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Translation and (counter-)intelligence are two social-systemic boundary phenomena. Translation acts on the outside of the boundary, ectohomorously; (C)I acts on the inside, endohomorously. This article describes the complex interaction between them. Their functioning may overlap, as is the case in (C)I field operations, or they may act separately, as at (C)I headquarters. In the field, agents operate within a narrow, very focused sector with precise tactical tasks and they simply cannot always afford to have translators helping them; in the field, translation and (C)I tend to interact within one and the same agent who acts both endo- and ectohomorously. At headquarters, (C)I is removed from direct exposure to the enemy, so it can afford to act endohomorously and delegate the ectohomorous function to translation. Moreover, (C)I activities at HQ are strategic and cover expansive geopolitical regions, making it impossible to combine the endo- and ectohomorous functions in one agent. As a result, the focus of (C)I is on endohomorous functions, such as planning and carrying out (counter-)intelligence activities, and translation is practised by special agents: 'linguists' or 'translators'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of English Teaching & Learning is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The task of unsupervised image‐to‐image translation has seen substantial advancements in recent years through the use of deep neural networks. Typically, the proposed solutions learn the characterizing distribution of two large, unpaired collections of images, and are able to alter the appearance of a given image, while keeping its geometry intact. In this paper, we explore the capabilities of neural networks to understand image structure given only a single pair of images, A and B. We seek to generate images that are structurally aligned: that is, to generate an image that keeps the appearance and style of B, but has a structural arrangement that corresponds to A. The key idea is to map between image patches at different scales. This enables controlling the granularity at which analogies are produced, which determines the conceptual distinction between style and content. In addition to structural alignment, our method can be used to generate high quality imagery in other conditional generation tasks utilizing images A and B only: guided image synthesis, style and texture transfer, text translation as well as video translation. Our code and additional results are available in https://github.com/rmokady/structural-analogy/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinct role of the concept metaphor of "translation" in psychoanalysis has been obscured. It has generally been considered in conjunction if not synonymy with metaphors of "writing/graphy," leaving it theoretically underdetermined. Its distinct role went largely unnoticed, moreover, since Freud himself dropped the concept metaphor of translation from his work after 1900. However, this did not prevent it from re-surfacing in a pivotal role in Jean Laplanche's structural-linguistic accounts of "the drive to translate" and of the translation model of repression. To provide a bridge between Freud's remarks on the role of translation, and his own tenets on language in relation to the unconscious, Laplanche reads Walter Benjamin ([1923a] 1972) on translation—to incongruous effect, which this article proposes to address, in turn, by re-instating a distinct role for translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concurrence of different languages is one of the tenets of Rosenzweig Sprachdenken and of his translation activity which finds its main theoretical explication in the afterword to his 'Zweiundneunzig Hymnen und Gedichte des Yehuda Halevi' (Konstanz, Wöhrle, 1924). In the afterword to the translation of ha-Levi's lyrical corpus, Rosenzweig outlines a translation model which, trying to convey all the morphological, syntactic and lexical traits of the source language into the target language, gives way to a real linguistic fusion which defies the limits and boundaries of expression and opens onto a redemptive perspective. On the basis of this concluding note and of some passages from 'The Star of Redemption', the article tries to analyse Rosenzweig's idea of language and of its nexus with the idea of redemption with reference to Walter Benjamin's famous essay 'The Task of the Translator' and, as a point of convergence, with Paul Celan's conception of poetic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CycleGAN is one of the famous and basic methods for unpaired image-to-image translation tasks. Inspired by the experiments of the NIR-RGB translation, which is a kind of translation where images are translated from simple to complex or vice versa, we concluded the definition of asymmetric translation task. Because of the complexity difference between two domains, the complexity inequality in bidirectional translations is significant. We analyzed and witnessed the limitation of the original CycleGAN in asymmetric translation tasks and proposed an Asymmetric CycleGAN model with generators of unequal sizes to adapt to the asymmetric need in asymmetric translations. An empirical metric was also given to determine the asymmetric task from the aspect of image entropy and could be treated as the auxiliary guidance to design the asymmetric generators. Besides, the edge-retain loss between the input and the generated images was introduced to enhance the structural visual quality. Residual-block-net based and U-net based generators were both applied here to verify the Asymmetric CycleGAN. The performance of different depth of generators for Asymmetric CycleGAN was also discussed on the basis of experiments. The qualitative visual evaluation demonstrated that our model had achieved great improvements compared to original CycleGAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image-to-image translation has drawn great attention during the past few years. It aims to translate an image in one domain to a target image in another domain. However, three big challenges remain in image-to-image translation: (1) the lack of large amounts of aligned training pairs for various tasks; (2) the ambiguity of multiple possible outputs from a single input image; and (3) the lack of simultaneous training for multi-domain translation with a single network. Therefore in this paper, we propose a unified framework for learning to generate diverse outputs using unpaired training data and allow for simultaneous multi-domain translation via a single model. Moreover, we also observed from experiments that the implicit disentanglement of content and style could lead to undesirable results. Thus we investigate how to extract domain-level signal as explicit supervision so as to achieve better image-to-image translation. