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Background The history and the discovery of the benefits of traditional medicines are fascinating over wide variety of disease. Various molecules have been erupted from traditional medicine for various diseases through reverse pharmacology. In current scenario plant-based medicines backed by modern scientific evidences are one of the most promising therapies in diabetes management. Scope and approach Garlic (allicin), European barberry (berberine), Bitter gourd (charantin, polypeptide-p), Sweet potato (adiponectin, tiliroside), Orka (quercetin, hyperin) are some plants that have been used in folk medicine as well as traditional healing systems and are being assessed for their hypoglycemic effects in modern medicine. Key findings and conclusions “Old wine in new bottle” proverb applies traditional medicine in new modern medicine. Various novel delivery aspects have modified the pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals and indirectly enhance the bioavailability, which in turn gives fruitful effect of their therapeutic action.

The use of plants and their products for medical treatment is a quite common procedure in Brazil, especially for treatment of diabetes. In fact, several plants can demonstrate hypoglycemic effects in vitro assays. However, the use for human treatment requires the knowledge of their toxicological properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein extracts of Chrysobalanus icaco collected from natural habitats and of Eugenia astringens acquired from the market in Rio de Janeiro on the viability and migration of fibroblasts. E. astringens has a similar morphology as C. icaco and it is sold as Chrysobalanus in a popular market. Being a different plant, E. astringens expresses different proteins, and its protein extract has proved to possess higher toxic properties than C. icaco does. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that, as the protein extract concentration increases, fibroblast viability decreases. Only the E. astringens extract displayed cytotoxicity at all concentrations, in addition to reduced fibroblast migration. The results obtained in this study demonstrates that it is necessary integrative policies for rational use of medicinal plants and their commercialization, since the current use of medicinal plants may be inadequate, and it is of great importance for Public Health.

Hypoglycemic effects was observed with Spirulina (Spirulinaplatensis) when given as leaf extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rat. In this study 150 rats were included and divided into three groups of ten rats in each group. First group was normal control (A), Second group was diabetic control (B), third group was diabetic with Spirulina treated (C). The rats were treated with aqueous extract of Spirulina at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight respectively for 3 weeks. During experimental period, day 0, day 7, day 14 and day 21 blood samples were collected from all groups and determined their blood sugar level using diabetic kit. The blood glucose levels were reduced from 165.5±10.65 mg/dL to 158.17±5.49 mg/dL in group C after 3 weeks treatment. On the other hand the average body weight were increased from 255.67±7.35 g to 286.17±8.56 g in group C after 3 weeks treatment. From the findings it is concluded that the Spirulina can be used as anti-diabetogenic agent in food. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(3): 475-479, December 2020

Background: Ammodaucus leucotrichus (Apiaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used by the Moroccan population to treat various diseases including diabetes. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the aqueous extract prepared from the fruits of this medicinal plant. Normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated orally by the extract of Ammodaucus leucotrichus (A. leucotrichus) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Methods: The blood glucose levels were determined during 6 hours and 15 days during this treatment. In addition the oral glucose tolerance test as well as the analysis of histopathological changes of liver was performed. The antioxidant activity of aqueous A. Leucotrichus extract was also valuated by the method of trapping of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: A. Leucotrichus fruit aqueous extract (ALFAE) reduced the blood glucose levels in both normal and diabetic rats. In addition, a remarkable influence on glucose tolerance was also noticed after ALFAE treatment. Moreover, ALFAE was able to exhibit a beneficial effect on histologlogical structure of liver. Finally a potential antioxidant effect has been shown in vitro. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of A. Leucotrichus in rats supporting then its traditional use for the management of diabetes.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a fruit that traditionally believe to have benefits on health. It is a widely used traditional remedy for the treatment of diabetes. Bitter gourd is suggested for hyperglycemia treatment due to its ability to reduce glucose levels in the body. Some of the bioactive compounds present in it possess anti diabetic effects. It contains phytochemicals with anti-diabetic properties such as charantin, p-insulin and vicine. Hypoglycemic effects of bitter gourd have been shown in clinical studies. This review will focus on the hyperglycemic properties of bitter gourd.

