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The supply chain, the system granting customer satisfaction, is an important field in our changing world. This field’s profit-oriented companies seek employees with the competencies to achieve their goals. This research’s aim was to raise awareness of those competencies that should be developed. The authors questioned 110 supply chain management (SCM) master’s degree (MSc) students from Corvinus University of Budapest (CUB) and performed a significance test on their answers. They were asked to assess 17 competency groups and state the extent to which – on a scale from 0 to 100 – supply chain managers need them. One of the most interesting results was the assessment of presentation skills, which indicated differences between the competencies that companies expected and those that students believed were required. This study not only lays the groundwork for further research but also emphasizes the relevance of those competencies to be developed and the rethinking of training outcome requirements.

Learnable data augmentation is a technique where a neural netowrk learns to create modified data samples that improve the training outcome from a second, parallel neural network. This is a relatively new approach to dataset augmentation that has inspired many variations in the last few years. In this article the most signficiant of these advanced data augmentation strategies are summarised and discussed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the baseline knowledge of autonomic functions and specifically the International Standards to document remaining Autonomic Function after Spinal Cord Injury (ISAFSCI) among medical students and to present the effective methods in learning of the ISAFSCIDesignInterventional training sessionSettingA tertiary hospital.Participants37 medical studentsInterventionsBefore training, a self-rating questionnaire including 24 concepts extracted from the ISAFSCI was administrated to the students. Then students were divided into two groups. One group (N = 19) had a one-hour ISAFSCI booklet self-study (BSS), while the other group (N = 18) received a one-hour lecture-based learning (LBL) about the ISAFSCI. After BSS/LBL, all students were examined by a 15-question written test on the knowledge of ISAFSCI.Main Outcome MeasuresBaseline knowledge self-rating questionnaire before training and comparison of post-training performance on the written test between the BSS and LBL groupsResultsBefore training, students were familiar with only 8 out of the 24 concepts within the questionnaire (demonstrating baseline knowledge rate beyond 50%). Significant difference in post-training performance (PConclusionUse of ISAFSCI booklet alone for self-study by medical students is not sufficient to obtain bassline knowledge of autonomic discussions after SCI. It is recommended that formal lecture or presentation should be used to improve the effectiveness of learning the ISAFSCI for medical students. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the baseline knowledge of autonomic functions and specifically the International Standards to document remaining Autonomic Function after Spinal Cord Injury (ISAFSCI) among medical students and to present the effective methods in learning of the ISAFSCI.DESIGN: Interventional training session.SETTING: A tertiary hospital.PARTICIPANTS: 37 medical students.INTERVENTIONS: Before training, a self-rating questionnaire including 24 concepts extracted from the ISAFSCI was administrated to the students. Then students were divided into two groups. One group (N = 19) had a one-hour ISAFSCI booklet self-study (BSS), while the other group (N = 18) received a one-hour lecture-based learning (LBL) about the ISAFSCI. After BSS/LBL, all students were examined by a 15-question written test on the knowledge of ISAFSCI.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline knowledge self-rating questionnaire before training and comparison of post-training performance on the written test between the BSS and LBL groups.RESULTS: Before training, students were familiar with only 8 out of the 24 concepts within the questionnaire (demonstrating baseline knowledge rate beyond 50%). Significant difference in post-training performance (PCONCLUSION: Use of ISAFSCI booklet alone for self-study by medical students is not sufficient to obtain bassline knowledge of autonomic discussions after SCI. It is recommended that formal lecture or presentation should be used to improve the effectiveness of learning the ISAFSCI for medical students.

