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Recent reports suggest that coffee consumption is associated with increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The authors examined the association between serum lipids and coffee consumption and other caffeinated beverages as part of a population-based study of 1,228 women and 923 men, aged 25-64 years, in San Antonio, Texas, studied between October 1979 and November 1982. The study confirmed a positive relationship between coffee consumption and both total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in both sexes which persisted after adjustment for age, ethnicity, obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Neither tea nor cola consumption was associated with changes in serum lipids, suggesting that caffeine alone does not exert a direct effect on lipid levels. The possibility was examined that the coffee-cholesterol relationship might be due to a more atherogenic diet consumed by heavy coffee drinkers. In men, per cent calories from both total and saturated fat and dietary cholesterol intake increased with increased coffee consumption. Similar trends were not observed in women, however. The positive relationship between coffee and cholesterol may therefore be due to confounding effects of other aspects of the diet.

Emerging scientific studies have supported the hypothesis that exposure to environmental chemicals increases the incidence of diverse human metabolic disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between fluoride exposure and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in people from the Central Region of Mexico. This research included 575 adult individuals. Urinary fluoride concentrations were determined using a potentiometric method. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were also acquired. Serum fasting glucose and lipid levels were quantified. For the MetS screening, we used the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. The mean urinary fluoride levels were 3.50 ± 2.50 mg/L. The prevalence of MetS was approximately 27 and 25% according to NCEP ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations (p < 0.05) between urinary fluoride concentrations and MetS occurrence using NCEP ATP III criteria (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.05–2.10) and IDF criteria (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 0.95–1.45). These findings emphasize the need to discover the underlying mechanisms that fluoride exposure has on MetS pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic disease has recently become more evident in middle- and low-income countries. We hypothesized that poor socioeconomic conditions, such as food insecurity, low educational level, or low SES, may restrict access to a healthy diet and may be associated with cardiometabolic risk independently of body fat. This study examined the relation between socioeconomic indicators, body fat, and cardiometabolic disease risk markers in a random sample of mothers living in Queretaro, Mexico. Young and middle-aged mothers (n = 321) answered validated questionnaires to determine SES, food insecurity, and educational level and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to determine dietary patterns and the cost of individual diet. Clinical measurements included anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids profile, glucose, and insulin. Obesity was present in 29% of the participants. Women with moderate food insecurity had higher waist circumference, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance than women with food security. High triglyceride concentration and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower SES and lower educational level. Women who consumed a lower carbohydrate diet had higher SES, higher education, and better cardiovascular risk markers. The higher carbohydrate diet profile was the least expensive diet. There was an inverse association between the cost and energy-density of foods. In conclusion, food insecurity was associated with glycemic control markers, and lower SES and education were related to a low-cost, higher carbohydrate diet and to a greater cardiovascular risk. The influence of the social environment on obesity and cardiovascular diseases needs to be further explored. In Mexican mothers, food insecurity (FI) and socioeconomic status (SES) relate differently to cardiometabolic risk. The higher SES group is associated with lower body fat, lower body mass index (BMI), and a higher-cost lower carbohydrate (CH) diet, which we consider the healthiest. The lower CH diet is related with lower triglycerides, lower insulin, and higher cholesterol concentrations (HDL and LDL) compared with the higher CH diet. FI is linked with more abdominal fat and higher glucose. Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidaemias result from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including diet disequilibrium and physical inactivity. Among the genetic factors associated with serum lipids, the Taq1B CETP polymorphism has been investigated. The B1 allele has been considered as a risk factor for dyslipidaemia because of its association with greater CETP levels and higher serum triglycerides. The present study aimed to determine the role of the Taq1B polymorphism with lipid and anthropometric variables and its interaction with diet and physical activity. Methods: In total, 215 subjects were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. Diet intake was evaluated using a 3‐day food consumption record and physical activity was determined in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations. The Taq1B CETP polymorphism was determined by allelic discrimination. Results: Subjects with the B1B2/B2B2 genotype, who had a sucrose consumption ≥5% of the total kcal day−1, had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) [165.55 (142.21–188.89) mg dL−1 versus 200.19 (184.79–215.60) mg dL−1; P for interaction = 0.034] and low‐density lipoprotein [99.29 (75.52–123.05) mg dL−1 versus 128.64 (113.59–143.69) mg dL−1; P for interaction = 0.037] than subjects with the B1B1 genotype. Subjects who did not perform physical activity and had the B1B2/B2B2 genotype showed significantly higher levels of TC [177.48 (161.36–193.60) mg dL−1 versus 194.49 (185.43–203.56) mg mL−1; P for interaction = 0.033] than subjects with the B1B1 genotype. Conclusions: We provide evidence that subjects with inadequate environmental factors carriers of the polymorphic genotype had higher serum lipid levels than subjects with the B1B1 genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of death in Mexico. Atherogenic lipid profile is a key component in AMI. Thus, it is imperative to find drug therapies able to reduce atherogenic lipids in AMI patients and prevent subsequent myocardial infarctions. Aim of the study. To investigate the effect of polypill (Sincronium®) alone or combined with beta blockers (BB) and/or thiazide diuretics (TD) on total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and cardiovascular risk markers in a Mexican population with AMI. Secondary AMI-prevention patients (n = 256) were included in the study and categorized into three groups depending on the drug scheme, as follows: polypill (n = 150), polypill+BB (n = 91), and polypill + BB + TD (n = 15). Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk markers were evaluated in each patient before and 6 months after drug therapy. The Wilcoxon-matched pairs signed rank test showed significant ∼25–30% reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL in the polypill group as compared to polypill + BB and polypill + BB + TD groups. On the contrary, HDL was significantly increased in polypill and polypill + BB groups. Polypill therapy showed more marked reductions in blood pressure, atherogenic index, Framingham risk score, and vascular age with respect to polypill + BB and polypill + BB + TD groups. This study demonstrates for the first time that polypill therapy without being combined with BB and TD is effective to improve the atherogenic lipid profile and cardiovascular risk markers in AMI patients. Further studies are needed to examine the efficacy of polypill in reducing the occurrence of a second AMI in the Mexican population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for the development of several diseases. The genetic component of hypertriglyceridemia has been studied in adults, but little is known in children. Objective The objective is to evaluate the association of two variants in APOA5 (rs662799) and APOA1 (rs5072) with triglyceride (TG) levels in Mexican children. Methods Anthropometric parameters were measured in 1559 Mexican children 5-14 years of age. DNA was isolated from blood samples. Lipid profiles and glucose concentrations were determined from serum and genotyping of rs662799, and rs5072 was performed using TaqMan® technology. Additive and dominant models adjusted for age, gender and body mass index were used to evaluate the association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms with TG levels. Results Children with high TG levels were found to have a higher body mass index and waist circumference as well as a worse lipids profile and glucose levels ( p < 0.001). Additive and dominant models demonstrated a significant association between the rs662799 and rs5072 with TG. The dominant model showed the strongest significant association (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.46-2.24; p = 5.40 × 10−08 for rs662799 and OR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.05-2.25; p = 2.60 × 10−02 for rs5072). Conclusion The minor alleles of rs662799 ( APOA5) and rs5072 ( APOA1) modulate TG levels in Mexican children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exposure to arsenic (As) concentrations in drinking water > 150 μg/L has been associated with risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the effects of lower exposures. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine whether moderate As exposure, or indicators of individual As metabolism at these levels of exposure, are associated with cardiometabolic risk. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional associations between arsenic exposure and multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk using drinking-water As measurements and urinary As species data obtained from 1,160 adults in Chihuahua, Mexico, who were recruited in 2008-2013. Fasting blood glucose and lipid levels, the results of an oral glucose tolerance test, and blood pressure were used to characterize cardiometabolic risk. Multivariable logistic, multinomial, and linear regression were used to assess associations between cardiometabolic outcomes and water As or the sum of inorganic and methylated As species in urine. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, concentrations in the second quartile of water As (25.5 to < 47.9 μg/L) and concentrations of total speciated urinary As (< 55.8 μg/L) below the median were significantly associated with elevated triglycerides, high total cholesterol, and diabetes. However, moderate water and urinary As levels were also positively associated with HDL cholesterol. Associations between arsenic exposure and both dysglycemia and triglyceridemia were higher among individuals with higher proportions of dimethylarsenic in urine. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate exposure to As may increase cardiometabolic risk, particularly in individuals with high proportions of urinary dimethylarsenic. In this cohort, As exposure was associated with several markers of increased cardiometabolic risk (diabetes, triglyceridemia, and cholesterolemia), but exposure was also associated with higher rather than lower HDL cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the predictors of hypercholesterolemia and of hypertriglyceridemia during the first half of pregnancy in Mexican women.Methods: Cross-sectional comparative study of pregnant women with less than 21 weeks of gestational age.Measurements: Demographic information, obstetric history, prepregnancy body mass index, cholesterol and triglycerides. Cross tabulations and multiple logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: 230 participants; 61 women with normal prepregnancy body mass index, 108 with overweight, and 61 with obesity. Dyslipidemia was defined as elevated cholesterol (>180 mg/dL) or triglycerides (>170 mg/dL). After adjusting by potential confounders, independent predictors of hypercholesterolemia included being overweight (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.9), being obese (OR=3.7 95% CI 1.6-8.4) or being on the second trimester of pregnancy. The same predictors were found for hypertriglyceridemia, respectively OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.6, OR=2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.5, OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.7.Conclusion: Mexican women with prepregnancy overweight or obesity have greater risk of suffering hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy. Women in the second trimester had higher levels of both lipids as compared to the first one. This is the first Mexican study that confirms the increase of lipids as gestational age progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Interpreting medical data from clinical laboratory analyses is a key process in making clinical patient decisions. The decisions are based upon comparing patient results against the reference intervals that are calculated using results from human reference populations. Objective. Determine the reference intervals of the lipid profile of worker and student populations at the Autonomous University of Morelos State. Materials and Methods. The subjects were a volunteer group of 142 participants between 20 and 45 years old. The concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was determined by endpoint methods of enzymic analyses. The reference intervals were established using non - parametric methods within the two tailed 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Results. The reference intervals were: total cholesterol 90.0-208.3 mg/dL (2.4-5.4 mmol/L); triglycerides 40.7-215.8 mg/dL (0.46-2.5 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol 26.0-74.9 mg/dL (0.68-1.9 mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol 31.4-126.7 mg/dL (0.82-3.3 mmol/L). Conclusions. Comparing our data with other populations found that our results are very similar to other reference populations, and we recommend the use of these values for the clinical interpretation of the university population of the Morelos State, where food, genetics and environmental factors are characteristic of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that quantified the concentrations of total lipids, cholesterol and plasmatic trigylcerides of breeding pups of Zalophus californianus from Los Islotes, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Materials and methods; Characteristics of the population studied; Chemical parameters of the population.