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng and Mollugo oppositifolia L., also known as “bignay” and “malagoso” respectively, are commonly used medicinal plants in the Philippines to treat diabetes. However, the hypoglycemic effect of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. has not been reported to date. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the fresh and ethanolic extracts of the plants in db/db diabetic male mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts (12.5 ml/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively) were administered by gavage in db/db mouse, an animal model of diabetes. Blood from the tail snip was used to measure blood sugar levels on days 1 (D1), 8 (D8), 15 (D15), 22 (D22) and 29 (D29). Fresh extract of M. oppositifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose levels on D22 compared to untreated db/db mice (P < 0.05). On D29, fresh extract of A. bunius (L.) Spreng (P < 0.01), and fresh (P < 0.01) and ethanolic leaf extracts (P < 0.05) of M. oppossitifolia L. caused a significant reduction of blood glucose compared to untreated db/db mice. Fresh and ethanolic extracts of A. bunius (L.) Spreng and M. oppositifolia L. exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity in db/db mice. Key words: Antidesma bunius L, Spreng, Mollugo oppositifolia L., diabetes, mouse, hypoglycemic.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic progressive systemic disease caused by a metabolic disorder. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that certain traditional Chinese medicines and their bioactive ingredients have obvious hypoglycemic effects. This literature review focuses on medicine food homology (MFH) and medicinal health food (MHF) species used in China with a hypoglycemic function and emphasizes the bioactive ingredients and their pharmacological effects. The bioactive ingredients of MFH and MHF have been divided into six categories: saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and others; and their sources, models, efficacy, and mechanisms of action have been described. It is noteworthy that the mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients of MFH and MHF with hypoglycemic effects have been summarized as follows: a) insulin-mimetic effects and restoration of the damaged pancreas; b) effect on glucose metabolism; c) increased insulin sensitivity and improved insulin resistance; and d) regulation of intestinal flora. We conclude that this review provides useful data and information to support the further investigation and application of MFH and MHF to treat DM.

Recently, there has an increased focus on the isolation, chemical properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill), which is a member of the Polygonaceae family. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that polysaccharides are important biologically-active components of buckwheat, with numerous biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic effects. The purpose of this mini-review is to appraise available literature describing the extraction, separation, purification, structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides isolated from buckwheat. This mini-review also provides a foundation for the further investigation, production and application of buckwheat polysaccharides as functional foods and therapeutic agents.

Introduction: The aim of the current analysis was to judge the hypoglycemic action of the phyto-extracts of Lagenaria siceraria, Cynodon dactylon and Stevia rebaudiana using suitable in vitro approaches. Methods: The hypoglycemic activity of the phyto-material extracts was evaluated by employing various in-vitro methods namely glucose diffusion, amylolysis kinetics and glucose adsorption capacity. Results: The extracts of L. siceraria, C. dactylon and S. rebaudiana exhibited glucose dialysis retardation indices (GDRI) of 48.14%, 37.03% and 29.62%, respectively at 60 minutes which were reduced to 15.78%, 10.52% and 18.42%, respectively at 120 minutes. All the plant extracts used in the study adsorbed glucose and their adsorptions markedly enhanced with increase in sugar concentration. Conclusion: From the outcome of the assay it can be concluded that the extracts of L. siceraria, C. dactylon and S. rebaudiana have hypoglycemic activity as observed in various in-vitro assays. However, the beneficial actions require to be verified by adopting various in vivo techniques along with clinical trials for their efficient use as potential remedial moiety.

Medicinal plants have been known as a rich source of natural products (NPs). Due to their diverse chemical structures and remarkable pharmacological activities, NPs are regarded as important repertoires for drug discovery and development. Biebersteinia plant species belong to the Biebersteiniaceae family, and have been used in folk medicines in China and Iran for ages. However, the chemical properties, bioactivities and modes of action of the NPs produced by medicinal Biebersteinia species are poorly understood despite the fact that there are only four known Biebersteinia species worldwide. Here, we reviewed the chemical classifications and diversity of the various NPs found in the four known Biebersteinia species. We found that the major chemical categories in these plants include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, essential oils and fatty acids. We also discussed the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic effects of the four Biebersteinia species. We believe that the present review will facilitate the exploration of traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Biebersteinia species, extraction of the NPs and elucidation of their molecular mechanisms, as well as the development of novel drugs based on the reported properties and mode-of-action.