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method outperforms or is comparable with the state-of-the-art methods for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lepidopteral imaginary that animates Nabokov's relationship to translation can be understood in light of Deleuze and Guattari's notions of 'apparatus of capture' and 'rhizomatic becomings'. On the one hand, Nabokov's scientific fascination with butterflies frames his radically literal approach to translation. The scientific dissection of texts and butterflies 'captures' an original and singular content as it flutters, reducing it to the homogenised content of a target source. On the other hand, in Speak, Memory's engagement with 'multiple metamorphoses, familiar to butterflies', Nabokov as both literary artist and autobiographical personage becomes-butterfly with translation itself, entering into affective intensities with butterflies that include lepidopteral relations of movement and rest, speed and slowness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines passages of works by Saint Augustine, Nietzsche and Walter Benjamin based on certain themes proposed by Jacques Derrida, with an emphasis on the issue of translation and writing as an inscription of the self. The problem (the Benjaminian Aufgabe, that is, a necessary and impossible task) is how to translate the untranslatable, namely, the life, the necessity and the impossibility of this translation, narrated from the philosophy of these four authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When humans are administered continuous and predictable perturbations of stance, an adaptation period precedes the steady state of balancing behaviour. Little information is available on the modulation of adaptation by vision and perturbation frequency. Moreover, performance of supra-postural tasks may modulate adaptation in as yet unidentified ways. Our purpose was to identify differences in adaptation associated to distinct visual tasks and perturbation frequencies. Twenty non-disabled adult volunteers stood on a platform translating 10 cm in antero-posterior (AP) direction at low (LF, 0.18 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.56 Hz) with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC). Additional conditions were reading a text fixed to platform (EO-TP) and reading a text stationary on ground (EO-TG). Peak-to-peak (PP) displacement amplitude and AP position of head and pelvis markers were computed for each of 27 continuous perturbation cycles. The time constant and extent of head and pelvis adaptation and the cross-correlation coefficients between head and pelvis were compared across visual conditions and frequencies. Head and pelvis mean positions in space varied little across conditions and perturbation cycles but the mean head PP displacements changed over time. On average, at LF, the PP displacement of the head and pelvis increased progressively. Adaptation was rapid or ineffective with EO, but slower with EO-TG, EO-TP, EC. At HF, the head PP displacement amplitude decreased progressively with fast adaptation rates, while the pelvis adaptation was not apparent. The results show that visual tasks can modulate the adaptation rate, highlight the effect of the perturbation frequency on adaptation and provide evidence of priority assigned to pelvis stabilization over visual tasks at HF. The effects of perturbation frequency and optic flow and their interaction with other sensory inputs and cognitive tasks on the adaptation strategies should be investigated in impaired individuals and considered in the design of rehabilitation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article was elaborated for four hands, with two well defined tasks for each collaborator. The first is the result of a doctoral thesis on the transla- tions of biblical texts. The second, which focuses more on the various Targumim and their relationship to the New Testament, is the result of the "The Targum and the New Testament" Research Project. The main objective of this article is to show the relationship between the Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Text and the New Testament. Linked to this objective the article intends to show how these translations are the result of a long process of accommodation, revision and censorship, and finally of writing a tradition that has formed throughout history. To accomplish this will be covered the following steps. The first three parts of the article will be devoted to the presentation of the Targumim in its general aspects. The fourth part is dedicated to showing some parallels between the Targumim and some texts of New Testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irrespective of the educational level, grammar is typically tested in a very traditional manner by means of such tasks as multiple choice, gap filling, paraphrasing or translation. The problem with this manner of evaluation is that it mainly taps into learners' explicit, declarative knowledge that can only be applied when sufficient time is available. In addition, these tasks primarily focus on form, simultaneously ignoring the semantic and pragmatic aspects of grammatical knowledge. The article argues that such traditional tests should be complemented by what is referred to as productive and