignore noises signal. To reduce the effect of noise and signal defect on the calculation of the P wave dominant period automatically, this study used M-filter. The M-filter used the concept that the dominant period for small and moderate earthquakes is unlikely to exceed twice the maximum dominant period of the great earthquake. The automatic computation of P wave dominant period uses direct method, where the calculation uses time equation (τc) directly applied to seismogram, without inversion so that calculation process becomes faster. Mfilter has been developed and used to filter out defective and high-null seismogram signals, so the seismogram is not used for the average computation of the P wave dominant period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has an Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (Ina-TEWS) since 2008. The Ina-TEWS has used automatic processing on hypocenter; Mwp, Mw (mB) and Mj. If earthquake occurred in Ocean, depth < 70 km and magnitude > 7, then Ina-TEWS announce early warning that the earthquake can generate tsunami. However, the announcement of the Ina-TEWS is still not accuracy. Purpose of this study is to estimate earthquake rupture duration of large Indonesia earthquakes that occurred in Indian Ocean, Java, Timor Sea, Banda Sea, Arafura Sea and Pacific Ocean using a direct procedure and software developed Lomax and Michelini for rapid assessment of earthquake tsunami potential by deriving two simple measures from vertical component broadband P-wave velocity record. The first is the high-frequency apparent rupture duration, Tdur which may be related to can be related to the critical parameters rupture length (L), depth (z), and shear modulus (μ). The second is a confirmation of the earlier finding by Lomax and Michelini, namely that the rupture duration has a stronger influence to generate tsunami than Mw and Depth. We analyzed at least 510 vertical seismogram recorded by GEOFON-IA and IRIS-DMC networks. Our analysis shows that the seismic potency, LWD, which is more obviously related to capability to generate a tsunami than former. The larger Tdur the larger is the seismic potency LWD because Tdur is proportional to L/vr (with vr -- rupture velocity). We also suggest that tsunami potential is not directly related to the faulting type of source and for events that have rupture duration greater than 50 s, the earthquakes generated tsunami. With available real-time seismogram data, rapid calculation, rupture duration discriminant can be completed within 3 to 8 min after the P-onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]