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the hypoglycemic potential of Caesalpinia bonducella (C.bonducella) and Myristica fragrans (M.fragrans), employing various in vitro techniques. The extracts of seeds of C. bonducella and M. fragrans were studied for their effects on glucose adsorption capacity, in vitro glucose diffusion, in vitro amylolysis kinetics and glucose transport across the yeast cells. It was observed that the plant extracts under study adsorbed glucose and the adsorption of glucose increased remarkably with an increase in glucose concentration. There were no significant (p≤0.05) differences between their adsorption capacities. The results of amylolysis kinetic experimental model revealed that the rate of glucose diffusion was found to be increased with time from 30 to 180 min and both the plant extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on movement of glucose into external solution across dialysis membrane as compared to control. Also, the plant extracts promoted glucose uptake by the yeast cells. It was observed that the enhancement of glucose uptake was dependent on both the sample and glucose concentration. C. bonducella extract exhibited significantly higher (p≤0.05) activity than the extract of M. fragrans at all concentrations. The results of the study verified the hypoglycemic activity of the extracts of C. bonducella and M. fragrans. However, the observed effects exhibited by the extracts of seeds of C. bonducella and M. fragrans need to be confirmed by using different in vivo models and clinical trials for their effective utilization as therapeutic agents in better management of diabetes mellitus.

The prevalence of natural health product (NHP) use in Canada is extensive. Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, use NHPs at a higher rate than the general population. Many NHPs exert hypoglycemic effects, among other effects relevant to diabetes management. To provide a practical, clinical review of NHPs with such effects targeted to pharmacists, a literature search was performed to collect data on the efficacy and safety profiles of 10 commonly used NHPs that exert antidiabetic properties. The following NHPs are included in this clinical review: alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, magnesium, bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, milk thistle, Reishi mushroom and white mulberry. Given the potential of NHPs to additively cause hypoglycemia when used concurrently with conventional medications, pharmacists should be up to date with current evidence around NHPs that may affect diabetes care to prevent adverse reactions and interactions. In addition, effective and respectful communication with patients around NHP use and collaboration with various health-care providers are essential in the patient care process.

Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has been used as a tonic edible plant and is a popular anti-ageing dietary supplement. Trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-glucopyranoside (trans-THSG) is the major active compound in PM. It was found to have potent anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and in TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. Research in the significance and rational of traditional process of post-harvested PM has been neglected. With the aid of modern analytical technology, we studied the major phytochemical transformation of PM solution from trans- to cis-THSG under UV light, reminiscent of traditional process, and further evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of the processed PM extract. In a high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice model, processed PM extract containing cis- and trans-THSG (ratio = 2:3) exhibited significant hypoglycemic capacity, while pure trans-THSG and unprocessed PM extract (cis-/trans-THSG ratio = 1:20) did not, suggesting the importance of anti-diabetic effect of cis-THSG and PM natural process.

Artocarpus heterophyllusLam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical climacteric fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, is native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Both the seeds and the flesh of jackfruit are consumed as curries and boiled forms, while the flesh in fully ripen stage can be eaten directly as a fruit. Several countries have developed different food products such as jam, jellies, marmalades, and ice creams using pureed jackfruit. The several parts of jack tree including fruits, leaves, and barks have been extensively used in traditional medicine due to its anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and hypoglycemic effects. Despite all these benefits, unfortunately, the fruit is underutilized in commercial scale processing in regions where it is grown. The aim of this review is to disseminate the knowledge on nutritional and health benefits of jackfruit, in order to promote utilization of jackfruit for commercial scale food production.

Honey, a concentrated natural product, is produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from the nectar of flowers. It contains over 200 compounds that exert various biological or pharmacological activities, ranging from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive to hypoglycemic effects. Due to the presence of a plethora of bioactive compounds, as well as unique physicochemical properties, honey has been widely used as medicine throughout human history along with its extensive utilization as common food and flavoring agent. The application of neat honey for therapeutic purpose, however, poses some difficulties such as the maintenance of a required therapeutic concentration over an adequate timeframe due to the problem of liquefaction and leakage. This has driven researchers to incorporate honey into a range of formulations, for example, hydrogels, dressings, ointments, pastes, or lozenges. After a brief discussion of the chemistry and medicinal use of honey, this review focuses on commercial honey-based medicinal formulations as well as in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on noncommercial honey formulations for the treatment of various ailments. In addition to this, it also covers the application of honey formulations and the evidence underpinning their use.

