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This article analyses Italian illustrated editions of Little Women published between 1908 and 1945. After an overview of the publishing history of the novel in Italy, the paper will examine Italian illustrations as hermeneutic tools in order to examine their ideological function in the representation of gender. The belated reception of Alcott’s novel in Italy, caused by its representation of a nonconformist educational model for girls, is mirrored in the tension between the nationalistic drive and the influence of foreign models that can be pinpointed in the illustrated editions. By analyzing adaptations of American illustrations, original Italian creations, and omissions of iconic illustrations, this paper will unveil how much the visual element is embedded in the Italian historical and cultural context, as the choice (or omission) of particular images impacted the interpretation of the book. By examining the Italian editions of Little Women published in this time frame, we will also be able to retrace the links with the American illustrated history of the book and bear testimony to the powerful impact of the 1934 film version on printed editions.

Andrew Chesterman's Reflections on Translation Theory publication consists of a collection of author's articles written over years of academic activity. The title summarizes the content of the works: a reflection on translation theories. In addition to debates on theories, concepts, and methodologies, Chesterman also provides significant contributions to discipline questions and concerns. The result of the fruitful discussions is a series of research work proposals. Thus, the book is an important and constructive debate for the discipline and the researchers.

Traditionally legal discourse has been perceived as an area of human activity where every attempt is made to speak or write precisely, clearly and unambiguously—i.e. no room is left for figurative language. In this context the use of metaphor is naturally unacceptable. With the change in the approach to metaphor as a mental phenome­non, rather than a language phenomenon or a means of embellishing the text, the study of metaphor in various types of discourse has received a new impetus. This ar­ticle addresses the issue of conceptual metaphor translation in the legal discourse of EU White Papers. Metaphorical expressions are categorized into cognitive domains such as dealing with a problem is war, a problem is an enemy, responsibility is a burden, pro­gress is a motion forward, etc. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that if metaphorical expressions exploit the same cognitive domain both in English and Lithuanian, me­taphoricity is fully preserved in translation. Where cognitive domains differ, metap­horicity manifests itself in a different domain or is lost altogether.

Eric Abrahamsen's most recent translation, Xu Zechen's Running through Beijing, was just published in May. Here, Abrahamsen discusses the challenges of translating Chinese fiction and Beijing as China's cultural capital. [...]

Translation plays an important role in communication across languages and cultures. Because translation must balance various requirements arising from globalization against the goal of communicating distinctive cultural characteristics, it is the focus of increasing attention in culture studies research. This study employs Pathfinding techniques to compare emerging transcultural concepts in translation studies in Taiwan with those found in the international literature. Two data banks were established by compiling the abstracts of academic papers in the field of translation studies from the period 2000-2009. The researcher then extracted 20 keywords representing important transcultural concepts. Co-occurrence analysis was carried out on the two data banks and the key concepts were mapped on two-dimensional graphs. The resulting graphs were then examined to gain insight into translation issues relevant to transculturation. It is hoped that comparative studies of this kind can shed light on both domestic and international perspectives on the phenomenon of transculturation and its effects on translation.

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In the last decades English has become the undisputed lingua franca of scientific and technical communication. This has not always been the case and it is well documented that scientific production used to be shared among German, French and English up to the beginning of the 20th century (Baethge, 2008, p. 37). This paper looks at scientific literature written in German by means of analysing translated papers published in Spanish journals. A traditional recipient of German research, the Spanish scientific community relied on translations in order to keep up with the swift progress of the so-called Natural Sciences at the turn of the century. Thus, Spanish was the first language into which Freud’s complete works were translated (Martin & Gallego, 2011, p. 309). Following prior research on science and translation (Montgomery, 2000; Olohan & Salama-Carr, 2011; Byrne, 2014), this study explores the works of translated scientists (German-Spanish) in the fields of microbiology and biochemistry in the 19th century. The aim is to ascertain which scientific articles and topics were translated and published in Spanish at the time, to analyse textual features of the genre and translation techniques applied to them. The results also offer some points for comparison with current scientific translation. This work also aims to highlight the long-standing role of translation in the dissemination of specialised knowledge.