The aim of surgical training across the ten surgical specialties is to produce competent day one consultants. Progression through training is assessed by the Annual Review of Competency Progression (ARCP).ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine variation in ARCP outcomes within surgical training and identify differences between specialties.DesignA national cohort study using data from United Kingdom Medical Education Database (UKMED) was performed. ARCP outcome was the primary outcome measure. Multi-level ordinal regression analyses were performed, with ARCP outcomes nested within trainees.ParticipantsHigher surgical trainees (ST3-ST8) from 9 UK surgical specialties were included (vascular surgery was excluded due to insufficient data). All surgical trainees across the UK with an ARCP outcome between 2010 to 2017 were included.ResultsEight thousand two hundred and twenty trainees with an ARCP outcome awarded between 2010 and 2017 were included, comprising 31,788 ARCP outcomes. There was substantial variation in the proportion of non-standard outcomes recorded across specialties with general surgery trainees having the highest proportion of non-standard outcomes (22.5%) and urology trainees the fewest 12.4%. After adjustment, general surgery trainees were 1.3 times more likely to receive a non-standard ARCP outcome compared to trainees in T&O (OR 1.33 95%CI 1.21-1.45). Urology trainees were 36% less likely to receive a non-standard outcome compared to T&O trainees (OR 0.64 95%CI 0.54-0.75). Female trainees and older age were associated with non-standard outcomes (OR 1.11 95%CI 1.02-1.22; OR 1.04 95%CI 1.03-1.05).ConclusionThere is wide variation in the training outcome assessments across surgical specialties. General surgery has higher rates of non-standard outcomes compared to other surgical specialities. Across all specialities, female sex and older age were associated with non-standard outcomes.Article summaryStrengths and limitationsThis is the first study investigating factors affecting ARCP outcome across all surgical specialities.The major strength of the study is the large sample size comprising all higher surgical trainees between 2010 and 2017.Unlike previous studies this study uses data from reliable sources and is not dependent on survey data.Limitations include the inability to investigate the causes behind our findings due to the nature of the analysis.

A Piano is a popular musical instrument. Development of playing piano requires frequent and suitable practice. However, the learners often have difficulty on space and time for practice due to less portable size and weight of the piano. In this article, a portable and virtual-reality (VR) based self-training system of the piano is proposed, which is installed on a standalone see-through Head-Mounted-Display (HMD). A learner wearing the HMD can see both of superimposed virtual piano keyboard and virtual his/her own fingers. According to his/her keying by the fingers, the system represents the situation acoustically. Evaluation of training outcome (number of incorrect keying) and subjective assessment shows advantages of the proposed system in comparison of a piano playing application on a tablet device.

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may improve motor recovery after stroke. This study investigated if uni- and bihemispheric tDCS of the motor cortex can enhances fine motor training outcome and transfer to clinical assessments of upper motor function. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trial, forty chronic stroke patients underwent five days of fine motor skill training of the paretic hand with either unilateral or bilateral (N=15/group) or placebo tDCS (N=10). Immediate and long-term (three months) effects on training outcome and motor recovery (Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer, UE-FM, Wolf Motor Function Test, WMFT) were investigated. Results: Trained task performance significantly improved independently of tDCS in a curvilinear fashion. Anodal, but not dual tDCS resulted in a steeper learning curve on the UE-FM. Neither training nor combined training-tDCS improved WMFT performance.Conclusions: Fine motor skill training can facilitate recovery of upper extremity function. Minimal add-on effects of tDCS were observed.Clinical Trial Registration-URL: NCT01969097 retrospectively registered on 25/10/2013.

In recent years, increasing evidence of the positive impact of Virtual Reality (VR) on neurofeedback training has emerged. The immersive properties of VR training scenarios have been shown to facilitate neurofeedback learning while leading to cognitive enhancements such as increased working memory performance. However, in the design of an immersive VR environment, there are several covariates that can influence the level of immersion. To date, the specific factors which contribute to the improvement of neurofeedback performance have not yet been clarified. This research aims to investigate the effects of vividness in a Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE-VR) on neurofeedback training outcome, and to assess the effect on working memory performance. To achieve this, we recruited 21 participants, exposed to neurofeedback training inside a CAVE-VR environment. Participants were divided into three experimental groups, each of which received feedback in a different neurofeedback training scenario with increasing level of vividness (i.e., low, medium, high) while also assessing the effect of neurofeedback on working memory performance. Current findings show that highly vivid feedback in CAVE-VR results in increased neurofeedback performance. In addition, highly vivid training scenarios had a positive effect on user’s motivation, concentration, and reduced boredom. Finally, current results corroborate the efficacy of the neurofeedback enhancement protocol in CAVE-VR for improving working memory performance.