Enhydra fluctuans is one of the medicinal plants of the Minangkabau tribe, West Sumatra, Indonesia which is widely used by the community to treat various diseases including diabetes mellitus. However, scientific studying of its hypoglycemic activity is very limited. In this study, we evaluated the hypoglycemic activity of E. fluctuans aerial ethanol using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in stable hyperglycemia rats and its phytochemical screening. Twenty-five diabetic rats were divided into five groups with five replications: negative control, positive control (glibenclamide), ethanol extract dosage of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Blood glucose is measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Blood glucose level, the area under the curve (AUC) value, and the percentage of blood glucose reduction is calculated. It was found that a dosage of 500 mg/kg was the best hypoglycemic activity in stable hyperglycemia rats and significantly different (pE. fluctuans aerial ethanol extract contained saponins, phenolic, terpenoids, steroids, and coumarin compounds. Our findings demonstrate that E. fluctuans have potent hypoglycemic effects in diabetes.

Cassia is a large tropical genus with about 600 species that have been widely used as folk medicines in China and India. This genus has been known to possess various biological activities, e.g. antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-mutagenic activity, and anti-fertility etc. Flavonoids, for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activity and low toxicity, have attracted more interest in the development and utilization of natural medicines. The structure and biological activity research of flavonoids extracted from Cassia genus is the first step in the search for new drugs from those plants. This review summarizes the isolation and characterization of flavonoids from various Cassia species, such as Cassia absus, Cassia alata, Cassia fistula, etc. Flavonoids can be extracted from different parts of the plants, such as seed, leaf, stem and pod. Chemical structure research of these flavonoids in extracts has revealed many different types of compounds, which show the complication of the metabolism of Cassia genus. The antidiabetic activities can be found in many Cassia species. The efficiency of extraction method and action mode have been widely investigated. The extract not only can reduce the blood glucose level, but also improve glycogen content. Research show that the methanolic extract is effective in inducing hypoglycemic effects in both type I and II diabetes. Because flavonoids have complex structures, various function points, and unknown pertinence and selectivity for different health conditions, there are still many research areas waiting to be explored, such as to reveal the metabolic pathways of flavonoids in the Cassia genus, and to illustrate the structure-activity relationship between flavonoids and protein. That above-mentioned research will provide the basis for further medicinal development on this genus.

Backgrounds Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes, with its fast-rising prevalence, has become a global epidemic. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf has been known to have hypoglycemic effects since ancient times. In Asia mulberry leaf is used as tea to complement the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The methods by which mulberry leaf affects the body and its mechanism when combined with chemical agents have been studied extensively. Conclusions We summarize the possible mechanisms of the anti-diabetic effects of mulberry leaf based on extraction procedures, in vitro and in vivo experiments, and clinical trials. We also discuss the hypothesis that crosstalk and “critical nodes” may be useful for a deeper molecular understanding of the treatment and prevention of diabetes with mulberry leaf.

Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta) is a climbing, perennial and dioecious vine from Actinidiaceae family, native from Asia and valued as ornamental and traditional medicine. In the last decade, the growing interest as fruit-bearing plant encourage the expanding cultivation of A. arguta mainly to fruits production, particularly in Europe and North America. A. arguta plants have an extensive range ofbioactive compoundsthat can be obtained from different botanical structures, such as fruits, leaves, flowers and stems. These bioactive molecules, with well-recognized health-promoting properties, include phenolic compounds, minerals, carbohydrates or even volatile substances, with a great potential to be used in several formulations of food products. Phytochemical studies on this plant reported hypoglycemic effects as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. The traditional uses ofA. arguta have been experimentally proved byin vitroandin vivostudies, in which its bioactivities were associated to its phytochemical composition. This review aims to assess and summarize the phytochemical and healthy properties ofthe different botanical parts of A. arguta, describing their bioactive composition and exploring it potential functional properties on foodstuffs.