Rapid technological developments in the language services industry including content creation and translation have always provoked fear among human agents, such as language service providers (LSPs), translators, reviewers, and academicians thinking that technology would eliminate the need for humans. This fear can be traced even back to the years typewriters were invented and used in the language services industry, or personal computers replaced typewriters in the process. The twenty-first century, especially the 2010s, witnessed the emergence and rapid development of machine translation (MT), in particular neural machine translation (NMT). Coupled with the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI), human content creators and translators are now face to face with a new competitor. Although the tools used in the industry have changed in line with the technological advancements, achieving quality output has always required the competence of human content creators and translators. This competence has three important pillars: language skills, expertise in the area of specialization, and technological skills. This paper discusses that technological tools such as MT and generative AI demand human intervention to create and translate quality and effective content, which is only possible by acquiring the complete set of the above skills. Focusing on creating content for user manuals, this paper examines how to ask the correct questions, that is, how to give the correct prompts to guide chatbots such as ChatGPT to achieve quality content, thus identifying the limits and benefits of AI in an area of specialization.

The present paper carefully examines the translation of gender-neutral ‘firefighter’ into Arabic, as can be illustrated by the translations of 13 undergraduate students enrolled in an Advanced Translation course at Al-Quds University in the academic year 2023-2024. The approach we shall use is Majd Al-Najjar’s (1989) Arabicization techniques to render English signifiers into Arabic. The data of the study were extracted from the BBC in 2022 and alBosala News Agency in 2022. The aim is to draw a useful comparison between student translators and a full-fledged translator. The paper shows that the translation students fall prey to lexical and cultural incongruences existing between English and Arabic. The two languages are unrelated languages, so problems and difficulties in translation are expected to emerge. Both languages represent gender reality quite differently. The paper reveals that five procedures have been used to translate gender-neutral ‘firefighter’: (1) circumlocutionary verbal sentence whereby the English item is rendered in a roundabout way; (2) derivationality into noun of process, an active participle and passive participle; (3) a feminine term of address followed by firefighting verb conjugation; (4) feminine forms of active participle; (5) the addition of ‘woman’ to gender-neutral noun. The paper concludes that the translation of the gender-neutral noun ‘firefighter’ is possible despite the cultural and linguistic disparity between English and Arabic. Some implications have been made that would be conducive to better translator training.

This paper examines the multi-layered translational process of intercepted conversations which appear as evidence in court files in the form of translated wiretap records. The translational challenge here is to transfer the multimodal content of a spoken text in the source language into a written text in the target language. Based on audio data from 17 original intercepted communications and case file documents from a Swiss criminal investigation, the multimodality of the resulting hybrid translational action is explored. In this paper, the process of interlingual decontextualisation and recontextualisation of intercepted communication is examined from the bottom up. The analysis shows that there are different levels of contextualisation that must be considered to achieve a fuller picture of the meaning of a wiretapped conversation.

This paper examines activist subtitling practices in light of the two sociological concepts of narrativity and liminality. With particular focus on online contemporary activist communities that counter extremism, subtitling is studied as part of the cultural liminoid practices that produce and disseminate alternative narratives challenging the rigid frames of global jihadism. Launched as reactions to the repercussions of the Arab Spring and the establishment of the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, ضايعة الطاسة Daya alTaseh and ذا بيج دادي شوو The Bigh daddy Show are two activist online media initiatives that spread counter-jihadist narratives in Arabic subtitled in English. The study attempts to investigate the narratives mediated in the subtitles and their reflections of liminality. The subtitling in both initiatives is scrutinised and compared using a two-fold theoretical framework combining the socio-narrative theory in translation studies and theories on activist translation. Guided by this framework, the paper applies a descriptive qualitative analysis to data collected from observations and interviews. The data analysis reveals the distinct liminoid stories of Daya alTasehand The Bigh daddy Show as narrated in the English subtitles, pinpointing the similarities and differences between them. User interaction with both initiatives is also highlighted as a contributor to the development of the subtitling process.

