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Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women are disproportionately affected by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV vaccination is routinely recommended for U.S. adolescents at age 11-12 years, with catch-up vaccination through age 26 years. We assessed HPV vaccination coverage and associated factors among young MSM and transgender women. The Vaccine Impact in Men study enrolled MSM aged 18-26 years from clinics in Seattle, Chicago, and Los Angeles, during February 2016-September 2018. Participants self-reported socio-demographic information and HPV vaccination status. Among 1416 participants, 673 (47.5%) reported ≥1 HPV vaccine dose. Among vaccinated participants, median age at first dose was 19 years and median age at first sex was 17 years; 493 (73.3%) reported that their age at first dose was older than their age at first sex. There were significant differences in HPV vaccination coverage by city (range 33%-62%), age, race/ethnicity, and gender identity. Coverage was highest in Seattle, where younger age was the only factor associated with vaccination. Differences in coverage by city may be due to variation in vaccination practices or enrollment at study sites. Increasing both routine and catch-up vaccination will improve coverage among MSM and transgender women.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence is high among men who have sex with men (MSM), yet little is known about HPV among transgender women (TGW). We assessed HPV prevalence and knowledge among TGW compared with MSM., Methods: We enrolled TGW and MSM aged 18 to 26 years from clinics in Chicago and Los Angeles during 2012 to 2014. Participants self-reported gender identity, HIV status, HPV knowledge, and vaccination status. Self-collected anal and oral specimens were tested for HPV DNA (37 types); serum was tested for HPV antibodies (4 vaccine types). Prevalence among unvaccinated TGW and MSM was compared using prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Participants without DNA or serologic evidence of HPV were considered naïve., Results: Among 1033 participants, 49 were TGW. Among 44 TGW and 855 MSM who were unvaccinated, any HPV DNA was detected in anal specimens from 39 (88.6%) TGW and 606 (70.9%) MSM (PR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4), and oral specimens from 4 (9.1%) TGW and 81 (9.5%) MSM (PR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.4-2.5). Antibodies were detected among 37 (84.1%) TGW and 467 (54.6%) MSM (PR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8). Most participants were naïve to 1 or more HPV vaccine type/s, including 29 (65.9%) TGW and 775 (90.6%) MSM (PR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9). Most TGW (55.1%) had never heard of HPV vaccine., Conclusions: Among TGW, HPV prevalence was high and knowledge was low. Most were still naïve to 1 or more HPV vaccine type. Although vaccination ideally occurs prior to exposure, findings support existing national recommendations to vaccinate TGW and MSM, and suggest additional outreach might increase vaccination.