The aim of this research work was to carry out a comparative study on the aqueous extracts of the leaves and fruits of Garden egg (Solanum melongena) using alloxan induced diabetic guinea pigs. Blood glucose level analysis was used as diabetic indices. Z-test was used in comparing the mean fasting blood glucose level of alloxan induced diabetic guinea pigs after administration of aqueous leaf extracts and that of the aqueous extracts of the fruits of Garden egg (Solanum melongena) against the negative control (0.9%N/S) and positive control group (Glibenclamide solution).The results showed that there was a significant difference between the group that had oral administration of aqueous leaf extracts and the negative control group (p 0.05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre o efeito da farinha da casca do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) nos distúrbios metabólicos que compõem a síndrome metabólica. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, realizada por meio do levantamento bibliográfico de estudos publicados entre 2005 e 2017, indexados nas bases de dados IBECS, PubMed, CisSaúde, Cochrame, MedCarib, Lilacs, Medline e SciELO, bem como no Google Scholar, bancos de teses e dissertações. Os estudos selecionados avaliaram o efeito do uso da casca do maracujá amarelo (P. edulis) sobre os parâmetros da síndrome metabólica. Os estudos experimentais demonstraram discordâncias quanto ao efeito hipoglicemiante e resultados positivos quanto ao efeito hipotensor. Em pesquisas realizadas com humanos saudáveis, a suplementação com 30 gramas da farinha da casca de P. edulis demonstrou eficiência na redução glicêmica e lipidêmica para LDL e colesterol total, sem toxicidade. Em estudos com portadores de síndrome metabólica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2, os efeitos hipolipemiantes e hipoglicemiantes também foram demonstrados. Entretanto, ainda há escassez de publicações sobre o uso da casca de P. edulis para tratamento de distúrbios metabólicos, sendo necessária padronização metodológica que viabilize sua recomendação na prática clínica.DOI: 10.12957/demetra.2018.28957

Our previous in vitro reports showed that crude extract prepared with 50% ethanol (ethanol crude extract, ECE) from Mongolian oak cups possessed excellent antioxidant capacities as well as inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation caused by its enrichment in phenolics, including mainly ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives. Nevertheless, few in vivo studies on antidiabetic activities of these phenolics were conducted. The present study investigated hypoglycemic effects with normal and diabetic rats being administrated orally without or with ECE at 200 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. In normal rats, no significant differences were exhibited after ECE administration in body weight, fasting blood glucose level, levels of chelesterol, triglyceride, LDL and AST in serum, organ indexes, and levels of GSH and MDA in organs. In diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose level, indexes of heart and liver, and levels of chelesterol and triglyceride in serum and MDA in heart tissue were significantly decreased. Moreover, HDL levels in serum and SOD activities in the four organs of diabetic rats were significantly improved after ECE administration at 800 mg/kg. Thus, in addition to inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation reported previously, oak cups might contain novel dietary phytonutrients in preventing abnormal changes in blood glucose and lipid profile and attenuating oxidant stress in vivo. The results also implied that it is ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives enriched in ECE that might play vital roles in managing type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes.

Historically, edible wild plants have been used as medical components throughout different regions of the world (e.g., China, Jordan, Egypt, Greece). Over the past decade, their possible applications in the food and drug industries have been extensively researched, due to renewed interest in novel bioactive phytochemicals with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. The main bioactive compounds currently recognized in medicinal wild plants are phenolic compounds, volatile, and essential oil components, and small chain peptides. Unique chemical features of phenolics from wild medicinal plants have a broad range of applications in the health sector as functional food ingredients, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and drugs. Numerous studies have shown phenolic extracts to have anticancer, antiviral, antiinflammatory, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hypoglycemic effects in vivo, due to the ability of phenolics to interact with biological molecules such as DNA, hormones, and enzymes (e.g., angiotensin-I converting enzyme [ACE], α-glucosidase, and α-amylase), and to modulate cell-signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. This chapter will cover the chemical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical properties of selected wild medicinal herbs (thyme, spearmint, and rosemary) and their phenolic constituents.

Three new acetophenones, named cynwilforones A–C (1–3), together with cynandione A (4) were isolated from the root bark of Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. Their structures were deduced based on spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited potential hypoglycemic effects through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by down-regulating the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. This is the first report that acetophenones from the root bark of C. wilfordii possesses potential hypoglycemic activity in vitro.