The paper explores the occurrence of code-switching as a form of translatoriality among members of the Italian national minority in Slovenia. As a continuation of a wider sociolinguistic study, which brought a comprehensive analysis of 1,389 instances of code switching between Italian and Slovene among bilingual speakers, the paper examines the intersection between code switching and self-translatoriality by studying 85 instances of bilingual reiteration in spontaneous and semi-spontaneous speech. By observing these instances from the perspective of translatoriality, the paper presents a case study on the translatorial actions that occur in such bilingual utterances, i.e. summarizing, duplicating, expanding and complementary language practices, as well as their underlying motivation and purpose, while also highlighting the practice of intercomprehension among bilingual speakers within the culturally and linguistically diverse community of the Slovene coast. The data show that self-translatoriality occurs both in in-group and out-group bilingual communication, although more frequently in the context of public events aimed at the broader multilingual community. While duplicating language practices occur in all settings, speakers often only repeat the nearest element, which leads to a fragmentation of the message. Translatorial action types are also frequently combined, producing fluid bilingual utterances that presuppose a plurilingual competence among all participants.

Using a semiotically-informed material approach to the study of translation, this paper analyses an artificial intelligence (AI) system developed for automatic audio captioning (AAC), which is the automated production of written descriptions for non-lingual environmental sounds. Comparing human and AI text production processes against a semiotic framework suggests that AI uses computational methods to reach textual outcomes which humans arrive at through semiotic means. Our analysis of sound description examples produced by an AAC system makes it apparent that this distinction is useful in articulating the complex relationship between human and AI translation processes. Acknowledging the central role of semiotic meaning-construction in human text production and its arguable absence in AI computational processes allows for AI processes to be discussed under a translational framework, while still recognizing their fundamental differences from comparable human translation processes. Further, audio captioning provides a clear example of a translation task where non-lingual content must be considered on equal terms with lingual text, and our discussions illustrate how this can be achieved in computational and semiotic processes alike. Overall, this paper promotes a nuanced understanding of meaning in text production and suggests multiple fruitful points of convergence and divergence between translation theory and AI research.

The paper analyzes the occurrences of taboo words in Fatih Akin’s German comedy Soul Kitchen (2009). The film is particularly rich in taboo and swear words which are mainly used by certain characters and seem to play a specific role. According to a classification of taboo words in central semantic groups and along with the definition of aggressive speech act by Havrlyiv (2017, 2018, 2022) and of insults by Alfonzetti (2017), the paper initially identifies the most recurrent speech acts in the context of their occurrence, investigating the pragmatic functions of taboo words in the original German dialogues of the comedy also in relation to the humorous aims pursued. Next, according to Díaz Cintas and Remael’s (2007) subtitling classification the paper analyzes the Italian subtitles, investigating the translation strategies selected and the solutions adopted. Special attention is paid to the strategies chosen for the translation of cultural-bound elements. The translation of scatological taboo words holds a particular relevance.

This paper describes the first known translation from the Confucian classics into Swedish, a collection of eighty quotations from the Lunyu published as an appendix to J. A. Bellman's Wishetenes rad (1707). The work is a third-generation translation, made from the French La morale de Confucius (1688), which is itself an abridged translation of the Latin Confucius Sinarum philosophus (1687). This paper selects ten of the eighty quotations for detailed analysis and commentary. The main findings are that the translation removes so much of the Chinese context and Confucian technical vocabulary that the text becomes almost indistinguishable from generic wisdom literature. Furthermore, the Swedish translator adds a layer of 'Christian' vocabulary, which was not present in the Latin and French versions. However, at a time when Sweden had almost no contact with non-Christian cultures, the translation may have played a valuable role in making the Swedish public positively disposed toward Chinese culture., INTRODUCTION The first translation from the Confucian classics into Swedish is an extract from the Lunyu [phrase omitted]. It appeared as an appendix to the book Wishetenes rad (1707), a [...]