This chapter reviews existing work on fMRI neurofeedback in disorders of emotion regulation such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and anxiety disorders. We present a framework of what to target (disturbed or compensatory functions) as well as how to target (what interface to use and whether to up or downregulate). Considering what to target we suggest the following distinction: (a) targeting disturbed processes which aims to restore neural functions that are aberrant compared to the level of that seen in healthy controls, and (b) targeting compensatory functions which are aimed at leveraging what patients are already using to perform some task/function. With regard to targeting disturbed processes: in major depressive disorder this includes increasing amygdala responses to positive stimuli and decreasing salience network responses to negative stimuli. In posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder this includes decreasing limbic brain activity including that of the amygdala. With regard to targeting compensatory processes: in major depressive disorder this involves increasing responses to positive stimuli in prefrontal regions in order to compensate for the lack of limbic and salience network activation. These approaches require identifying neural substrates that may compensate for disturbed functions. In addition to an overview of results in these populations using these approaches, we also discuss major issues in clinical application of neurofeedback for emotion regulation including what and how to target and how to measure training outcome.

This study attempted to decipher the link between students' input, output, learning environment, challenges, and students' demographic variables at the tertiary level of education. First-year undergraduate students (n = 122) were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. As hypothesized in the input-environment-outcomes model adopted in this study, students' academic input and learning environment shape learners' study outcomes. Findings revealed that learners' academic performance is influenced by students' demographic variables, intellectual input, educational environment, and challenges, but most importantly, an excellent and effective study environment is what makes the most remarkable difference in the learner's scholastic achievement. If an academic environment does not deliver a broad-quality learning setting to its learners, then it fails in its mission. The educational environment has to gain more influence on how their new learners develop, and the university has to be guarded about how they plan to ascertain that these new entrants become agile learners irrespective of their high school background., High school training; School preparation; Tertiary Education; Academic performance; First-year undergraduates; Social-demographics.

Background 1.5-mile run time, as a surrogate measure of aerobic fitness, is associated with musculoskeletal injury (MSI) risk in military recruits. This study aimed to determine if 1.5-mile run times can predict injury risk and attrition rates from phase 1 (initial) training and determine if a link exists between phase 1 and 2 discharge outcomes in British Army recruits. Method 1.5-mile times from week 1 of initial training and MSI reported during training were retrieved for 3446 male recruits. Run times were examined against injury occurrence and training outcomes for 3050 recruits, using a Binary Logistic Regression and χ2 analysis. Results The 1.5-mile run can predict injury risk and phase 1 attrition rates (χ2(1)=59.3 p Conclusion The 1.5-mile run can be used to guide a future standard that will in turn help reduce injury occurrence and improve training success.

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess and compare the outcomes of all-in-one and step-by-step teaching methods in dental skill training. METHODS Forty first-year dental residents were recruited into this study, which was a prospective, double-blind and randomised controlled trial. The learners were randomly allocated to either the all-in-one group (control group, n = 20) or the step-by-step group (experimental group, n = 20). They performed crown preparation on a plastic tooth under different training course structures. For the all-in-one group, the course comprised three parts: the teacher's lecture and demonstration and the learner's practice. Every part was carried out independently in turn. For the step-by-step group, the course was divided into six parts according to the procedures of crown preparation: incisal preparation, facial preparation, interproximal preparation, lingual preparation, marginal preparation, and finishing and polishing. Every part, consisting of the teacher's lecture and demonstration and the learner's practice, was carried out step-by-step. Thereafter, the training outcome was evaluated by the learners, two experts and a digital system. RESULTS For the outcomes of the all-in-one group and the step-by-step group, the learners' assessments were 6.15 ± 1.98 and 8.10 ± 1.41, the experts' assessments were 7.00 ± 1.75 and 8.40 ± 1.10, and the digital assessments were 6.43 ± 1.20 and 7.62 ± 0.51, respectively. In terms of each evaluation index, there was significant difference between the two groups (P

IntroductionRobust assessment is a crucial component in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training to determine whether participants have achieved learning objectives with little or no variation in their overall outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate resuscitation performance by real-time logs. We hypothesised that instructors may not be able to evaluate time-sensitive parameters, namely, chest compression fraction, time to initiating chest compression and time to initiating defibrillation accurately in a subjective manner.MethodsVideo records and formal checklist-based test results of Megacode scenarios for the ACLS certification examination at several hospitals in Taipei were examined. For the study interest, three time-sensitive parameters were measured via video review assisted by a mobile phone application, and were used for evaluation. We evaluated if the pass/fail results made by instructors via checklists were correlated with these parameters.ResultsA total of 185 Megacode scenarios were eligible for the final analysis. Among the three parameters, good chest compression fraction was statistically significant with a higher OR of passing (OR=3.65; 95% CI 1.36 to 9.91; p=0.01). In 112 participants with one parameter that did not meet the criteria, 25 were graded as fail, making the specificity 22.3% (95% CI 15.0% to 31.2%).ConclusionsVisual observation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance is not accurate when evaluating time-sensitive parameters. Objective results should be offered for training outcome evaluation, and also for feedback to participants.

