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This article considers peculiarities of culture-specific expressions in political discourse and deals with translation problems of socio-political realia in frame of political communication. Relevance of the study is identified by the importance of providing adequate translation of specific lexis in maintaining pragmatic effect of original speech in target language. Article analyses national and cultural aspects of American political discourse based on national values presented in inaugural speech. Features of inaugural speech showcase the functional characteristics of performative genre of pollical rhetoric such as glorification of national virtues, appeal to traditional values, unification of the nations. On the basis of the study authors suggest that background knowledge about national and cultural identities of speakers enables the translator to solve translation problems caused by cultural “gap” between participants of the discourse. It is also proved that effective application of translation techniques that helps to transfer not only form but also the content, meaning and cultural coloring of realia. Content analysis of source language speech, comparative translation analysis of materials in English and Russian as well as quantitative method are applied. Results show that mechanical transmissions, creation of new expressions and likening techniques are among frequently used techniques for translation of culturally marked expressions., Мақала саяси дискурстағы мәдени-ерекшеленген тіркестердің сипаттарын қарастырады және саяси коммуникация аясындағы әлеуметтік-саяси реалияларды аудару мәселелерін қарастырады. Зерттеудің өзектілігі түпнұсқада берілген прагматикалық әсерді аударма тілінде сақтауда арнайы лексиканың барабар аудармасын қамтамасыз ету маңыздылығымен анықталады. Мақалада сипатталған американдық саяси дискурстың ұлттық және мәдени аспектілері инаугурацияда ұсынылған ұлттық құндылықтарға негізделген. Инаугурациялық сөздің ерекшеліктері ұлттық қасиеттерді дәріптеу, дәстүрлі құндылықтарға үндеу, ұлттарды біріктіру сияқты саяси риториканың перформативті жанрының функционалдық ерекшеліктерін көрсетеді. Зерттеудің негізінде авторлар сөйлеушілердің ұлттық-мәдени ерекшеліктері туралы аялық білім аудармашыға дискурс қатысушыларының арасындағы мәдени «алшақтықтан» туындаған аударма мәселелерін шешуге мүмкіндік береді деп болжайды. Сондай-ақ реалияның формасын ғана емес, мазмұнын, мағынасын және мәдени бояуын беруге көмектесетін аударма әдістерін қолдану тиімділігі дәлелденді. Бастапқы тілдегі сөзге мазмұндық талдау жасау, ағылшын және орыс тілдерінде берілген материалдарға салыстырмалы аудармалық талдау жасау, сонымен қатар сан-мөлшер әдісі қолданылды. Нәтижелер механикалық әдіс, жаңа сөз жасау және ұқсату әдістері мәдени өрнектелген тіркестерді аудару үшін жиі қолданылатын әдістердің бірі екенін көрсетеді., В статье рассматриваются особенности культурно-специфических выражений в политическом дискурсе, а также проблемы перевода социально-политических реалий в рамках политической коммуникации. Актуальность исследования определяется важностью обеспечения адекватного перевода специфичной лексики для сохранения прагматического эффекта оригинальной речи на языке перевода. В статье анализируются национально-культурные аспекты американского политического дискурса на основе национальных ценностей, представленных в инаугурационной речи. Особенности инаугурационной речи демонстрируют функциональные характеристики перформативного жанра политической риторики, такие как прославление национальных достоинств, воззвание к традиционным ценностям, объединение наций. На основании проведенного исследования авторы предполагают, что фоновые знания национальной и культурной идентичности носителей языка позволяют переводчику решать переводческие проблемы, вызванные культурным «разрывом» между участниками дискурса. Также доказано эффективное применение переводческих приемов, позволяющих передать не только форму, но и содержание, смысл и культурную окраску реалий. Применяется контент-анализ речи исходного языка, сравнительный переводческий анализ материалов на английском и русском языках, а также количественный метод. Результаты показывают, что приемы механической передачи, создание новой лексемы и уподобляющие приемы являются одними из часто используемых методов перевода культурно маркированных выражений., Филологические науки, Выпуск 1 (68) 2023

The object of research: This study is aimed to categorize the types of translation techniques and the most prevalent translation techniques used in movie subtitles, because the phenomenon that frequently occurs shows that it has a tendency to use subtitles regardless of their disadvantages, so the translator requires appropriate translation techniques in order to transfer the message clearly from the source language into the target language Investigated problem: The recent phenomenon in Indonesia shows that it has the tendency on using the subtitle regardless its drawback. As it is known, there is still the use of subtitles that are not of good quality and there is also the use of subtitles whose quality is much better based on the use appropriate translation techniques. Methodology: To answer the research question, a descriptive qualitative research strategy was utilized, as well as content analysis, which focuses on the analysis of the sorts of translation approaches proposed by Molina and Albir. The researchers used movie and documentation as the research instrument. The data source of this research was the movie script “The Spongebob Movie: Sponge on The Run” The area of practical use of the research results: As the result of this research, the researchers found 14 types of translation techniques. The most dominant of translation techniques is literal translation 67 data (33.5 %), followed by modulation 55 data (27.5 %), generalization 26 data (13 %), linguistic amplification 11 data (5.5 %), established equivalence 9 data (4.5 %), linguistic compression 8 data (4 %), transposition 7 data (3.5 %), compensation 5 data (2.5 %), calque and reduction 3 data for each other (1.5 %), borrowing and discursive creation 2 data for each other (1 %), adaptation and description 1 data for each other (0.5 %). Involving the total data are 200 data Innovative technological product: The result of this research as the reflection and references for linguists and scientist not only to the quality of machine translation such as google translate, and so on but also to the use of good translation in the subtitle in the future. Scope of the innovative technological product: The scope lies on the subtitle product produced by translator. The translator needs to know the target (audience) and the translation must meet the criteria and the target. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the translation techniques used in the translation of subtitle are literal translation and modulation. The result shows that literal translation and modulation are the main contributors on the translation techniques in order to accurately translate it

The research aimed to describe the translation techniques and translation qualities of Dayak cultural terms. The data were obtained from tatum, an oral culture of Dayak that had been transcribed and rewritten in Dayak Ngaju, Indonesian and English in a book entitled The Ot Danum from Tumbang Miri until Tumbang Rungan. The research used descriptive qualitative method with content analysis. It attempted to explain the translation techniques and translation qualities of Dayak cultural terms that were translated from Dayak Ngaju to Indonesian and from Indonesian to English. The Dayak cultural terms analysed were related to organization, customs, belief, and kinship system of Dayak. The translation techniques of Dayak cultural terms from Dayak Ngaju to Indonesian were pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing, established equivalent, generalization, variant borrowing, description, and amplification, and the translation qualities were 2.80 of accuracy and 2.84 of acceptablity. The Dayak cultural terms found in the target language (Indonesian translation) were decreased in number as the effect of the translation techniques used. The translation technique of Dayak cultural terms from Indonesian to English was pure borrowing, and the translation quality were 3 of accuracy and 2.75 of acceptability.