receptive focused communication tasks (Ellis, 2003), which necessitate the use of a specific grammar structure or at least are designed in such a way that such use is conducive to the attainment of the communicative goal. The application of such tasks allows insights into the implicit, or at least highly automatized, knowledge of the targeted structures (Ellis, 2009; DeKeyser, 2010) as well as shedding light on their form, meaning and use (Larsen-Freeman, 2003). It is suggested that their use not only enhances the validity of testing grammar but can also have a beneficial effect on the ways in which grammar is taught and learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognate facilitation and cognate interference in word production have been elicited separately, in different paradigms. In our experiment, we created conditions for facilitation and interference to occur sequentially, and identified the levels at which the two processes manifested. Bilinguals translated cognates and noncognates from L2 to L1 and typed the translations. Response-onset latencies were shorter for cognates (cognate-facilitation) but execution latencies were longer, and cross-language orthographic errors were more frequent for cognates than for noncognates (cognate-interference). Facilitation at onset followed by interference during word execution suggests that the language-selection mechanism operated efficiently at the lexical level but inefficiently at the sublexical level. It also suggests that language selection is not an event with irreversible outcome, but selection at one level may not guarantee language-selectivity at subsequent levels. We propose that a model of bilingual language production that specifies multiple language-selection processes at multiple loci of selection can accommodate this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the basic tasks that is expected of artistic translation is the preservation of -- as far as it is possible -- the original genre structure of the source text in the target text. This paper attempts to address the question how this task is being accomplished in the translation of long and short prose forms by the Czech author Bohumil Hrabal, including causiere, črta, esej, efemera, montaž, novela, povídka, reflexe, skica. It may seem that the publication of several compendia related to his literary heritage, that is, Slovník Bohumila Hrabala or Czesko-polski słownik terminów literackich by Baluch and Gierowski should help in genological ordering of Polish translations of Hrabal's works, affect the translation of texts that have not been rendered into Polish yet, and enable correct genological classification of texts that have already been translated. The author's ambition is to find the answer to the question of whether such genological ordering is actually possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his essay "The task of the translator", Benjamin aims to show that the translation is not a simple sequel product of the original text, but "exposes" the latter to the reader. Denying the communicative function of the literary text, he also denies an intermediate function of its translation, which does not open an access channel to the original text, since both are parts of a major totality, converging in "pure language". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Domínios de Lingu@gem is the property of Dominios de Lingu@gem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topos of the forest in James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans (1826), his most famous and most frequently translated novel, is endowed with a great thematic complexity. Any translation or adaptation of the novel is necessarily a demanding task. The article compares three Czech translations representative of three different periods (the 1890s, 1920s and 1960s) in order to assess their ability to express the main topological functions of the forest, of which attention is paid in particular to the mediation of the forest as an almost impenetrable area separating two powers and as a space both of conflict (a battle]eld) and of intercultural contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the translation process as a means of understanding how the affective component may enhance critical thinking skills and linguistic research when finding translation equivalents. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on Bally's (1905) understanding of translation as a medium for acquiring a better insight into the affective in translators' personalities, their knowledge of grammar and general knowledge (Collombat 2006) and Halliday's (1978) approach to text as a complex system. In the context of the translation classroom, the value of critical thinking, critical reading, and general knowledge emerges owing to the fact that not only peculiar aspects of grammar, semantics and syntax may be reached through the talk-alouds (Bernandini 2002), but also the affective component, often an important factor in the decisionmaking process. The paper explores whether the texts containing the affective component defer the completion of in-class translation tasks in a corpus comprised of two sets of texts where each set contains two excerpts of proximal ('set 1') or varying ('set 2') readability scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major benefit of computational models is their ability to demonstrate which theoretical assumptions are truly necessary to explain a pattern of data. Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte, and Rekké (in press) have impressively shown with Multilink that it is possible to account for a range of findings from bilingual lexical decision, word naming, and forward and backward translation tasks with an integrated lexicon, without lateral connections between translation equivalents, and without inhibition. In this commentary, we consider the applicability of the current model to other multilingual language production tasks, and note where the model's assumptions might need revision as its scope is expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]