Henrik Toft Sørensen1–3 1Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, AarhusN, Denmark; 2Department of Health Research and Policy, 3Stanford’s Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Abstract: Many resources are invested in research training, but very little literature exists on predictors for a successful PhD and postdoctoral training outcome. A PhD program has two overall objectives: to extend knowledge about a hopefully important health topic and to provide extensive training to improve the PhD student’s skills through learning research methods and collaboration. A substantial number of PhD students may run into some kind of problem in the course of their PhD program. In this article, some determinants all starting with an “I” and indicative of a good PhD outcome are reported. The successful PhD student can be described as having an Interest in the PhD program, an Incentive for the program, and an Idea of what he or she wants to investigate, showing Initiative, and having high personal Integrity and good Interpersonal relationships. When these so-called I-determinants are present, the likelihood of success in a PhD program is high. More evidence is available for selection of candidates for postdoctoral appointments since it is known that the postdoctoral candidate has completed a PhD program, published papers in peer-reviewed journals, and received awarded grants. However, other characteristics determine a successful transition of the postdoctoral candidate into a research leader. These determinants are Identity, Independence and Image, Implementation ability in terms of being able to implement decisions and projects, working with Innovative and Important topics, having In-depth knowledge of the research topic, being Interactive and Integrated with the scientific community, and Internationally oriented. In conclusion, regardless of the framework of research, the personal characteristics of a researcher play a very important role in the quality of research. Application of some of the principles mentioned in this article might allow decision to reach a more evidence-based way to recruit PhD students and postdoctorals. Keywords: academic training, epidemiologic determinants, outcome, PhD, postdoctoral

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different bridge exercises on internal oblique, external oblique, transverse abdominis, and erector spinae activities. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-five subjects with chronic low back pain participated in this study. The training outcome was evaluated with three different testing methods: supine bridge exercise, supine bridge on Swiss ball exercise, and prone bridge exercise. The activities of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae were measured using surface electromyography. [Results] There were significant differences in the internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae according to the three kinds of bridging exercises. The internal oblique, external oblique and transverse abdominis activities were highest in the prone bridge exercise, followed by those in the supine bridge on Swiss ball exercise, and supine bridge exercises. The activity of erector spine was highest in the supine bridge on Swiss ball exercise followed by the supine bridge exercise and prone bridge exercise. [Conclusion] These results suggest that prone bridge exercise is more effective than conventional supine bridge exercise and supine bridge on Swiss ball in increasing trunk muscle activity of chronic low back pain patients.

POWER-GENERATING CAPACITY SHOULD BE A PRIMARY TRAINING OUTCOME FOR FOOTBALL ATHLETES. THE ABILITY TO BE EXPLOSIVE AND USE HIGH LEVELS OF STRENGTH SEEMS TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ATHLETES AND TEAMS. DEVELOPING TRAINING INTERVENTIONS THAT CAN IMPROVE BOTH STRENGTH- AND POWER-GENERATING CAPACITY

Background and objective: There is scant evidence on the use of simulations in audiology (especially in Malaysia) for case-history taking, although this technique is widely used in training medicine and nursing students. Feedback is one of the important components in simulations training; however, it is unknown if feedback by instructors could influence the simulated patient (SP) training outcome for case-history taking among audiology students. The aim of the present study is to determine whether the SP training with feedback in addition to the standard role-play and seminar training is an effective learning tool for audiology case-history taking. Subjects: Twenty-six, second-year undergraduate audiology students participated Methods: A cross-over study design was used. All students initially attended two hours of seminar and role-play sessions. Students were then divided into three types of training, (i) SP training (Group A), (ii) SP with feedback (Group B) and, (iii) a non-additional training group (Group C). After two training sessions, the students changed their types of training to, (i) Group A and C: SP training with feedback and, (ii) Group B: non-additional training. All the groups were assessed at three points: (i) pre-test, (ii) intermediate, and (iii) post-test. The normalized median score differences between and within the respective groups were analysed using non-parametric tests at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Groups with additional SP trainings (with and without feedback) showed a significantly higher normalized gain score than those without any additional training (p