This research entitled Translation Techniques of Illocutionary Acts in Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen Novel's "Chicken Soup for the Mother of Preschooler's Soul". It is directed to find out the illocutionary acts and the translation techniques in translating quotes in target language. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. Based on the analysis, there are 3 illocutionary acts used including Representative occurs 65 times, represents 77,38%. Directive occurs 16 times, represents 19,05%. Commissive occurs 3 times, represents 3,57%. There are no Declaration and expressive illocutionary are found. The researcher also found there are 15 translation techniques by Molina Albir. They are Adaptation (4 data) 4,76%, Amplification (7 data) 8,33%, Pure Borrowing (1 data) 1,19%, Naturalized Borrowing (2 data) 2,38%, compensation (6 data) 7,14%, description (1 data) 1,19%, discursive creation (5 data) 5,95%, establish equivalent (9 data) 10,71%, generalization (1 data) 1,19%, linguistic amplification (15 data) 17,86%, linguistic compression (7 data) 8,33%, literal translation (12 data) 14,29%, modulation (2 data) 2,38%, particularization (3 data) 3,57%, reduction (4 data) 4,76%, transposition (5 data) 5.95%. The total data is 84. The technique of translation that the researcher found is dominated by Linguistic Amplification technique 17,86%. it is caused by illocutionary acts which contain mostly linguistic amplification that make the message more clearly to the target reader. From the findings, it concludes that the translator should know about the pragmatic, speech acts that involve illocutionary acts to maintain the intention from the author and understand the technique in translating text to get good translation to make the readers understand and get the message of the text.

This study is a about the analysis of impoliteness strategies are translated into Bahasa Indonesia. The data were taken from the fourth series of Harry Potter series entitled Harry Potter and Goblet of Fire and its translation version Harry Potter dan Piala Api. The aims of this study are to find out the types of impoliteness strategies in the original novel and to identify what techniques applied to translate of the impoliteness. This study used impoliteness strategies theory proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1995) in order to analyze the impoliteness strategies as the linguistic data. The translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) was used to identify the translation techniques applied by translator.

Благодарности: автор выражает огромную благодарность научному руководителю — кандидату филологических наук, доценту Бортникову Владиславу Игоревичу за помощь в подготовке доклада и тезисов. Acknowledgments: The author expresses her utmost gratitude to Bortnikov Vladislav Igorevich — Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, for his help in preparing this report. Доклад посвящен выявлению переводческих трудностей (имена собственные, омонимы, авторские неологизмы, местоимение you и др.) в пятой главе книги «Гарри Поттер и философский камень» на основе переводов, выполненных системами «Яндекс.Переводчик» и Google Translate. Based on Yandex.Translate and Google Translate translations, the study aims at identifying translation difficulties (proper names, homonyms, occasional words, the pronoun «you», etc.) in the fifth chapter of the book «Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone».

This research attempted to find out the translation techniques and grammatical errors in students’ Indonesian-English text translation. The objectives of this research were to describe the choice of translation techniques and grammatical errors of the students’ translation of a narrative text. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The translation techniques analysis was done by using Molina and Albir's (2002) classification of translation techniques while grammatical errors of the students’ translation were analyzed using the guide for correcting writing errors by Betty Azar (1941). The translation technique analysis was done by comparing the students’ translation work with the source text of a narrative entitled Lari Kepagian then grammatical errors analysis was done to find out their errors in the use of grammatical rules. The result of the study found that there were 3012 data of translation techniques and 429 grammatical errors. The data showed that the most used translation techniques were literal translation technique (30.1%) and modulation technique (22.6%) and the most grammatical errors made was capitalization (18.2%) and verb tense (16.6%). The most used translation technique that resulted in most grammatical errors was modulation technique (17%) in the translation done by 24 students. Keywords: translation; translation techniques; students’ translation; grammar; grammatical errors; narrative text

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Особенности перевода национально-прецедентных феноменов в речах политических деятелей России и США». В работе исследуются приёмы перевода национально-прецедентных феноменов в речах российских и американских политических деятелей. Цель исследования заключается в анализе специфики перевода с русского на английский язык и с английского на русский язык национально-прецедентных феноменов на примере конкретных высказываний русских и американских политических деятелей и выявлении оптимальных переводческих решений. В ходе выполнения работы применялись такие методы исследования, как метод реферирования справочной литературы, метод сплошной выборки, а так-же интерпретационный переводческий анализ. Был проведён анализ переводческих трансформаций, представленных в различных интернет-источниках. В результате было установлено, что для перевода прецедентных имён наиболее часто задействуются транскрипция, транслитерация и калькирование, для прецедентных высказываний – целостное преобразование, для прецедентных ситуаций и текстов – дословный перевод. Предлагаются варианты оптимизации данных переводческих решений при помощи задействования процесса лингвистического транскодирования, реноминации, подбора аналогов в языке перевода и применения переводческого комментария. Данные переводческие трансформации позволяют более удачно интерпретировать лингвокультурно-детерминированный инвариант восприятия, заложенный в значении национально-прецедентного феномена. Применение полученных результатов возможно при переводе текстов политико-публицистической тематики., The topic of the bachelor thesis is “Particularities of national precedent phenomena translation in the speeches of Russian and American politicians”. In the work translation techniques of national precedent phenomena in the speeches of Russian and American politicians are examined. The purpose of the work is to analyze the specifics of national precedent phenomena translation from Russian into English and from English into Russian on the example of particular statements of Russian and American politicians and to identify relevant translation tactics. In the course of the work such research methods as the method of reference literature summarizing, the method of continuous sampling as well as interpretive translation analysis are used. The analysis of translation techniques from different internet sources is fulfilled. As a result, it was found that transcription, transliteration and word-for-word translation are most often used for translation of precedent names, holistic transformation – for precedent phrases, word-for-word translation – for precedent situations and texts. Options for improvement of these translation techniques are suggested through the use of linguistic transcoding, renaming, translation reference or selection of analogues in the language of translation. These translation techniques provides more relevant interpretation of linguoculturally determined invariant of perception of a national precedent phenomenon meaning. Obtained results can be applied while translating political and publicistic texts.

"Przekładaniec" to recenzowane czasopismo naukowe Wydziału Polonistyki UJ, poświęcone przekładowi jako zjawisku kulturowemu, gatunkowi literackiemu, formie komunikacji międzykulturowej oraz sztuki. Autorzy reprezentują różnorodne obszary badawcze: teorię, historię i socjologię przekładu, antropologię, kulturoznawstwo, krytykę literacką, komparatystykę i historię literatury, filologię klasyczną i nowożytną oraz językoznawstwo. Numery pisma mają zasadniczo charakter monograficzny. Dział "Varia" obejmuje teksty spoza głównej tematyki poszczególnych numerów, a "Lektury" to omówienia najnowszych publikacji przekładoznawczych, zwłaszcza polskich. "Przekładaniec" ukazuje się w języku polskim, ale wychodzi poza obszar polskojęzyczny i jest otwarty na artykuły w innych językach. Wybrane numery pisma dostępne są w wersji anglojęzycznej w postaci elektronicznej.