Over the past decades, Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have been extensively and intensively studied through from both clinical and experimental perspectives and CHM have been proved to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study, by searching ancient records and modern research papers, reviewed CHM in terms of their clinical application and principal mechanism in the treatment of DM. We summarized the use of CHM mentioned in 54 famous ancient materia medica monographs and searched papers on the hypoglycemic effect of several representative CHM. Main mechanisms and limitations of CHM and further research direction for DM were discussed. On the basis of the study, we were led to conclude that TCM, as a main form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), was well recorded in ancient literatures and has less adverse effects as shown by modern studies. The mechanisms of CHM treatment of DM are complex, multilink, and multitarget, so we should find main hypoglycemic mechanism through doing research on CHM monomer active constituents. Many CHM monomer constituents possess noteworthy hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, developing a novel natural product for DM and its complications is of much significance. It is strongly significant to pay close attention to CHM for treatment of DM and its complications.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gag) aril (GA) aqueous extract on male reproductive system of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia (HG) mice. GA were extracted with distilled water (DW) and analyzed for in vitro antioxidant capacities. ICR male mice were divided into 7 groups: 1) control, 2) DW, 3) GA 1000 mg/kg BW, 4) HG, 5) HG + glibenclamide, 6 and 7) HG + GA 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW respectively (7 mice/ group). In HG groups, mice were induced by STZ at single dose (150 mg/kg BW). They were treated for consecutive 35 days. All groups were compared for blood glucose levels, weights and histopathologies of reproductive organs, sperm concentration including testicular tyrosine phosphorylation protein patterns by Immuno-Western blotting. The results showed that GA processed antioxidant activities and could significantly decrease blood glucose levels and increase sperm concentration in HG mice. Moreover, GA could change the density of a testicular 70 kDa protein in HG-GA groups. In conclusion, GA extract could improve hyperglycemia and male reproductive damages in STZ-induced HG mice.

The present study sought to investigate proximate composition in relation to short and long term hypoglycemic effects of ethanol/water leaf extracts of Verononia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera on hyperglycemic rats. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 0.1 mol/L alloxan monohydrate in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH = 7.4) dosage = 140 mg/kg; b/w. Individual hyperglycemic rats received separate doses of either 400 mg/kg bw/12 h of V. amygdalina, A. indica or M. oleifera for 14 days. Blood samples were drawn from the rats at regular intervals of 12 h for 48 h duration; for short-term study, and subsequently, on days 3, 7, 10 and 14; for long term study, and measured for fasting blood glucose (FBG). Determination of FBG level was by the glucose oxidase method. V. amygdalina, A. indica and M. oleifera showed wide variation in crude protein content (CPC), which was within the range of 13.42-37.01%. Total carbohydrate content (TCC) of V. amygdalina and A. indica was the single highest component with values: TCC V. amygdalina = 40.65% and TCC A. indica = 50.14%. In contrast, the CPC content was higher than the TCC content of M. oleifera (TCC M. oleifera = 36.65%; CPC M. oleifera = 37.01%). The administration of V. amygdalina, A. indica and M. oleifera to the rats (0 h £ t £ 48 h) did not cause significant (p > 0.05) reduction in FBG of hyperglycemic rats compared to the control group. Conversely, the administration of the three leaf extracts caused reduction in FBG in a time dependent manner in the order: H (M. oleifera) = 400 mg/kg; bw = 2.73 folds >H (V. amygdalina) = 400 mg/kg; bw = 2.15 folds >H (A. indica) = 400 mg/kg; bw = 1.75 folds; p < 0.05. Comparative proximate composition of V. amygdalina, A. indica and M. oleifera with corresponding capacity of the three leaf extracts to reduce FBG appears to suggest that biomolecules responsible for promoting FBG lowering effects are for the most part the TCC and CPC elements.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate boiled rice made from unpolished rice, Job`s Tears, and extract from medicinal herbs mixture (HGMCJE) for hypoglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods : In the response of glucose tolerance, control and diabetic rats groups was intubated with glucose and HGMCJE. Furthermore, boiled 100% polished rice (P rice), boiled unpolished rice mixed with white rice and Job`s tears (polished rice:unpolished rice:Job`s tears

Artemisia sieberi a member of Compositae family is an endemic species in Iran and commonly named “desert worm wood” or “dermaneh”. It has some pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antinociceptive, insecticidal and hypoglycemic effects as its traditional uses and used for treatment of malaria and coccidiosis.