Resistance strength training is a proven method to improve bone density and muscle strength. A solution capable of automatically detecting the resistance force level exerted by a user from a wrist-based device can offer great convenience to the trainee and hence facilitate a better training outcome. In this short communication, we present our investigation aimed at exploring if force myographic (FMG) signals recorded at the wrist can predict the relative resistance levels that are associated with different weights. Specifically, we investigated the Spearman’s correlations between the wrist FMG signal features and the dumbbell weights during a bicep curl exercise. 10 volunteers were recruited to perform a total of 100 curl actions, which included both the hammer and regular curls while the wrist FMG signals were being recorded. Three sets of weights ranging from 0.2 lb to 8 lb were used. For the hammer curls, a median correlation coefficient of 0.92 with an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.03 was obtained. For the regular curls, a 0.94 median correlation with a 0.02 IQR was obtained. We also used the data from the first 36 curls to generate a classifier model and applied it onto the rest of the data. An averaged validation accuracy of 88% was obtained. The results of this study showed the potential use of wrist FMG signal to detect different levels of the load during exercises; such information could potentially be used as feedback in fitness, sports, and rehabilitation activities.

Problems contained in a company that is the system of recruitment. Employee recruitment system is used to obtain employees who fit the characteristics of the company ASTRA OTOPARTS located in Lamongan. Therefore, the computer is one of the tools to meet the needs of companies in accelerating the process of determining the appropriate candidates to become employees of customer service or as an expert thus will facilitate the trainer to inform the number of candidates who pass the certificate and obtain a certificate of training to human resources development (HRD) . The method of fuzzy tsukamoto as decision-making of training outcome, which will give solution solution to trainer to overcome the existing problems with the result of data accuracy equal to 95% and eliminate the process of recruitment manually where determined by a manager and can minimize fraud in recruitment at FIF ASTRA OTOPART in Lamongan District.

Internet-based problem-solving training (IPST) effectively reduces depressive symptoms in employees. Yet, it is unknown which employees benefit most from this particular treatment. The study aimed to identify predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in IPST offered to employees with depressive symptoms. Within a randomized controlled trial (N. =. 150), designed to test the effectiveness of IPST, variables that predict and moderate the effects of IPST when compared with a waitlist control group (WLC) were explored. The outcome was change in depression severity, assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Both depression severity and other psychopathological symptoms and potential predictors/moderators were assessed as self-reports at baseline (t1) and in follow-up assessments after seven weeks (t2), three months (t3) and six months (t4). Higher depression severity at baseline predicted improvement in depressive symptomology in follow-up assessments after seven weeks, and three- and six months. Depression severity moderated the effectiveness of IPST assessed at six-month follow-up. Simple slope analyses revealed that the long-term effectiveness of the intervention was more pronounced among participants with high (CES-D range: 33-44, M. =. 37.0, SD. =. 3.2) and moderate (CES-D range: 14-32, M. =. 23.1, SD. =. 5.6) depression baseline scores, compared to participants displaying low depression baseline scores (CES-D range: 5-13, M. =. 9.0, SD. =. 2.2). No indication was found that participants presenting low depression severity at baseline significantly benefitted from IPST in the long-term. IPST might be appropriate for employees with a wide range of different characteristics. While there appears to be no reason to exclude employees with severe depression from Internet-based occupational mental health interventions, for employees low in depression severity, watchful waiting or potentially no intervention should be considered. These findings may not apply to other low-intensity interventions and/or target groups.

