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Road infrastructure management is an extremely important task of traffic engineering. For the purpose of efficient management, it is necessary to determine the efficiency of the traffic flow through PAE 85%, AADT and other exploitation parameters on the one hand, and the number of different types of traffic accidents on the other. In this paper, a novel TrIT2F (trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy) PIPRECIA (pivot pairwise relative criteria importance assessment)-TrIT2F MARCOS (measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution) was developed in order to, in a defined set of 14 road segments, identify the most efficient one for data related to light goods vehicles. Through this the aims and contributions of the study can be manifested. The evaluation was carried out on the basis of seven criteria with weights obtained using the TrIT2F PIPRECIA, while the final results were presented through the TrIT2F MARCOS method. To average part of the input data, the Dombi and Bonferroni operators have been applied. The final results of the applied TrIT2F PIPRECIA-TrIT2F MARCOS model show the following ranking of road segments, according to which Vrhovi–Šešlije M-I-103 with a gradient of −1.00 represents the best solution: A5 > A8 > A2 > A1 > A4 > A3 > A6 > A12 > A13 = A14 > A11 > A7 > A9 > A10. In addition, the validation of the obtained results was conducted by changing the values of the four most important criteria and changing the size of the decision matrix. Tests have shown great stability of the developed TrIT2F PIPRECIA-TrIT2F MARCOS model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any deviation of speed in a traffic flow from a speed limit represents a potential risk of traffic accidents, so speed management appears as an imperative. However, an inadequately set speed limit often causes drivers' noncompliance to it in the conditions of real traffic flow. By determining the value of exceeding the speed limit according to vehicle classes, it is possible to recommend a credible speeding value that can be considered credible up to a value above the speed limit. In this paper, deterministic multistep mathematical models of speed deviation from the speed limit as a function of longitudinal gradient for the proposed vehicle classes were developed. A total of 11 measuring sections with different traffic flow types were analyzed. Based on a detailed analysis of speeding, models for the deviation of the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentiles were obtained, with the aim of adjusting the credible deviation to control measures. The results obtained in this study were compared with a survey of traffic flow speeding on two-lane roads conducted in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, empirical research about Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) on the longitudinal downgrade of two-lane roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been conducted in order to determine the influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions. The research has been carried out considering the classes of vehicles at cross-sections on the downgrade of two-lane roads. As a result, the negative influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions using passenger car equivalents (PCEs) has been determined. The results show that on the downgrade of two-lane roads, the value of passenger car equivalent decreases from the level terrain to the boundary minimum value for the determined downgrade g = - 3.00%, a fter which its value starts to increase slightly. Based on the obtained values, the models calibrated with a second-degree polynomial have been developed to determine the average value of passenger car equivalent as a function of its boundary value. The paper also compares the results obtained by the developed models with the models from the Highway Capacity Manual under free traffic flow conditions. In addition, models for the percentage values of PCE15%, PCE50% and PCE85% have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the HDV (Heavy Duty Vehicles) impact on throughput on two-lane roads in functional dependence on longitudinal slope has been analysed. The HDV impact in traffic flow has been shown by passenger car equivalent - PCE and based on the extensive empirical research in local conditions of the free flow, the adverse effect of this class of vehicles has been quantified. Data collection and analysis have been done in Bosnia and Herzegovina on main roads sections in the Republic of Srpska where PCE and HDV values have been measured on nine cross sections. By determining the time gap intervals, using data synthesis and analysis, PCE values relevant for the bus impact on two-lane roads throughput in local conditions have been reached. Resulting PCE values for all measured sections and for all variations of the longitudinal slope have been compared with (HCM, 2010). Based on the results of the research, mathematical model for determination of PCE for the HDV in function of longitudinal slope on two-lane roads has been developed. Model development has been based on the determination of the time gap according to the Greenshield's base model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the influence of heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) on the traffic capacity of a two-lane road depending on weather conditions. The influence of the heaviest vehicles moving is expressed by the passenger car equivalents - PCE. The research was performed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, on section M-17 of the highway that tangents (touches) the zone of the city of Doboj, where the values of PCE for heavy-duty vehicles were measured at three sections with interference of on ramps and off ramps. By determining the time headway, PCE factors and their influence on traffic capacity were analyzed. The research was done for three time headway variants PC-HDV, HDV-PC and HDV-HDV. Total measured PCE factors' value on the highway for all three sections and all three variants is 1.584; while comparing this value with HCM-2010 (Highway Capacity Manual) (TRB, 2010) it is between 1.4 and 1.5 (progressively decreasing with flow) which presents substantial deviation. That is why mathematical models for determining PCE of heavy-duty vehicles of two-lane road were developed in function of number of the following vehicles on dry and wet roadway. Developed model for establishing the PCE is based on determining time headway, which could be used to determine PCE values for particular number of following vehicles without interruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel Integrated Interval Rough Pivot Pairwise Relative Criteria Importance Assessment (IRN PIPRECIA) model combined with Interval Rough Combined Compromise Solution (IRN CoCoSo), marking a significant advancement in sustainable traffic flow management for commercial vehicles. This innovative merger is a first in literature, methodologically enhancing the evaluation of road sections based on critical parameters including passenger car equivalent (PCE) 85%, AADT, road conditions, and accident data. Our model systematically fills the research gap in holistic traffic performance analysis, providing a unique tool for prioritizing road safety and efficiency. The key scientific contribution is the model's ability to integrate causal and consequential traffic factors into a single framework, offering a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. Results, validated through various verification models, show the integrated model's effectiveness in real-world scenarios, confirming its robustness and stability. With strong engineering application potential, our work supports urban planners and traffic managers in making informed, sustainable decisions. The model extends beyond traditional traffic analysis, promising a shift towards more adaptive, data-driven infrastructure management. Future research will aim to refine the criteria basis and explore real-time decision-making through advanced MCDM applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]