Hypoglycemic effects were investigated in the ethanolic extract of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. with long evans rats (100-120 g). Residual gut sucrose content, gut perfusion and disaccharidase activity studies were carried out to assess these activities. The residual gut sucrose content study was carried out to reveal the amount of sucrose remaining in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) at six different segments. The ethanolic fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. significantly increases the residual sucrose content throughout the gut after sucrose ingestion. Study on intestinal enzyme activity showed that the extract caused a significant (p 0.05), dose dependent inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity. Evaluation of the effect of the plant extract on intestinal enzyme activity showed significant inhibition of intestinal disaccharidase activity, suggesting that reduction of sucrose absorption may be partly related to the inhibition of disaccharidase activity in the gut. The gut perfusion analysis showed that the extract significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The results of the present study suggest that ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. has significant antidiabetic effects in a dose dependent manner and this may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.

Poria cocos (Fu Ling) and Dioscorea opposita (Chinese Yam) were suggested to have potential benefits in blood sugar control. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects of Poria cocos and Dioscorea opposita extracts in prediabetic rats. Fifty streptozotocin-injected rats with a mimic prediabetic status were gavaged with a single dose of either D. opposita (0.35 g kg−1 per day) or P. cocos (0.14 g kg−1 per day), a combination dose comprising single doses of the 2 herbal extracts, or vehicle for a 6-week treatment. Each group contained 10 rats. Blood and selected organ samples were collected during the study. The results indicated that administering the extracts singly or in combination for 6 week, significantly reduced the fasting blood-glucose level. The levels of interleukin-6 in plasma and selected organs significantly decreased during the treatment. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and the ratio of n − 6/n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were also significantly lowered after the 6 week intervention. The results indicate that administering P. cocos and D. opposita extracts produced anti-inflammatory effects in prediabetic rats by reducing the levels of interleukin-6 and the FFA ratio of n − 6/n − 3 PUFAs.

Diabetes and related neurological complications are serious worldwide public health problems. The increasing number of affected individuals make it necessary to implement novel nutritional and therapeutic interventions. The tree Moringa oleifera (MO) has been used as a food source and for traditional medicine purposes due to possible antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid regulating properties. These properties may be explained by the presence of numerous phytochemicals in the leaves, fruits, roots and, oil of the tree. The evidence for acute antihyperglycemic effects of MO extract on diabetic animal models seems to be robust, but more chronic and long-term studies are needed. In contrast, the hypoglycemic effects of MO on humans are not as clear. The scarce number of human studies, together with a diverse range of methodologies and MO doses, may explain this. In addition, evidence regarding changes in insulin levels due to MO intervention is ambiguous, both in animal and human studies. Therefore, more structured studies are needed to clarify if MO has an effect on insulin levels or activity. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Aloe vera is one of many medicinal plants used as hypoglycemic. Higher glucose levels are one of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to study effectiveness of Aloe vera peel extract on insulin and serum glucose levels of rats with type 2 diabetic. Twenty Wistar rats were induced intraperitoneally using single dose of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide acid (NA). The rats were divided into control and treatment groups, which was supplemented using 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of Aloe vera peel extracts for 28 days, respectively. The serum glucose levels were measured after three days of induction, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, while the insulin levels were measured after three days of induction and at the end of treatment. In the control groups, the serum glucose levels in the second and fourth weeks remained significantly higher (p

Derris scandens and Thunbergia erecta are two medicinal plants have been identified to have many reported phytochemicals and significant medicinal value. Both of these medicinally valuable plants are available in Bangladesh as well as many other countries of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effects of extracts from leaves of two medicinal plants Derris scandens and Thunbergia erecta in Swiss albino mice. In vivo Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) method was applied to measure the hypoglycemic effects of methanol extract of leaves of Derris scandens (MEDS) and methanol extract of leaves of Thunbergia erecta (METE). MEDS at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW reduced the blood glucose level by 23.45% and 29.62% respectively on the other hand METE reduced the blood glucose level by 22.22% and 40.74% at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW respectively. These percentage reduction of blood glucose levels for both MEDS and METE at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW were comparable with the blood sugar reduction potential (28.80%) showed by the standard drug glibenclamide at dose 10 mg/kg BW. This study manifest that both MEDS and METE have potency for hypoglycemic effects in the animal model.

