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This study aimed to assess the prevalence of neuropsychiatric sequelae following traumatic brain injury (TBI) among the Western Asian, South Asian and African regions of the global south. All studies on psychiatric disturbances or cognitive impairment following TBI conducted (until August 2021) in the 83 countries that constitute the aforementioned regions were reviewed; 6 databases were selected for the literature search. After evaluating the articles using the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, the random effects model was used to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), TBI-related sleep disturbance (TBISD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and cognitive impairment. Of 56 non-duplicated studies identified in the initial search, 27 were eligible for systematic review and 23 for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of depression in 1,882 samples was 35.35%, that of anxiety in 1,211 samples was 28.64%, that of PTSD in 426 samples was 19.94%, that of OCD in 313 samples was 19.48%, that of TBI-SD in 562 samples was 26.67% and that of cognitive impairment in 941 samples was 49.10%. To date, this is the first critical review to examine the spectrum of postTBI neuropsychiatric sequelae in the specified regions. Although existing studies lack homogeneous data due to variability in the diagnostic tools and outcome measures utilised, the reported prevalence rates are significant and comparable to statistics from the global north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the neuropsychological performance of two frontal dysexecutive phenotypes - disinhibited' syndrome (DS) and 'apathetic' syndrome (AS) following a traumatic brain injury in a non-western population, Oman. Methods: The study compared the performance of DS and AS in neuropsychological measures including those tapping into verbal reasoning ability/working memory/attention planning/goal-directed behavior and affective ranges. Results: The present analysis showed that DS and AS participants did not differ on indices measuring working memory/attention and affective ranges. However, the two cohorts differed significantly in measures of planning/goal-directed behaviour. Conclusion: This study lays the groundwork for further scrutiny in delineating the different characteristics of what has been previously labelled as frontal dysexecutive phenotype. This study indicates that DS and AS are marked with specific neuropsychological deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the relationship between serum testosterone levels, age, length of stay, admission, discharge and changes in functional capacity over time among patients with traumatic brain injury treated in a rehabilitation hospital. Design: This study used a nonrandomized chart review of 54 males, consecutively admitted to a brain injury rehabilitation hospital. Methods: The charts of 54 males consecutively admitted to a brain injury rehabilitation unit between the periods of December 2004 and May 2005 were included in this study. Individuals were included in this study if they were 18 years of age or older, had suffered a traumatic brain injury, undergone admission and discharge, functional independence measure (FIM) testing and had received a serum testosterone level check within one to seven days from admission. Main outcome and results: The main outcome measure of this study was the FIM changes over time, as compared with admission testosterone levels. Low serum testosterone levels on admission to the in-patient rehabilitation unit were associated with longer lengths of stay, lower average admission FIM scores, less improvement in FIM scores, and a lower FIM efficiency. Although not statistically significant, individuals presenting to our unit with low testosterone levels, on average, stayed 26 days longer than did those with normal levels. Age and the presence of multi-trauma did not appear to be factors associated with serum testosterone levels. Changes in discharge cognitive FIM scores between the two groups approached statistical significance (p = 0.06). Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that testosterone levels may be important in the recovery of patients with traumatic brain injury, treated at an in-patient rehabilitation hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rehabilitation of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient is especially challenging in non-western populations as the phenotypic indicators as well as the neurobehavioral assessments for the survivors of brain injury are limited. Objective: The study screened for the prevalence of anxiety and depressive states among patients with TBI and examined the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to identify TBI patients with comorbid affective dysfunctions, specifically anxiety and depressive disorders, in an Omani population. Methods: Sixty-eight survivors of TBI were screened with the semi-structured, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the HADS. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was calculated to discriminate the power of the HADS for every possible threshold score. Results: The semi-structured interview revealed the prevalence rate of 57.4% for depressive disorder and 50% for anxiety disorder. The sensitivity (53.8%) and specificity 75.9%, gave the best compromise using the cut-off score of 4, suggesting HADS is not a useful screening tool for this particular population. Conclusions: Phenotypic indicators as detected by CIDI revealed that prevalence of affective dysfunctionality is common among this TBI population. Although the HADS is the most widely used screening instrument in other clinical populations, it does not appear to be a reliable resource in identifying depression and anxiety in people with traumatic brain injury in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the ability of the Useful Field of View (UFOV) test to measure change in attention of patients with acquired brain injury (ABl) when given methylphenidate in an inpatient rehabilitation unit. Design: This study reviewed data from consecutive patients who were given methylphenidate while being monitored for visual processing speed, divided attention, and selective attention with the UFOV test. Changes in UFOV scores were also compared with changes in Functional Impairment Measures (FIM). Patients: A series of 16 patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (n = 12) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 4) were followed before and after taking methylphenidate, as a part of treatment for clinically identified attentional deficit. Results: The introduction of methylphenidate correlated with an improvement in processing speed loss, divided attention loss, and selective attention loss on the UFOV test. Methylphenidate use was further correlated with improvement on FIM Cognition and FIM Activity of Daily Living subscales. Conclusions: Methylphenidate use, in an inpatient population of patients with ABI, resulted in a significant improvement in attention and divided attention, which can be measured by the UFOV. This change in attentional ability seems to correlate with improvement in the cognitive and the Activity of Daily Living subscales of the FIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Objective: To determine staff-documented sleep/wake patterns of hospitalized brain injury patients. Research Design: Cohort study. Methods and Procedures: Data on 17 patients were recorded hourly for a two-week period by staff as to the wakefulness of patients. In addition, demographic data and FIM scores were obtained. Main Outcomes and Results: Seventeen patients experienced interrupted sleep 71% of the night. This was true of 66% of the patients with traumatic brain injury and 92% of those with anoxic brain injury. One hundred percent of the women had a sleep disturbance as compared with 64% of the men. Patients who were at least 60 years of age had interrupted sleep 90% of the time as compared to those who were less than 25 years of age (70%). FIM scores and methylphenidate were not associated with sleep/wake patterns. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this pilot study is the first to assess the sleep/wake patterns of patients by staff review on an inpatient brain injury unit and its functional implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present our experience with 30 patients on functional outcomes of patients with anoxic brain injury (ABI, n =15) due to cardiac etiologies from freestanding inpatient rehabilitation hospital. A convenience sample of patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI, n =15) with similar demographic characteristic to ABI was used for comparison on indices of activity of daily living, cognition, mobility as well as other indices of functional prognosis such as hospital length of stay, cost and discharge predisposition. No statistical significant differences were found between the two groups on the presently employed outcome measures. This investigation supports the positive impact of inpatient rehabilitation for individuals with hypoxia of cardiac etiology. Future research comparing outcomes of ABI to TBI with larger, controlled trials is warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]