El presente trabajo de final de grado pretende analizar los diferentes retos y técnicas traductológicas que se llevan a cabo en el proceso de doblaje de una película de animación dirigida a un público infantil. Para ello, en el marco teórico hemos analizado el cine de animación y sus características de traducción; el doblaje, las diferentes fases de producción y las restricciones que nos encontramos a la hora de adaptar la traducción. Finalmente nos hemos centrado en el doblaje dentro del género de la animación y sus características. Después de plasmar los fundamentos teóricos, hemos analizado los retos y las técnicas de traducción a los que se ha enfrentado el traductor Kenneth Post aportando ejemplos de la película Abominable (2019). Our study aims to analyze the translation techniques and challenges that can be found in the dubbing process of an animated film intended for a childaudience. Therefore, in the theoretical framework we have studied the animated film genre and its translation features; the dubbing, the production stages and the restrictions that must be followed when adjusting the translation. Finally, we have focused on animated genre dubbing and its characteristics. After reflecting the theoretical foundations, we have analized the translation challenges and thecniques that the translator, Kenneth Post, has come across providing examples from the film Abominable (2019). El present treball de final de grau pretén analitzar els diferents reptes i tècniques traductológicas que es duen a terme en el procés de doblatge d'una pel·lícula d'animació dirigida a un públic infantil. Per a això, en el marc teòric hem analitzat el cinema d'animació i les seves característiques de traducció; el doblatge, les diferents fases de producció i les restriccions que ens trobem a l'hora d'adaptar la traducció. Finalment ens hem centrat en el doblatge dins del gènere de l'animació i les seves característiques. Després de plasmar els fonaments teòrics, hem analitzat els reptes i les tècniques de traducció als quals s'ha enfrontat el traductor Kenneth Post aportant exemples de la pel·lícula Abominable (2019).

У статті представлено дослідження з питання перекладності елементів науково-технічного дискурсу однієї мови, їх функцій, семантичної ролі та відтворення метазасобами іншої мови, тобто у процесі перекладу. Розглянуто характерні властивості текстів англомовного науково-технічного дискурсу, ключові критерії, що роблять їх відмінними від україномовного дискурсу; проаналізовано ряд особливостей, методів, прийомів, а також складнощів перекладу на українську мову з англійської текстів науково-технічного спрямування. Зокрема, увагу зосереджено на важливості професійних умінь перекладача та його здатності відтворити правильний, чіткий, адекватний переклад, зміст якого цілковито відповідав би змісту оригінального тексту. Розглянуто поняття науково-технічного дискурсу, його визначальних рис та їх відображення в процесі перекладу; поняття терміну й особливої специфіки вживання загальнонаукової та вузькопрофільної термінології текстів науково-технічного жанру. Виокремлено основні лінгвістичні, лексичні та граматичні конститутивні характеристики різних видів текстів англомовної науково-технічної літератури та їх безпосередній зв’язок із фундаментальним завданням перекладу. Корпус дослідження сформовано з використанням вибірки текстів, словосполучень та окремих слів з науково-технічної літератури різних галузей, що дало можливість представити, детально проаналізувати та об’єктивно порівняти різні способи перекладу повідомлень даного виду дискурсу. На основі проведеного дослідження виявлено можливість чи неможливість здійснення адекватного перекладу; основні методики, що сприяють його здійсненню; професіональні прийоми, які мають бути використані перекладачем під час процесу перекладу будь-якого тексту (зокрема, науково-технічного), а також засоби відтворення інформативного посилу того чи іншого оригінального тексту у перекладній одиниці. Доведено актуальність даної теми, важливість вивчення її предмета та об’єкта. Підсумовано найчастіше використовувані у процесі перекладу шляхи та способи інтерпретації вихідного тексту, у результаті чого виведено наглядну діаграму. This article deals with the research on the translatability of elements of scientific and technical discourse, their functions, semantic role, and rendering by meta-means of one language by means of the other, that is, in the process of translation. The characteristic properties of the texts of English-language scientific and technical discourse and the key criteria that make them different from the Ukrainian ones are considered; a number of features, methods, techniques and difficulties of translation of texts of scientific and technical direction from English into Ukrainian are analyzed. In particular, the focus is on the importance of the professional skills of the translator and his / her ability to reproduce a correct, clear, adequate translation, the content of which would be fully consistent with the content of the source text. The concept of scientific and technical discourse, its defining features and their reflection in the translation process are also regarded; as well as the concept of the term and the specifics of the use of general scientific and narrow-profile terminology of scientific and technical texts. The article also highlights the main linguistic, lexical and grammatical constitutive characteristics of different types of English-language scientific and technical texts and their direct relation to the fundamental task of translation. The body of the research was formed using a selection of texts, phrases and separate words from scientific and technical literature of different fields, which made it possible to present, analyze in detail and objectively compare different ways of translating messages of this kind of discourse. On the basis of the conducted research the possibility or impossibility of adequate translation realization is revealed, basic techniques that facilitate its implementation and professional techniques to be used by a translator in the process of translating any text (including scientific and technical), as well as means of conveying the informative message of a source text in the target units are mentioned. In this article the relevance of this topic and the importance of studying its subject and object are proved. The most commonly used ways and interpretations of the source text in translation are summarized and generalized in the graphical diagram.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Лексико-стилистические особенности английской устной литературной речи и специфика их перевода на русский язык на примере сериала “Downton Abbey”». Данная работа посвящена характеристике лексико-стилистических особенностей английской устной литературной речи в сериале “Downton Abbey”, в частности, в диалогах образованных героев, и определению наилучших способов их перевода. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Дать определение понятию перевода; 2. Исследовать понятия адекватности и эквивалентности перевода; 3. Рассмотреть особенности устного литературного стиля английской речи; 4. Проанализировать две существующих версии перевода сериала “Downton Abbey” с точки зрения их адекватности и эквивалентности; 5. Собрать и проанализировать статистические данные использования лексико-стилистических особенностей, характерных устному литературному стилю речи, в сценарии сериала “Downton Abbey”. Материалом исследования в данной работе послужил сценарий сериала “Downton Abbey” Дж. Феллоуза. Был проведён анализ текста сценария с точки зрения реализации в нём лексико-стилистических особенностей английской устной литературной речи, а также проанализированы две существующие версии перевода сериала с точки зрения их эквивалентности и адекватности. Более того, была собрана и приведена статистика частотности стилистических приёмов, найденных в тексте оригинала. В результате, в работе были изучены способы перевода особенностей английской устной литературной речи в сценарии сериала “Downton Abbey” на русский язык. Рассмотрено использование различных переводческих приёмов в двух существующих версиях дубляжа сериала. Проведён количественный анализ реализации особенностей английской устной литературной речи в тексте сценария сериала “Downton Abbey”., The subject of the graduate qualification work is “Lexical and stylistic features of the English oral literary speech and possible methods to translate them into Russian by the example of the TV series “Downton Abbey””. The given work is devoted to the description of the English oral literary speech features in the script of “Downton Abbey”, in particular, in the dialogs of the educated characters, and figuring out the best ways to translate them into Russian. The research set the following goals: 1. Defining of the concept of the translation. 2. Studying the notion of the adequacy and equivalency of the translation. 3. Examination of the English oral literary speech features; 4. Analysis of the two existing versions of the translation of the “Downton Ab- bey” series from the adequacy and equivalency point of view; 5. Collection and analysis of the statistical data of the use of the oral literary speech features in the script of “Downton Abbey”. The work was fulfilled using the script of the “Downton Abbey” series by Julian Fellowes. The analysis of the text was conducted from the realization of the oral literary speech features point of view, moreover, the two existing versions of the translation of the script into Russian were analyzed from the adequacy and equivalency point of view. Further still, the statistics of the frequency of the stylistic devices found in the text were obtained and presented. The study resulted into analysis of the ways and methods used to translate the English oral literary speech features in the script of “Downton Abbey” into Russian. It was examined how different translation methods were used in two existing versions of the dubbing of the TV series. The quantitative analysis of the oral literary speech fea- tures in the script of “Downton Abbey” was carried out.