The poem's phrases possess significant semantic depth, with each one conveying numerous concealed and enigmatic connotations. Therefore, comprehending its meaning necessitates a meticulous analysis of the poetry. An effective approach to comprehending word meanings is to analyze them through the lens of the theory of conceptual relations. In this theory, we aim to comprehend the precise significance of each word by analyzing the correlation between words. Synonymy is a relationship between words in which they have the same or similar meanings. When analyzing meaning through synonymy, the goal is to gather and compare terms that have the same meaning. This process helps to refine and clarify the semantic boundaries of each word by considering additional synonymous words. Synonymy can be applied in the translation of poetry and its criticism. This article critiques the equivalence of terms in the book "To turn green from love" by utilizing the notion of synonymy. This book features a compilation of Nizar Qabbani's love poems that have been translated from Arabic to Persian by Musa Aswar. During the analysis of equivalences, the initial step involved extracting the denotations of the words under discussion from the dictionary. Subsequently, the extra-lexical meanings of these words, such as their emotional and stylistic connotations, were decoded by taking into account the context of the poem. In the following, the process of selecting the most similar equivalent to the source text by gathering counterparts with the same meaning is described. Additionally, the translator's equivalence is evaluated and criticized. The research findings indicate that in certain instances, translation equivalents do not align with other terms within the context of the poem. Furthermore, many counterparts in the translation exhibit reduced emotional intensity compared to the words in the original text, while others possess a broader and more encompassing significance than the words found in Nizar's poems. Additionally, certain equivalents have caused the translated text to be unclear or open to interpretation.Keywords: Synonymy, Conceptual Relationships, Poetry Translation, Nizar Qabbani, Musa Aswar.IntroductionAn effective approach to comprehending the significance of language words is to analyze them through the lens of structural linguistics. According to this perspective, linguistic units are not discrete signs with fixed meanings, but rather they are interconnected and have a systematic relationship with one another. Hence, words should not be regarded as self-contained vessels that possess a fixed and unchanging content. Instead, they resemble fragments of a visual jigsaw, where the significance of each piece is illuminated when placed adjacent to others. Hence, to comprehend the significance and precise connotation of any word, one must verify its correlation with other components.One of the connections between words is through synonyms, or words that have the same or similar meanings. Across all languages, there exist words that have highly similar meanings. These terms are referred to as synonyms. Words that are considered synonymous are not entirely interchangeable in any language, as each term carries its own distinct and specific meaning. The distinction between these synonyms may lie in their respective usage categories. For instance, certain synonyms may be considered official, while others may be deemed unofficial. Additionally, certain synonyms may be classified as literary, while others fall into the non-literary category. For instance, the term "woman" is more formal than "wife." Occasionally, synonyms possess distinct contextual associations. For instance, the adjectives "big" and "large" are synonymous when describing a "big house" or a "large house," but they differ when applied to a "big sister" or a "large sister." (Rambaud, 2012: 125). Two words with synonymous meanings may exhibit a relationship of inclusion, where one word encompasses the other. As an illustration, we can provide a car as an example. The term "car" is used twice in this context, and while in some instances these two occurrences can be interchangeable, there are occasions when substituting one "car" with another is not feasible. For example, in the sentence "I cut my beard with a car," it is not conceivable to substitute "car" with another "car" (Safavi, 1379: 106). Additionally, it is plausible that synonyms may vary in their emotional connotations. An illustrative instance of this distinction can be observed in "please have a seat," "Sit down," and "sit." The reference is taken from the same source and page number as the previous citation (Ibid., 108).By conducting a comparison of synonyms, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between them and discern the precise meaning of each term. Comparing synonyms is widely employed in the fields of translation equivalence and translation critique. To broaden the options for selecting appropriate equivalents in the target language, translators or translation critics can gather various equivalents with similar meanings for a word and then compare them to determine the most closely matching equivalent.Literature ReviewIn "Research on the Structure of Synonymy of Verbs in the Arabic Language and the Role of Conjugation in Determining the Meaning," Youssef Nazari (1400) has analyzed the five types of Arabic synonyms. This article specifies the meaning of each verb by examining its similarities to other linguistic elements.Farzdouhi and Safari (2019) conducted a study titled "Evaluation of Synonymy (Taba, Khatm, Ghalf, and Safar) in the Translations of Behbodhi, Sadeghi Tehrani, Mojtbavi, and Makarem Shirazi." The study focused on analyzing the four verbs mentioned in the title and their compatibility with the word "heart" in various translations. The researchers criticized the translations of these verbs based on their ability to coexist with the word "heart."In their publication, "Synonyms in the Words of the Qur'an and the Problems of Their Translation," Raisian and Kordloui (2013) researched and analyzed several perspectives on synonyms in the Qur'an. Specifically, they focused on the concepts of dread, sadness, grief, avarice, and greed, as explored by multiple translators of the Qur'an.The indicated papers differ from the previous article in terms of their substance and methodology. The original article is connected to the current article solely in terms of its theoretical foundation. While both articles share the same underlying meaning, they diverge in terms of research methodology, content, and textual presentation of the issue. Furthermore, the current article serves as a critique of the translation, whereas the aforementioned piece does not share this characteristic. In contrast to the previous article, the other two papers employ synonyms in their critique of the translation. However, they differ in terms of their study methodology and the content of their research topic. This article focuses on examining the synonymy between equivalent words in the target language. In contrast, the previous research explored the synonymy among source words in the Arabic language.Research MethodologyThis article aims to analyze the Persian translations of the poetry collection "To turn green from love," which consists of selected passages from Nizar Qabbani's poems. The analysis focuses on identifying and exploring the synonyms used in the translations. The equivalents will be assessed using three different methods. Initially, the user consults dictionaries to obtain the primary or inherent definition of the term, along with some synonyms that convey the same idea. Subsequently, through contextual analysis and the examination of word co-occurrences, the meanings of the term are deciphered and elucidated. Simultaneously, the chosen translation equivalent is scrutinized, and a more appropriate alternative is proposed.ConclusionThe research findings indicate that certain equivalents were selected in the translation process without taking into account the principle of cohabitation or closeness of terms. Occasionally, other terms have been used that differ from the primary word of the poem in terms of both usage and style. In certain locations, alternative terms have been selected that possess a greater depth of significance compared to the primary word. These equivalents express the meanings of the destination words in a broad manner; therefore, the translations do not possess the gracefulness of the phrases in the original poem. Among the similar terms in Farsi, certain examples have been chosen where the emotional intensity is lower compared to the Arabic word in the source text. However, it should be noted that there are instances in Persian where the emotional intensity is higher. The translator frequently employed literary counterparts that failed to capture the full meaning and emotional depth of the Arabic words, resulting in a challenging reading experience for the poem.