Insect tea, listed in the “Compendium of Materia Medica” by Li Shizhen, is not only a traditional drink for the ethnic minority in southwest China, but also one of China's traditional export commodities. Insect tea is made of the feces of insects that feed on plants, and characterized by minimal dose, enjoyable tea flavor, few tea-residues, and superb transparency. Insect tea has been used to clear summer heat, protect the spleen and stomach, and facilitate digestion. Modern research has suggested that insect tea is safe and nutritional, and it has blood lipid lowering, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic effects. At present, due to the household production of insect tea, there are a variety of species of tea-producing insects and feeding plants. In the present review, we summarized the types, civilian applications, nutritional value, pharmacological activity and safety of insect tea, in an effort to provide scientific knowledge for future study.

In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Achyranthus aspera L. Leaves (EEA) were investigated for their pharmacognostic characteristics and hypoglycemic effects. The pharmacognosy of the plant was carried out using microscopic and macroscopic tools. Macroscopic studies revealed that the leaves were cauline, ramel, opposite, exstipulate, simple, sub-sessile, ovate, entire, acute, unicostate, reticulate, rough, coriaceous and hairy. The stem was erect, herbaceous, quadrangular, branched, solid, green and pubescent, while various internal parts were observed using powder drug for microscopic study. The hypoglycemic effect of the plant was studied in healthy normoglycemic rabbits. The EEA was tested in three doses (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg), and a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect was observed. The most significant hypoglycemic effect was observed against higher dose (200 mg/kg) which remained for 5 h while the hypoglycemic effect remained significant for 3 h against the lower dose. It was concluded that EEA has hypoglycemic properties and it is recommended for the treatment of diabetes mellitus II. Key words: Pharmacognostic, hypoglycemic, Achyranthus aspera L.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and its prevalence is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Modifications of lifestyle such as suitable diet and exercise programs along with pharmacotherapy and education of patients are beneficial therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes. The ethnopharmacological use of herbal medicines, many of them part of our diet as spices, vegetables and fruits, has been developed for the treatment of diabetes due to inexpensiveness, easy availability and few side effects. Aim of the study Our aim is to present a review for researchers who are interested in the biologically active dietary plants traditionally utilized in the treatment of diabetes. Materials and methods Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sci Finder and Cochrane. Common and scientific name of the fruits, vegetables, beverages, oils and spices and the words ‘antidiabetic’, ‘hypoglycemic’, ‘anti-hyperglycemic’, ‘type 2 diabetes’ were used as keywords for search. Results Certain fruits and vegetables are functional foods and their consumption reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemic effects of fruits and vegetables may be due to their inducing nature on pancreatic β-cells for insulin secretion, or bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and anthocyanins, which act as insulin-like molecules or insulin secretagogues. Conclusion This write-up covers hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic activities of some dietary fruits, vegetables, beverages, oils and spices and their active hypoglycemic constituents. Including such plant species in the diet might improve management of type 2 diabetes.

Vijayasar ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) has been mentioned in Charak Samhita , as a remedy for Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). A study conducted by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) revealed that the hypoglycemic effects of Vijayasar are comparable to that of tolbutamide. Karela ( Mormordica charantia ) is another herb used in Madhumeha and it is a routinely used vegetable in Nepal. In this study we measured the effectiveness of Karela in patients of Madhumeha and compared with that of Vijayasar . A total of sixty four patients diagnosed with Madhumeha (Fasting Blood Glucose ≥126mg/dl or Post Prandial Blood Glucose≥200mg/dl) were given either Karela or Vijayasar powder two times a day for one month, along with dietary and lifestyle advices and their blood glucose levels were measured before initiating treatment and after one month of treatment. Changes in the subjective complaints of Madhumeha like Prabhutamutrata, Avilmutrata, etc. and appearance of adverse events were also evaluated. Randomization of treatment was done and dosage was titrated on the basis of glycemic control and duration of Madhumeha . The mean reductions in fasting blood glucose and post prandial blood glucose in Karela treated group are 60.83 mg/dl and 79.74 mg/dl respectively and that in Vijayasar treated. Karela is a safe and effective medicine in the management of Madhumeha and it is as effective as Vijayasar.