В статье освещена проблема упорядочения и сопоставления русской и немецкой терминологии методики раннего обучения иностранному языку. Обоснована актуальность указанной проблемы. Выполнен анализ подходов к переводу терминов, охарактеризованы способы и специфика их перевода с целью максимально полной и точной передачи семантической составляющей термина без искажения его смысла и без привнесения дополнительных оттенков значения. Утверждается, что переводчику необходимы специальные знания в сфере терминоведения. Определен терминологический состав метаязыка методики раннего обучения иностранному языку как совокупность терминов, используемых для определения понятий теории и практики обучения иностранному языку детей дошкольного возраста. Приведены примеры перевода ряда терминов., The article highlights the problem of streamlining and comparing Russian and German terminology of the early foreign language teaching methodology. The relevance of this problem is substantiated. The analysis of approaches to the translation of terms is carried out, the methods and specifics of their translation are characterized to transmit the semantic component of the term as fully and accurately as possible without distorting its meaning and without introducing additional shades of meaning. It is argued that the translator needs special knowledge in the terminology. The terminological composition of the metalanguage of the early foreign language teaching methodology as a set of terms used to define the concepts of the theory and practice of teaching a foreign language to preschool children is defined. Examples of translation of several terms are given.

In the article entitled ‘The Taming of the Italian Vulgarism or Polish Translators Facing Censorship’ the authors reflect upon the translation of Italian vulgarisms contained in literary works into the Polish language. Two modern teen novels written by Federico Moccia were analyzed for this purpose, namely Tre metri sopra il cielo and its sequel Ho voglia di te. The former was translated into Polish by Krystyna and Eugeniusz Kabatc whereas the latter by Anna Niewęgłowska. The text analyses were performed with the use of TextSTAT. The authors analyze the translations of the expressions within the given contexts and attempt to tackle the questions concerning the translation techniques applied in the traduction of vulgarisms and cuss words as well as shed light on the differences in the translations of the two literary texts. Dans le présent article, les auteurs réféchissent sur la traduction des vulgarismes italiens en polonais dans les deux romans contemporains pour les jeunes de Federico Moccia : Tre metri sopra il cielo et Ho voglia di te. La traduction du premier livre a été assurée par Krystyna et Eugeniusz Kabatc, tandis que le deuxième, qui constitue la suite des aventures des jeunes héros du premier texte, a été traduit par Anna Niewęgłowska. Après avoir fait une analyse statistique concernant le nombre de mots vulgaires dans les textes originaux et dans leurs traductions respectives, on a examiné les contextes d’apparition des gros mots, ce qui a permis de répertorier les solutions utilisées par les traducteurs de deux textes et les différentes techniques qu’ils ont adoptées dans la traduction des vulgarismes.

