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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful surface-sensitive technique for molecular analysis. Its use is limited due to high cost, non-flexible rigid substrates such as silicon, alumina or glass and less reproducibility due to non-uniform surface. Recently, paper-based SERS substrates, a low-cost and highly flexible alternative, received significant attention. We report here a rapid, inexpensive method for chitosan-reduced, in-situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on paper devices towards direct utilization as SERS substrates. GNPs have been prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with chitosan as a reducing and capping reagent on the cellulose-based paper surface at 100 °C, under the saturated humidity condition (100 % humidity). GNPs thus obtained were uniformly distributed on the surface and had fairly uniform particle size with a diameter of 10 ± 2 nm. Substrate coverage of resulting GNPs directly depended on the precursor's ratio, temperature and reaction time. Techniques such as TEM, SEM, and FE-SEM were utilized to determine the shape, size, and distribution of GNPs on paper substrate. SERS substrate produced by this simple, rapid, reproducible and robust method of chitosan-reduced, in situ synthesis of GNPs, showed exceptional performance and long-term stability, with a detection limit of up to 1 pM concentration of test analyte, R6G. Present paper-based SERS substrates are cost-effective, reproducible, flexible, and suitable for field applications. [Display omitted] • In-situ synthesis of GNPs on a paper substrate for SERS applications using chitosan as a reducing agent with a detection limit of up to 1 pM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of fundamental and third order ac susceptibility measurements in a Ni49Mn29Ga22 single crystal demonstrate that higher harmonics of ac-susceptibility measurement is an excellent tool to identify transitions/anomalies originating from different magnetic substructures that remain undetected by usual dc susceptibility measurements. Anomaly observed at low temperature (∼150 K) has also been explored by differential scanning calorimetry, temperature dependent x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The results demonstrate that the magnetic subsystem in Ni-Mn-Ga is unstable at low temperatures not only for metastable modulated crystal structure but also for very stable nonmodulated tetragonal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]