Introduction Paratrooper training courses are very demanding, leading to a high number of drop-outs, despite existing selection criteria. This study investigated physiological, neuropsychological, and subjective data of completers and drop-outs during paratrooper training to identify potential predictive indices. Methods Tested were 24 paratrooper soldiers before (t0), after 8 wk (t1), and at the end of a 12-wk training camp (t2). There were 11 soldiers who completed the course and 13 dropped out. The Training OPtimalisation test (TOPtest) uses two maximum exercise events to assess changes in measured parameters. The TOPtest was administered at t0, t1, and t2; physiological [i.e., adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, heart rate (HR)], neuropsychological (Stroop, Flanker, Go NoGo, Task Switch), and subjective data [Profile of Mood States (POMS)] were collected. Physiological and subjective raw data was gathered pre- and post-test from each of the two maximum exercise tests. The pre/post-test change of each parameter's raw values was calculated as the parameter's reactivity (or delta score). Results At t0, drop-outs showed a significantly smaller HR reactivity (117.9 ± 14.0 vs.107.7 ± 10.6). Delta scores of tension and fatigue values differed significantly between completers and drop-outs at t0. Completers' physiological reactivity during the TOPtest at t2 (HR: 105.91 ± 13.68 vs. 95.55 ± 10.28) was significantly reduced and became comparable to the drop-outs' reactivity at t0. Delta scores of fatigue and tension values showed a similar pattern. Discussion Reactivity of HR, tension, and fatigue parameter values were found to have predictive value in identifying completers vs. drop-outs of an elite paratrooper training course.Vrijkotte S, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Kubesch S, Mairesse O, de Schutter G, Pattyn N. Refining selection for elite troops by predicting military training outcome. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2017; 88(9):850-857.

Haptic feedback is often employed in medical simulators, with the goal to improve user interaction and the training outcome. One option for providing touch sensations is using passive haptics, by including actual physical mock-ups of the anatomical objects in the simulated scene. While this approach has advantages, the usual one-to-one mapping between virtual and physical objects is a fundamental drawback, especially when invasive scene alterations are to be performed, such as cutting or drilling. In this work we propose to alleviate this situation by modifying the mock surgical instruments used for interaction. Twisted string actuation is employed to display variable stiffness while indenting an anatomical model. Quantitative experiments characterizing the performance of a testbed are reported and a prototype system for a surgical bone drill is introduced. Results show that the setup is capable of providing different stiffness augmentations, representing varying bone densities.

A hand exoskeleton driven by myoelectric pattern recognition was designed for stroke rehabilitation. It detects and recognizes the user’s motion intent based on electromyography (EMG) signals, and then helps the user to accomplish hand motions in real time. The hand exoskeleton can perform six kinds of motions, including the whole hand closing/opening, tripod pinch/opening, and the “gun” sign/opening. A 52-year-old woman, 8 months after stroke, made 20×2-hour visits over 10 weeks to participate in robot-assisted hand training. Though she was unable to move her fingers on her right hand before the training, EMG activities could be detected on her right forearm. In each visit, she took 4×10-minute robot-assisted training sessions, in which she repeated the aforementioned six motion patterns assisted by our intent-driven hand exoskeleton. After the training, her grip force increased from 1.5 kg to 2.7 kg, her pinch force increased from 1.5 kg to 2.5 kg, her score of Box & Block test increased from 3 to 7, her score of Fugl-Meyer (Part C) increased from 0 to 7, her hand function increased from Stage 1 to Stage 2 in Chedoke-McMaster assessment. The results demonstrate the feasibility of robot-assisted training driven by myoelectric pattern recognition after stroke.

Background: Musculoskeletal training injuries represent a considerable socio economic burden with far reaching implications on organisational effectiveness. Injury data analysis is fundamental to understanding the magnitude of the problem and underpins the subsequent design and delivery of targeted prevention strategies. Aim: To evaluate five years inter-regimental musculoskeletal injury patterns and training outcomes in British infantry recruits. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective observational study of 4777 MSKI reported from a total of 12501 British Infantry recruits over five consecutive training years (1st April 2012-31th March 2017). The observed cohorts comprised of recruits from the Parachute Regiment (n=1910), Line Infantry (n=7799), Guards (n=1834) and the Gurkha Regiment (n=958). The physiotherapy Department collected the injury data throughout consecutive phase 1 and phase 2 training, the Combat Infantryman Course (CIC). Results: The five year cumulative incidence varied between the individual training regiments; 66.49% (95% CI: 64.39-68.62), 38.17% (95% CI: 35.97-40.42) 33.29% (95% CI: 32.22-34.31) and 22.03% (95% CI: 19.42-24.65) for Parachute, Guards, Line, and Gurkha respectively. Overuse injuries were the most frequently observed subclassification whilst the most common site for all types of injury was the knee. Significant difference was found (p week 13). 42.1% of the total injuries accounted for within the first eight weeks of training. Training outcomes, recruits successfully completing training at the first attempt were found to be significantly different (p