In our interconnected global society, the ability to communicate effectively across many languages is of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the process of translating writings in several languages frequently presents obstacles that hinder the precise alignment of specific thoughts or expressions. The reciprocal relationship between culture and language elucidates the reason why, throughout the act of translation, we invariably encounter both the cultural context and the original language. In this scenario, the translator, acting as a cultural middleman, should align the source culture with the language. Thenovel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" by Ihsan Abdel Quddous was chosen for analysis to determine the translatability of its linguistic and cultural words and phrases. This examination was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. Upon careful examination of the expressions, we have discovered numerous instances in both the realms of linguistics and culture that defy translation. The translator is thus faced with the task of rendering words and sentences in a manner that aligns with the language and culture of the source (Persian) while remaining comprehensible to the intended audience. Consequently, the translator has predominantly relied on the "role equivalent" method to translate parts that cannot be translated directly.Keywords: Literary Translation, The Concept of Untranslatability, The Process of Equalization, Al-Nazzara al-Sauda, Ihsan Abdel Quddous.Introduction"Al-Nazzara al-Sauda" is a renowned work that explores the intricate themes of love, identity, and self-awareness. This narrative offers a profound understanding of the human condition within a conventional Middle Eastern society. Ihsan Abdel Quddous has adeptly employed linguistic tricks, cultural allusions, and poetic metaphors to convey the intricate elements of the text, although these pose difficulties when it comes to translation. Hence, the writers were motivated to explore the concept of untranslatability in the current novel due to the imperative of comprehending the intricacies and subtleties of language, culture, and translation, as well as devising strategies to overcome language barriers and enhance intercultural communication. Literature ReviewAn extensive study has been conducted on the topic of translation studies, specifically focusing on the untranslatability of literary texts. In the following, we will highlight a few notable studies on this subject.Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani wrote the 2013 essay "On the Untranslatability of Poetry," which is a source for other papers with the same title."The Inability to Translate Scientific Theories Using Different Terminology" (2017) the author of this essay is Mohammad Mahdi Hatef. This article presents a clear definition of translation words and addresses the issues raised by critics. Fatemeh Rakei's article, titled "Reflection on the Aspects of Translation (un)acceptability of Contemporary Persian Poetry" (1400), explores the translatability and translation of contemporary Persian poetry into English. The article aims to investigate this specific aspect of translation in this field. The results collected demonstrate that certain elements, such as content and expressive innovations, metaphors, symbols, and cultural and societal issues, can be effectively translated. However, aspects such as weight, rhyme, pun, and meaning are found to be untranslatable.Another work by Nosrat Hijazi and Rouya Shirin is "Translatability and Acceptability of Cultural Elements in Audio-Visual Texts: A Case Study of French Subtitles of the Iranian Television Series Der Cheshm Bad" (2019). This article examines the process of transferring and translating cultural aspects into audiovisual texts using subtitles.Alireza Nazari, Fatemeh Ferozan Qalabin, and Muhaddezah Samiiwrote the article "Analysis of the Role of Linguistic Factors in the Untranslatability of the Text of the Qur'an (a Comparative Study of Verses from Surah Yusuf in Four Famous Translations of the Qur'an)" (2014).In this article, the authors focus on the specific role of linguistic factors in the verses of Surah Yusuf and subsequently analyze these factors in four well-known contemporary translations of the Qur'an.The paper titled "Difficulty of Translatability of Kitab al-Mubin as a Literary Work" was authored by