Translation is not a simple process and every translator runs into numerous problems during their work. One of them is translation of culture-specific items, which lack direct semantic equivalents in the target language. The translator is required to not only make the target text comprehensive to the target reader, but also to transmit source-language culture (see also Newmark 1998, 10). The main aim of the thesis was to discover which translation techniques had been applied to translate Slovenian culture-specific items into English and Spanish in a literary work more specifically, the Slovenian CSIs that appear in Volume One of Kovačič's autobiographical trilogy Prišleki (2001) were analysed. The English translations of the Slovene CSIs in question were compared to the Spanish ones in order to detect the similarities and differences between the two target languages.What is more, the results obtained were compared to the theoretical proposals on how to render a specific type of CSIs and it was observed whether these theoretical suggestions had been taken into account by the translators. In case of any incorrect or inappropriate translation solutions, improved solutions were proposed. It was discovered that the obtained results in general deviated from the theoretical proposals stating how to approach a certain group of CSIs when translating. In the empirical part, these deviations were exposed and the trends regarding translation of culture-specific items in literature that can be detected in the target texts were explained. It was also observed that in general, the translation techniques most frequently found in the English as well as Spanish translations had been description, calque and adaptation. Both translators had foreignized the target texts, bringing them closer to the target readership. The present thesis reveals only the translation trends in the English and Spanish translations of Prišleki (2001) when dealing with the rendition of Slovenian CSIs. In order to detect general tendencies on translating Slovenian culture-specific items, found in literature, into English and Spanish, respectively, further research should be carried out by analysing translations of other literary texts translated by other translators. Magistrska naloga obravnava tematiko prevajanja, zapletenega procesa, pri katerem vsak prevajalec naleti na izzive. Eden izmed teh je prevajanje kulturno-specifičnih izrazov, ki v ciljnem jeziku nimajo neposredne pomenske ustreznice. Od prevajalca se pa zahteva, da besedilo prevede tako, da je razumljivo ciljnemu bralcu, hkrati pa mora prevod odsevati kulturo izhodiščnega jezika (cf. Newmark 1998, 10). Glavni cilj magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kako se je v španščino oz. angleščino prevajalo slovenske kulturno-specifične izraze brez neposredne pomenske ustreznice v obravnavanih ciljnih jezikih, na katere naletimo v prvem delu Kovačičeve avtobiografske trilogije Prišleki (2001). Prevode smo primerjali med seboj in tako zasledili, kaj je skupnega in kaj ne pri prevajanju kulturno-specifičnih izrazov v španščino oz. angleščino. Poleg tega smo prevode primerjali z Newmarkovimi teoretičnimi predlogi, kako se soočiti z omenjenim prevajalskim problemom za določeno skupino kulturno-specifičnih izrazov in ugotavljali, ali se je v praksi upoštevalo teorijo. Med raziskovanjem smo naleteli tudi na nekaj neprimernih prevajalskih rešitev, za katere smo ponudili drugo rešitev. Ugotovili smo, da se na splošno dobljeni rezultati razlikujejo od teoretičnih predlogov, kako se pri prevajanju spopasti z določeno skupino kulturno-specifičnih izrazov. V empiričnem delu smo te razlike izpostavili in razložili, kaj prevladuje v praksi. Ugotovili smo tudi, da se tako angleški kot španski prevajalec največkrat poslužita opisa, prevajanja s kalkom in adaptacije oba prevajalca torej podomačita prevod, ga pripeljeta bližje ciljnemu bralcu. Magistrska naloga tako odgovori na vprašanje, kako se prevaja kulturno-specifične izraze, na katere naletimo v izhodiščnem besedilu, v španščino in angleščino in kako bi se lahko izboljšalo neprimerne oz. napačne prevode. Če bi želeli določiti splošne tendence prevajanja kulturno-specifičnih izrazov iz slovenščine v španščino oz. angleščino, bi morali analizirati več različnih prevodov različnih prevajalcev.El presente trabajo se centra en la traducción, un proceso complejo, lleno de retos, uno de cuales es la traducción de palabras culturales sin equivalentes semánticos directos en la lengua meta. Sin embargo, el traductor debe, por una parte, garantizar que el texto meta sea comprensible y que, al mismo tiempo, transmita la cultura de la lengua de origen (cf. Newmark 1998, 10). El objetivo principal del trabajo ha sido determinar cómo se traducen las palabras culturales eslovenas, encontradas en la primera parte de la trilogía autobiográfica de Kovačič Prišleki (2001), a las lenguas meta (español e inglés, respectivamente). Las traducciones de las palabras culturales al inglés se comparan con las traducciones al español para observar similitudes y diferencias entre las dos lenguas meta y de esta manera resaltan el problema de traducción en cuestión. Además, las traducciones se comparan con las propuestas teóricas de Newmark, que propone cómo traducir palabras culturales. De esta manera comprobamos si los traductores han tenido en cuenta la teoría de Newmark. Durante la investigación hemos encontrado algunas traducciones de palabras culturales inadecuadas e incorrectas y sugerimos unas soluciones más adecuadas. Se constata que las soluciones en general se desvían de las sugerencias teóricas sobre cómo traducir palabras culturales. Se presentan las desviaciones encontradas y se explica qué tendencias prevalecen en la traducción. También observamos que, en general, las técnicas de traducción usadas más frecuentemente son la descripción, el calco y la adaptación los dos traductores "domestican" los textos meta, los traen más cerca al lector meta. El presente trabajo, por lo tanto, responde a la cuestión qué tendencias prevalecen en la traducción del texto de origen al traducir palabras culturales eslovenas al inglés y español y cómo se podrían mejorar las soluciones inadecuadas e incorrectas. Para determinar las tendencias generales sobre la traducción de palabras culturales eslovenas a los textos meta, deberíamos analizas otras traducciones hechas por otros traductores.

The main topic of this thesis is the translation of the food-related cultural references. The theoretical part is primarily focused on translation techniques and strategies which are usually used for the translation of cultural elements. Furthermore, the other objective of this part is to introduce this topic in the context of the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. Specifically, it deals with the incorporation of a sociocultural component in the Spanish courses and the translation as a pedagogical tool. The theoretical foundations are put into practice in a translation techniques analysis and there is also a didactic proposal designed for Czech students of Translation and Interpreting.

The paper deals with the writing style notion, mostly with its lexico-stylistic aspect and the translation of the latter. We use fragments from Jacqueline Wilson’s “The suitcase kid” and Maria Menendez-Ponte’s “I will never be your hero” as examples. В статье рассматривается понятие «идиостиль», особое внимание уделено его лексико-стилистическому аспекту и особенностям его передачи при переводе художественных произведений для детей. Анализ проводится на материале романов Жаклин Уилсон «The Suitcase Kid» и Марии Менендес-Понте «Nunca seré tu héroe».

The rendering of proper nouns and, in particular, anthroponyms, defined as names of persons, has been studied for years. However, it is still a matter of dispute among the researchers. This article reviews the main difficulties of rendering anthroponyms into Russian and the peculiarities of this process in fiction distinguished by linguists, along with the other factors, which may influence the choice of a name to appear in a target text. This issue is especially relevant for the translators, who work with fiction, as some factors appear more often in this type of texts. The authors review and unite different rendering techniques, which had been offered and described by linguists, and provide possible examples from «Harry Potter» book series written by J.K. Rowling, which contains a vast number of personal names. This article may be helpful for the students studying linguistics and translation or for the translators dealing with fiction. Передача имён собственных, и, в частности, антропонимов (личных имён, фамилий, прозвищ и т.п.), изучается годами. Тем не менее, в научной среде этот вопрос остаётся спорным. В этой статье рассмотрены основные трудности, связанные с передачей антропонимов на русский язык, и особенности этого процесса в художественной литературе, выделенные лингвистами, наряду с другими факторами, которые могут влиять на выбор варианта перевода имени. Эта проблема особенно актуальна для переводчиков, которые работают с художественной литературой, так как некоторые из этих факторов чаще появляются в подобных текстах. Авторы рассматривают и объединяют различные стратегии, которые предложены и описаны лингвистами, и приводят примеры в случаях, где это возможно, из серии книг «Гарри Поттер» авторства Дж. К. Роулинг, в которой представлено огромное количество имён. Эта статья может быть полезна для студентов, изучающих лингвистику и перевод, или для тех, кто занимается переводом художественной литературы.