This experimental study focuses on the interactive effect of two modeling strategies and three goal orientations on affective, motivational, and behavioral training outcomes. In this study, 275 trainees participated in a corporate training program. Their goal orientation was measured prior to experimentation, and participants were randomly assigned to a positive-only or a mixed-model display during training. Results showed interaction patterns that differed across a variety of training outcome measures: Trainees exposed to the positive-only models reported higher utility reactions when they held avoidance goal orientations, while those with performance goal orientation reported higher self-efficacy after training. Finally, trainees exposed to the mixed model who held learning goal orientation, demonstrated higher levels of behavior reproduction of the training content. These results are discussed for their practical and theoretical implication for the training context.

What aspects of gameplay have a positive impact on cognitive development? This work-in-progress focuses on the role of spatial involvement via different control schemes by implementing a training regimen through Minecraft for mental rotation in order to understand the impact of aspects of involvement on the training outcome. A proven engaging training experience was recreated, making training mental rotation more accessible and extending it using digital media. We compare different levels of spatial involvement in a pilot study to understand factors of the experience's impact as a first step towards an improved understanding of relevant aspects of digital games for training.

Large numbers of therapists worldwide wish to receive training in how to deliver psychological treatments. Current methods of training are poorly suited to this task as they are costly and require scarce expertise. New forms of training therefore need to be developed that are more cost-effective and scalable. Internet-based methods might fulfil these requirements whilst having the added advantage of being able to provide trainees with extensive exposure to the treatment as practised. New strategies and procedures for evaluating training outcome are also required. These need to be capable of assessing the therapist's knowledge of the treatment and its use, as well as the therapist's ability to apply this knowledge in clinical practice. Standardised role play-based techniques might be of value in this regard. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

In Part II of a two-part series, we develop a phenomenological model of a negative outcome of U.S. Army Basic Combat Training that affects a large proportion of trainees. Previous models have been epidemiological in nature and have focused on trainee risk factors such as previous injury, gender, and initial fitness. This approach is limited due to difficulties extrapolating results to other cohorts. In addition, training regimen is often neglected, limiting accuracy when applied to novel scenarios.The prognostic Training Adaptation Injury Model (TAIM) developed accounts for both individual characteristics as well as regimen by integrating validated submodels of physiological and biomechanical principles known to be important for tibial stress fracture.We find that when used to predict any type of overuse injury, the TAIM is most accurate when the effect of training activities on both overall fitness as well as muscle fatigue during activities is accounted for area under the receiver-operator curve of 0.65. This compares favorably with statistical-based models that do not account for training regimen (area under the receiver-operator curve ≈ 0.56.The TAIM has the potential to both identify trainees at overuse injury risk as well as make recommendations on regimen changes to reduce that risk.

Previous research demonstrates a shift from negative behavioral consequences to positive cognitive development in understanding the effects of computer gameplay across multiple age groups. However, there are still questions about which aspects of gameplay have an impact on those positive consequences. This work-in-progress focuses on the role of spatial involvement via different control schemes by implementing a training regimen through Minecraft for mental rotation in order to understand the impact of aspects of involvement on the training outcome. The project utilizes Minecraft to recreate a proven engaging experience for players, making training mental rotation more accessible. Comparing different levels of spatial involvement will be used to understand factors of the experience's impact. Further, the work extends game training endeavors in psychology using digital media. A target outcome is an improved understanding of what aspects of digital games are relevant for successful training applications.

This chapter explains briefly the need of evaluation. Then it describes different evaluation models, discusses to choose appropriate model for the investigation. Secondly, the methods and data sources of the study are provided and the development of interview guidelines for evaluating pilot vocational training are explained; thirdly major findings of the pilot vocational training on sewing is presented and interpreted.

In recent models of training effectiveness, it has been proposed that career exploration predicts training outcome variables such as training performance. Implementing the Career Exploration Survey developed by Stumpf and colleagues (1983), the present study explored the impact of sixteen dimensions of career exploration on subsequent training performance. A total of 145 call centre agents participated in the present study. Results demonstrated that four dimensions of career exploration predicted subsequent training performance. More specifically, trainees who (a) scored high on focused career exploration, (b) were more satisfied with information, (c) reported a higher internal search instrumentality, and (d) reported a lower external search instrumentality achieved higher training performance scores. Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.