Abolfazl Hari in 1386. This essay analyzes the Qur'an as a piece of literature and concludes that while its rhetorical and linguistic intricacies are not entirely impossible to translate, they are indeed challenging to translate.Based on the authors' thorough investigations, no previous independent research has been conducted specifically on the issue of untranslatability in Ihsan Abdel Quddous’ novel "Al-Nazzara al-Sauda." Consequently, the writers have chosen to introduce a novel contribution.Research MethodologyLiterary translation is considered the most aesthetically pleasing form of translation. This is as a result of the translator carefully choosing the most appropriate and harmonious language in accordance with their literary preferences. The presence of various verbal and spiritual arrangements is clearly apparent in literary translation (Marouf, 1384:17).Linguistics and societal customs: When considering the connection between language and culture, it may be argued that language serves as an integrated system that represents and propels culture. According to this, all text elements might have a cultural aspect since language is inherently connected to culture as a distinct and autonomous entity (Hijazi and Shirin, 2019: 71).Intranslatability: The presence of linguistic diversity can provide obstacles to the process of translation, particularly when it involves words, phrases, or cultural nuances that are difficult to effectively convey. An obstacle that might hinder accurate communication is untranslatability, as it directly affects the interpretation of the message. Several theorists have discussed the concept of untranslatability in the process of translation, and each of them has put forth ways for achieving accurate translation. Hermans and Santos argue that untranslatability encompasses both the linguistic structure and the interplay between language and culture. They propose a division of untranslatability into two categories: "linguistic untranslatability" and "cultural untranslatability" (Hermans, 2019: 602; Santos, 21:2006).David Harvey, a different scholar, has put out four approaches for rendering features that cannot be translated:Equivalent role (functional) 2: A visual representation of the same meaning in language 3- Loaning 4: Translation that provides an explanation and description of the text (Khairkhah and Sajjudi, 2013:24).ConclusionThis research has served as a paradigm and a reference to prevent the occurrence of untranslatability, aligning with one of David Harvey's proposed solutions. Consequently, based on the categorization and detailed analytical examination of the excerpts extracted from the novel, it can be concluded that translators are obligated to offer a recommended translation that is compatible with the linguistic structure. In the majority of instances, Farsi employs the approach of role or function to convey desirable linguistic and cultural concepts to the reader. However, it also utilizes other techniques, such as descriptive translation, to achieve the same objective effectively.

GERMAN AND POLISH NAMES OF HIGHER SCHOOLS FROM A LINGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES) The present paper is an attempt to describe the nomination usus (namegiving linguistic custom) regarding higher schools of the German-speaking area on the one hand, and of the Polish-speaking one on the other. The specific semantic categories of nominal components correspond to grammatical realisations, which are subject to certain structural constraints, as well as exhibit more and less typical forms. Informed by such observations – initiated by Jan Iluk’s overview paper [2000] and refined by an analysis of much broader material, encompassing Austrian and Swiss names as well – I tried to show the name-giving possibilities and tendencies in this field in both German and Polish, mainly with a view to a translation-related application of such contrastive analysis. The findings presented here, based on the material of a considerable number of higher school names in the examined area and combined with the presentation of about 100 German and some 45 Polish examples (provided with translations), should help both in evaluating already published equivalents, hardly ever official in the case of German, and proposing one’s own ones – also because of the non-existence of given equivalents in publications, be it only Internet-based ones.