Los verbos sintagmáticos (VS) constituyen un fenómeno lingüístico muy productivo en la lengua italiana, en particular en los intercambios dialógicos más informales y espontáneos. Ante la parca productividad de dichos constructos en español, destacamos los recursos lingüísticos que se suelen emplear con más frecuencia en este idioma al traducir los VS italianos. Para ello, analizamos un corpus paralelo, basado en la obra Lessico famigliare de Natalia Ginzburg (1963) y su traducción al español. Tras detallar los VS que figuran en el texto origen, adoptamos un enfoque de tipo cognitivo para dilucidar las posibles causas de aparición de los patrones lingüísticos destacados en la traducción. Por último, tras señalar algunos errores de traducción que se hallan en el texto meta y los motivos por los que se producen, planteamos que los VS han de considerarse como problemas de traducción. Verb-particle constructions (VPCs) are considered to be a very productive linguistic phenomenon within the Italian language, especially in spontaneous and informal dialogues. On the contrary, in the Spanish language the productivity of such constructions appears to be low. In order to figure out which linguistic patterns seem to be more frequent while translating Italian verb-particle constructions into Spanish, a parallel corpus will be analysed. The corpus consists of the Italian novel Lessico famigliare (by Natalia Ginzburg, 1963) and its translation into Spanish. First, a list of the VPCs contained in the source text will be provided. Secondly, we will show which linguistic patterns are used in the translation, elucidating the reasons why they tend to appear, by means of a cognitive approach. Finally, some translation errors will be highlighted. The possible causes that resulted in such errors will lead us to allege that VPCs should be considered as translation problems. Artículo elaborado en el marco del Proyecto de investigación concedido por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Referencia FFI2011-24712, Análisis léxico y discursivo de corpus paralelos y comparables (español, inglés y francés) de páginas electrónicas de promoción turística. 2011-2014.

This work is concerned with romanisms which appear in the terminology of Nový občanský zákoník (Czech Civil Code) and with translation of selected terms into French while special attention is paid to legal concepts. The first chapters deal with the themes of legal language and its translation, translation techniques, loanwords in the Czech language, and romanisms. The following chapter describes the research and the methodology, in addition to analyse of the received results from the perspective of found romanisms and from the perspective of searching appropriate French equivalents. The output of this thesis is a glossary which contains the selected terms and the proposed French translations.

Este trabalho aborda a tradução, do português brasileiro para o inglês estadunidense, de itens culturais-específicos – entendidos como palavras ou expressões que, em um contexto, devido à falta de correspondentes precisos na língua-alvo, podem causar problemas de tradução – a partir de um estudo de caso: o livro-reportagem “1808: como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil”, de Laurentino Gomes. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal a análise das escolhas tradutórias para os itens culturais-específicos presentes na obra em português. A motivação deste trabalho deve-se à necessidade de refletir sobre o papel da tradução de informações sobre a história e a cultura de um país. A obra “1808” discorre, de um modo acessível, sobre a época da vinda da corte portuguesa ao Brasil. O referencial teórico se baseia, entre outros, em Hurtado Albir (2011), que considera que não só o conhecimento sobre o público, mas também sobre o gênero textual e sobre a finalidade da tradução são fatores que um tradutor deve considerar no processo tradutório, e em Christiane Nord (2016), que enfatiza a importância da função textual, para o estudo referente à visão de tradução adotada. Adotou-se, neste trabalho, o conceito de itens culturais-específicos de Franco Aixelá (2013). Apresentaram-se também as estratégias de tradução de Franco Aixelá (2013), em comparação a técnicas de tradução de Hurtado Albir (2011), e as categorias culturais de Espindola (2005), consideradas para a análise. Quanto aos passos metodológicos, levantaram-se inicialmente candidatos a item cultural-específico. Após, separaram-se os candidatos por categorias culturais (dezesseis ao todo), levantaram-se as traduções dos candidatos e, por fim, filtraram-se os candidatos para a obtenção dos itens culturais-específicos em si. A partir disso, consideraram-se, principalmente, as estratégias de tradução propostas por Franco Aixelá (2013) para a classificação das escolhas tradutórias observadas. Quando estas não foram consideradas suficientes, utilizaram-se as técnicas de Hurtado Albir (2011) para a classificação. Franco Aixelá (2013) separa suas estratégias por estratégias de conservação e estratégias de substituição. Na análise, constatou-se um maior número de estratégias de conservação (245 vezes) em relação às de substituição (113 vezes) – além disso, classificaram-se duas escolhas como técnicas de Hurtado Albir (2011) –, porém concluiu-se que esse resultado não indica necessariamente que a tradução não tenha um caráter didático ou acessível, pois, em muitos momentos, essas escolhas tradutórias apresentam elementos que propiciam a aproximação do texto com a cultura alvo. This study deals with the translation, from Brazilian Portuguese to American English, of culture-specific items – known as words or expressions that, in a context, due to the lack of precise correspondents in the target language, can cause translation problems – through a case study: the non-fiction book “1808: como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil”, by Laurentino Gomes. The main objective of the study is the analysis of the translation choices for culturespecific items in the source text. The motivation for this work comes from the necessity of reflecting on the role of translation of information about the history and the culture of a country. The book “1808” portrays, in an accessible way, the time of the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil. The theoretical framework is based, among others, on Hurtado Albir (2011), who considers that not only the knowledge about the audience, but also about the literary genre and the purpose of the translation are factors which a translator must consider in the translation process, and Christiane Nord (2016), who emphasizes the importance of the literary function, for the study of the adopted vision of translation. In this study, Franco Aixelá’s (2013) concept of culture-specific items was adopted. The strategies of translation of Franco Aixelá (2013), in comparison with the translation techniques of Hurtado Albir (2011), and the cultural categories of Espindola (2005), which were taken into consideration for the analysis, were also presented. Regarding the methodological steps, initially, prospective culture-specific items were identified. Then, the candidates were sorted through cultural categories (sixteen in total), the translations of the candidates were collected and, finally, the candidates were filtered for the obtention of the culture-specific items. From this, the translation strategies proposed by Franco Aixelá (2013) were primarily considered for the classification of the translation choices analyzed in this study. When the concept of Franco Aixelá (2013) could not comprise our analysis, Hurtado Albir’s (2011) translation techniques were used to categorize the translations. Franco Aixelá (2013) separates his strategies into strategies of conservation and strategies of substitution. In the analysis, a larger number of strategies of conservation was found (245 times) in comparison to strategies of substitution (113 times) – in addition to that, two choices were categorized as techniques of Hurtado Albir (2011) –, however, it was possible to conclude that this result is not necessarily an indication that the translation does not show a didactic or accessible nature, because, in many moments, these translation choices present elements that enable the approximation of the text to the target-culture.