A survey of 936 retail stores was conducted in Illinois to help understand how pest management recommendations are made, identify current sources of information, and assess educational needs. Overall response rate was 43%, and significant differences in the level of employee training, educational materials used, and customer referrals were noted among lawn and garden stores, home improvement centers, hardware stores, and general merchandise stores. While 72% of lawn and garden centers assigned specific employees to make pesticide recommendations, only 39% of hardware stores identified a specialized employee. Over 80% of lawn and garden centers referred customer questions to extension or Master Gardeners, while less than 20% of general merchandise stores made similar referrals. Improving customer service was the most important potential outcome of additional employee training, followed by improving the ability of sales staff to explain product labels. Reducing potential liability was identified as an important training outcome by 68% of home improvement centers. Fact sheets were identified by 60% of respondents as being very useful to store employees, while programs at educational centers were identified by less than 20% of respondents as being very useful. Retail stores that sell pesticides represent an important source of pest control information and product recommendations for the average homeowner. As store employees become more knowledgeable about integrated pest management, this should improve their ability to make recommendations and ultimately increase consumer safety.

In this article, we present a framework for selecting instruments for evaluating psychotherapy and psychotherapy training from a person-centered and experiential psychotherapy (PCEP) perspective. The protocol is divided into eight therapy measurement domains, consisting of four research themes (therapy outcome, therapy process, client predictors, training outcome) and two levels (general/pan-theoretical concepts vs. treatment specific/PCEP-oriented concepts). This research protocol provides recommendations about what to measure, encouraging collaboration across different training sites, while still allowing flexibility for individual centers. Minimum and systematic case study data collection designs are described: Minimum designs are appropriate for use in private practice settings with one's own clients; systematic case-study designs can be used for student case-presentation requirements or for publication. The framework and research protocols described are part of an emerging international rese...

The success and effectiveness of diabetic screening programmes are dependent on the availability of appropriately trained image graders. This study was designed to evaluate graders enrolled on a locally devised, formal training course by means of a performance-based measure. The course consisted of four days of classroom-based tuition followed by three months of practice-based learning in the workplace. The aim was to establish whether trainees showed an improvement in their ability to grade images, and secondly whether test sets of images are useful in measuring training outcome. Thirteen trainees were required to grade a test set of 24 single images both before and after training. A significant improvement in sensitivity (from 35% before training to 45% after training) was observed as a result of training but at a cost of a decline in specificity. Trainees’ confidence ratings measured on a five-point scale increased from an average of 2.4 to 4.1 (p

Sexual harassment awareness (SHA) training has been under-studied as an organizational intervention deterring occurrences of sexual harassment. In this chapter, we articulate a general model of SHA training effectiveness that is grounded theoretically in broader workplace training effectiveness models and training outcome taxonomies. In particular, we highlight the role that cynicism and motivation play in influencing SHA training effectiveness and identify possible training design, individual factors, and contextual factors that may influence trainees' cynicism and motivation, as well as SHA training outcomes.

In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during ann-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more “youth-like” brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i.e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i.e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults.

An analysis was undertaken to provide information to the trainees, supervisors, the committees for training, examinations and the wider College Fellowship on some statistical aspects of the College examinations. An analysis like this contributes to the quality assurance activities of Committee of Examinations. When linked with training outcome data, the necessary next step, some useful information regarding determinants of success may arise. This report is timely as the College is in the midst of a process to review all aspects of training and examination.

The benefit of the exercise element of cardiac rehabilitation is well recognized. This study examines the influence of dietary modification during an exercise programme on changes in functional capacity in rehabilitation patients. Thirty male post coronary artery bypass graft patients were recruited. Prior to commencing a ten-week aerobic exercise programme all patients underwent a symptom limited exercise stress test (EST), body composition analysis, a fasting lipid profile and dietary assessment. Patients were assigned to one of three dietary regimens for the duration of the exercise programmes. Diets were modified in terms of carbohydrate and fat content as follows: diet A was an athletic type diet (60–65% carbohydrate, 20–25% fat), diet B was a traditional lipid-lowering diet (50–55% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and diet C was a weight-reducing lipid-lowering diet (50–55% carbohydrate, 30% fat). All baseline measurements were repeated on completion of the exercise programme. EST results for subjects who followed diet A, the high carbohydrate diet showed a significant improvement in functional capacity and duration of exercise post-training ( P P P