El present treball analitza de forma contrastiva com s'han resolt les referències culturals de la sèrie Girls en dues traduccions: en la subtitulació professional i en una subtitulació amateur distribuïda per Internet. La primera part del treball consisteix en definir els conceptes que envolten el tema de les referències culturals i en veure les diferents aproximacions que han fet els teòrics de la traducció sobre aquests elements. També s'ha parlat de les característiques dels tipus de traducció audiovisual que ens ocupen: la subtitulació i el fansubbing. La segona part del treball correspon a la part pràctica. Hem analitzat les referències culturals d'un capítol de la primera temporada de la sèrie i hem vist com han resolt les referències culturals les dues versions, quines tècniques de traducció han utilitzat i hem aportat possibles alternatives si no consideràvem adequades les solucions de les versions analitzades. El presente trabajo analiza de forma contrastiva cómo se han resuelto las referencias culturales de la serie Girls en dos traducciones: en la subtitulación profesional y en una subtitulación amateur distribuida por Internet. La primera parte del trabajo consiste en definir los conceptos entorno el tema de las referencias culturales y en ver las distintas aproximaciones que han hecho los teóricos de la traducción sobre estos elementos. También se ha hablado de las características de los tipos de traducción audiovisual que nos ocupan: la subtitulación y el fansubbing. La segunda parte del trabajo corresponde a la parte práctica. Hemos analizado las referencias culturales de un capítulo de la primera temporada de la serie y hemos visto cómo han resuelto las referencias culturales las dos versiones, qué técnicas de traducción han utilizado y hemos aportado posibles alternativas si no considerábamos adecuadas las soluciones de las versiones analizadas. This thesis analyses how the official Spanish subbing and a Spanish fansub found on the Internet translate the cultural references of the TV Show Girls. The first part of this thesis consists in defining the theoretical notions around the cultural references and in seeing the different approaches of the translation theorists about this matter. It also addresses the characteristics of the audio-visual translation types discussed in this thesis: subtitling and fansubbing. The second part of the thesis is the practical part. We have analysed the cultural references of a first season episode and we have seen how those have been translated in the two versions, which translation techniques have been used and we have also provided translation alternatives if the solutions of the versions analysed were not appropriate.

This study aims to describe the translation techniques and quality of translation in the aspect of accuracy of command turn taking utterances using pragmatic approach. This is a descriptive qualitative research with embedded case study. The data collection techniques used in this research is document analysis, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), as well as questionnaire to decide on the translation technique and the quality of translation. The data which is used are utterance sentences containing command turn taking and its directive speech act responses in George R. R. Martin’s Game of Thrones novel and its translation. The result indicates that the translator uses established equivalent, variation, explication, borrowing, modulation, literal translation, transposition, implicitation, discursive creation, and generalization to translate the sentences. In terms of accuracy, the average rate of the translation is 2.6 out of 3. The score indicate that the translation of directive speech act in response to command turn taking in Game of Thrones novel have equivalent meaning from the source text to the target text.

The subject of this thesis is the problem with the translation of given names. The aim of this paper is to look at the most commonly used translation process based on the analyzed names. The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part I will discuss proper ames and nouns from the perspectives of Czech ans Spanish grammar, and elaborate further into the widely used types of translation. I have chosen specific names for the practical analysis myself. In conclusion, the findings are analysed and based on the evaluation conclyded. The work is written in Czech language.

Verb-particle constructions (VPCs) are considered to be a very productive linguistic phenomenon within the Italian language, especially in spontaneous and informal dialogues. On the contrary, in the Spanish language the productivity of such constructions appears to be low. In order to figure out which linguistic patterns seem to be more frequent while translating Italian verb-particle constructions into Spanish, a parallel corpus will be analysed. The corpus consists of the Italian novel Lessico famigliare (by Natalia Ginzburg, 1963) and its translation into Spanish. First, a list of the VPCs contained in the source text will be provided. Secondly, we will show which linguistic patterns are used in the translation, elucidating the reasons why they tend to appear, by means of a cognitive approach. Finally, some translation errors will be highlighted. The possible causes that resulted in such errors will lead us to allege that VPCs should be considered as translation problems. Los verbos sintagmáticos (VS) constituyen un fenómeno lingüístico muy productivo en la lengua italiana, en particular en los intercambios dialógicos más informales y espontáneos. Ante la parca productividad de dichos constructos en español, destacamos los recursos lingüísticos que se suelen emplear con más frecuencia en este idioma al traducir los VS italianos. Para ello, analizamos un corpus paralelo, basado en la obra Lessico famigliare de Natalia Ginzburg (1963) y su traducción al español. Tras detallar los VS que figuran en el texto origen, adoptamos un enfoque de tipo cognitivo para dilucidar las posibles causas de aparición de los patrones lingüísticos destacados en la traducción. Por último, tras señalar algunos errores de traducción que se hallan en el texto meta y los motivos por los que se producen, planteamos que los VS han de considerarse como problemas de traducción.

El presente trabajo analiza las diferentes técnicas de traducción de los títulos cinematográficos traducidos del inglés al español y del inglés al catalán, además de estudiar qué técnicas de traducción han predominado en cada década desde 1920. Para poder justificar la tendencia de unas técnicas frente a otras, se estudió el contexto socio-histórico, español y catalán, de cada época y la influencia de este en la industria cinematográfica. Asimismo, como no existen muchos estudios relacionados con las técnicas de traducción de los títulos cinematográficos, sobre todo para los títulos traducidos al catalán, y tampoco existe un consenso entre los que se han realizado, se resumieron y estudiaron los distintos puntos de vista de los diferentes trabajos en los que se han investigado.. Así pues, a partir de las conclusiones extraídas de este apartado y de la bibliografía consultada, se determinaron y sintetizaron las diferentes técnicas de traducción para, finalmente, analizar los diferentes títulos cinematográficos de cada decenio El present treball analitza les diferents tècniques de traducció dels títols cinematogràfics traduïts de l'anglès a l'espanyol i de l'anglès al català, a més d'estudiar quines tècniques de traducció han predominat en cada dècada des de 1920. Per poder justificar la tendència d'unes tècniques enfront d'unes altres, es va estudiar el context soci-històric, espanyol i català, de cada època i la influència d'aquests en la indústria cinematogràfica. Així mateix, com no existeixen molts estudis relacionats amb les tècniques de traducció dels títols cinematogràfics, sobretot per als títols traduïts al català, i tampoc existeix un consens entre ells, es va haver d'investigar els diferents punts de vista dels experts en la matèria. Així doncs, a partir de les conclusions extretes d'aquest apartat i de la bibliografia consultada, es van determinar i sintetitzar les diferents tècniques de traducció per, finalment, analitzar els diferents títols cinematogràfics de cada decenni This piece of work analyses the different translation techniques applied to film titles translated from english into spanish and from english into catalan, whilst also studying the translation techniques which prevailed in each decade from 1920. In order to explain the trends observed, the spanish and catalan socio-historical contexts of each era and their influence in the film industry have been studied. As there are not many studies relating to the translation techniques applied to film titles, especially titles translated into catalan, nor any consensus among them, different views of the experts in the field have been investigated. From the conclusions drawn from these views, as well as from the available literature, different translation techniques have been identified and summarised, leading finally to an analysis of the different film titles from each decade

Este artículo describe el contraste entre la técnica de traducción de los Anglicismos Terminológicos Integrales (ATIs) en un corpus textual bilingüe inglés-español y las formas escriturales en un corpus monolingüe, del ámbito de la seguridad informática. El estudio hace un aporte al área de traducción, a partir de la Terminología, pues se hizo a partir de Unidades Terminológicas in vitro. Así, desde la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología, se contrastaron las técnicas de traducción inglés-español de 13 ATIs, con las formas de escritura de los mismos desde el español, a partir de traductores y especialistas. El estudio tomó un carácter empírico descriptivo pues, por una parte, se hizo un análisis cuantitativo de las frecuencias de aparición de los términos y de sus distintas formas y por otra parte, se hizo un análisis cualitativo, ya que se observó y se describió el comportamiento de los ATIs en los diferentes contextos. Esta investigación surgió de la necesidad de visibilizar los procesos y las técnicas empleadas en la traducción de textos especializados, con el objetivo de ampliar la comprensión de éstas y enriquecer dicho proceso, pues no existía una propuesta científicamente válida que resolviera el problema de traducción de los ATIs. Finalmente, se evidenció que la única Técnica de Traducción para los ATIs es el préstamo; que la cursiva (Cur) y el paréntesis (()) son las formas escriturales más frecuentes de los ATIs en español, además de otras formas como la Variación Ortográfica. También se destacó la disparidad ante el manejo de los ATIs, tanto por parte de traductores como de expertos. This article describes the contrast between the translation technique of the Integral Terminological Anglicisms (ITAs) in a textual bilingual English-Spanish corpus, and the writing forms in a monolingual corpus of the scope of computing security. This study makes a contribution to the area of translation from Terminology, due to it was done from Terminological Units in vitro. Thus, English-Spanish translation techniques of 13 ATIs were contrasted with the writing forms of the same units in Spanish, from the Los ATIs (Anglicismos Terminológicos Integrales):análisis contrastivo entre la técnica de traducción en un corpus textual y las formas de escrituraen un corpus de referencia 5 Communicative Theory of Terminology, based on translators and specialists. The study was empirical descriptive because on the one hand, a quantitative analysis of the frequency of occurrence of terms and their different forms was done, and on the other, there was also a qualitative analysis, since the behavior of ATIs in different contexts was observed and described. The research arose from the need to make visible the processes and techniques used in the translation of specialized texts, in order to broaden the understanding of such techniques and enrich this process, since there was no a scientifically valid proposal to resolve the problem of translation of the ATIs. Finally, it became clear that the only translation technique for the ATIs is the loan; the italics (Cur) and the parentheses () are the most common writing forms for the ATIs in Spanish, in addition to other writing forms such as Spell Variation. The disparity among both, translators and experts, was also stressed in the management of the ATIs.

Verse translations of texts written in Italian by Petrarch began at the beginning of the 16th-century. The first work translated was not his famous Canzoniere but his second book entitled Triumphi. The publication of these translations also helped to support new forms of writing and poetics which were being imported from Italy, which ultimately resulted in Petrarchism. This article analyzes the last classic translation of Triumphi, and its innovative nature which consisted on respecting the original metrics and rhythm. The research focuses on two techniques, addition and omission, used by the translator to overcome the difficulties in the metrics. Las traducciones sistemáticas en verso de la obra del Petrarca vulgar comienzan en España en los primeros años del siglo XVI y concretamente no con su obra más famosa, el Canzoniere, sino con los Triumphi, la segunda obra en lengua italiana del poeta itálico. La difusión de sus traducciones ayudó también a consolidar las nuevas formas de escribir y crear poesía que se estaban importando desde Italia, y que daría lugar más tarde al petrarquismo.En este trabajo analizamos la última traducción clásica de los Triumphi, cuya innovación consistió en tomar del original la métrica y el ritmo. Con especial atención, nos centramos en la adición y en la omisión como técnicas de traducción que el traductor utilizó para salvar los escollos de la métrica.

The main object of study of the present research was Specialized Phraseological Units (SPU) in a context of Spanish to Portuguese translation, aiming at identifying the techniques used to establish equivalents. Such structures are important because they are inherent to specialized texts and usually offer some difficulty for the translation process in terms of their recognition and transposition into another language. For this study, we subscribe to the Communicative Theory of Terminology and to the contribution of Hurtado Albir (2001), who considers translation a communicative as well as a textual and cognitive process. The corpus from which the SPU analyzed were extracted was formed by books about Education written in Spanish as well as their translations into Portuguese; the total of words amounted to about one million in each language. We analyzed the original units and their translations, identifying the techniques used by the translators to establish equivalents. The techniques follow four models for categorization present in the works of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Barbosa (1990), Aubert (1998), and Hurtado Albir (2001). Based on our analysis, we put forward a new categorization of techniques, according to the revision performed., Esta investigación se realizó teniendo como objeto de estudio las Unidades Fraseológicas Especializadas (UFEs), analizadas en contextos de traducción en la dirección español-portugués, con el objetivo de identificar las técnicas empleadas para el establecimiento de sus equivalentes. Estas estructuras son importantes porque son inherentes a los textos especializados y porque suelen representar una dificultad en el proceso de traducción, tanto en lo que se refiere a su reconocimiento como a su transposición a otra lengua. Nos basamos en los principios de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología y tomamos la contribución de Hurtado Albir (2001), considerando la traducción como un proceso comunicativo, además de textual y cognitivo. El corpus para la extracción de las UFEs analizadas estuvo constituido por libros del área de la Educación escritos en español junto con sus traducciones al portugués, lo que representó un total de aproximadamente un millón de palabras en cada lengua. Analizamos las unidades originales y sus traducciones, identificando las técnicas empleadas por los traductores para determinar los equivalentes, teniendo en cuenta cuatro propuestas de categorización de técnicas que se destacan en los estudios traductorios: Vinay y Darbelnet (1958), Barbosa (1990), Aubert (1998) y Hurtado Albir (2001). A partir de este análisis, propusimos una nueva categorización de técnicas, de acuerdo con la revisión realizada., Esta pesquisa foi realizada tendo como objeto de estudo as Unidades Fraseológicas Especializadas (UFEs), analisadas em contextos de tradução na direção espanhol/português, com o objetivo de identificar as técnicas empregadas para o estabelecimento de seus equivalentes. Estas estruturas são importantes porque são inerentes aos textos especializados e porque costumam representar dificuldade para o processo tradutório, tanto no seu reconhecimento, quanto na sua transposição para outra língua. Valemo-nos dos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e tomamos a contribuição de Hurtado Albir (2001), considerando a tradução como um processo comunicativo, além de textual e cognitivo. O corpus para extração das UFEs de análise foi formado por livros da área da Educação escritos em espanhol e suas traduções para o português, totalizando, aproximadamente, um milhão de palavras em cada língua. Analisamos as unidades originais e suas traduções, identificando as técnicas empregadas pelos tradutores para o estabelecimento de equivalentes, a partir de quatro propostas de categorizações que se destacam nos estudos tradutórios: Vinay e Darbelnet (1958), Barbosa (1990), Aubert (1998) e Hurtado Albir (2001). A partir desta análise, propusemos uma nova categorização de técnicas, de acordo com a revisão realizada.