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Background: Traditional knowledge has been a legacy of the past to the present. Barks of Ficus hispida Linn. and leaves of Ficus pomifera Wall. (Moraceae) have been used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes in North-east India and many other places. As many drugs have been developed from traditional plants, the authors have taken up the plants for the study of hypoglycemic activity. Objective: To investigate the hypoglycemic activities of the triterpenoids isolated from the plants and their antioxidant activities. Methods: The bioactive compounds were determined by biochemical analysis, antioxidant activity using DPPH method. Hypoglycemic activity was detected using glucose tolerance test in normal rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats with Gliclazide as standard. Results: The biochemicals and trace elements were present in appreciable amounts. Triterpenoids, (1-5), from F. pomifera and 19-hydroxyphlogacantholide (6), 3-O-[ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1’→2’)-α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-phlogacanthoside] (7) and galanolactone (8) along with stigmasterol (9), stigmasta- 5,22-dien-7-on-3ß-ol (10), 5-(decahydro-1,1,4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-yl)-3-methylpent-2- enal (11), stigmasterol glucoside (12) and stigmast-4-en-3-one (13) from F. hispida Linn., respectively, were isolated. The different extracts of the barks and leaves of these plants along with the isolated compounds had antioxidant and hyploglycemic activities. Conclusions: The five triterpenoids (1-5) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of F. pomifera, and compounds (6-13) were isolated from the chloroform extract of the barks of F. hispida. Methanol extract of the leaves of F. pomifera and the chloroform extract of the barks of F. hispida; compounds (1-13) isolated from these two plants reduced DPPH free radicals in a concentrationdependent manner. It was also observed that the methanol and chloroform extracts of the plants, F. pomifera and F. hispida respectively, and the compounds (1, 6 & 7) exhibited anti-diabetic properties and also caused a highly significant reduction in the blood glucose levels of normal rats.

Current trends in the science and medicine is the advent of nano technology. This technology had been in application in the traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda and Siddha. They adopt this techonology by preparing the nano particles of heavy metals like mercury, gold, silver etc. and use those formulations effectively in curing diseases. Out of the metals that are available to use in medicine, Silver stands as a important and safest yet potent metal that is made as nano particles. It is evident from history that silver is being used as nano particle. It prevents infections and kills microbes and helps store food like milk, wine and vinegar for longer periods. Apart from the electronic and technological application of the nano particles, the pharmaceutical and medical application of the same had been under development. This research will focus on the comparision of the ficus plants like; Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus hispida, Ficus trigona and Ficus citrifolia extracts on the synthesis of the silver nano particles and their antibacterial property.

Genus Ficus is important plant for health benefits. Hairy fig (F. hispida) trees grow abundantly in tropical regions and fruiting throughout the year. In West Asian countries, the fruit is commonly used as food and medicinal materials. However, in Indonesia, the fruit has not been utilized. First step in exploring the potential of natural resources for consumption is toxicity test to provide information about safety and adverse effects. This research was aimed to study acute oral toxicity of young and ripe hairy fig fruits using Wistar rats as model. Procedure followed OECD Guideline Test No.420 with modification. Pure filtrate (100 %) of young or ripe fruits were administered orally at volume 1 mL/individual on day-0 in fasting animals. Control received distilled water in the same way. Parameters observed including mortality, sublethal effects, behavior/activities, body weight, complete blood count, as well as evaluation of liver, heart, and renal functions. Results showed that values for all variables fluctuated during the experiment but eventually back into normal range. However, the number of lymphocytes elevated until the end of experiment (day-14) thus increased the total leukocytes count. Accordingly, we are preparing to conduct further toxicity tests to investigate this finding. Key words : acute oral toxicity, Ficus hispida, fruit filtrate, hairy fig, single dose toxicity

For centuries, many kinds of native plants and their products have been used for the treatment of gastric ulcers by traditional healers in Phayao province. The current study aimed to investigate the polyphenol content in some of these medicinal plants and to point out the relationship between their antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activities. Six species were selected based on ethnopharmacologic considerations: Punica granatum L., Psidium guajava L., Careya arborea Roxb., Gochnatia decora (Kurz) Cabr., Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume, and Ficus hispida L.f. The leaves or bark of these plants were extracted with 70% ethanol and water. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the extracts were analyzed based on nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and through the determination of scavenging activity. The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract from P. granatum and P. guajava leaves significantly inhibited NO production by suppressing nitric oxide synthase. The extracts also inhibited tumor necrosis factor-&alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 in terms of both mRNA and protein levels and possessed high antioxidants. These extracts were shown to contain the highest amount of polyphenols. Our study concluded that among the plants studied, P. granatum and P. guajava have the most significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and polyphenols. These plants may have the potential for use in gastric ulcer therapy due to their indicated properties. Future research should focus on the isolation of their active compounds and their in vivo biological activities. Their beneficial applications need to be warranted by such evidence.

Background: Natural products are a valuable resource of novel bioactive metabolites and these products exist in which the anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation studies the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida in rat’s model.Methods: Plant material was extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug here, which is a known potent inhibitor of PG synthesis. The carrageenin and histamine induced paw oedema were selected to represent models of acute inflammations. The test compounds and standard drugs were administered orally. After 60 minutes paw oedema was induced by giving 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan and 0.1 % histamine by sub-plantar administration. Paw volume-Plethysmometer by mercury displacement method, before and after 1 hr to 4 hours of carrageenan and histamine administration. Performed MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of the Ficus hispida on the RAW264.7 cell line to determine the IC50 and calculate the pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and compared to the LPS control.Results: The result obtained from the in-vivo study shows that the Ficus hispida has significant anti- inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. This effect is similar to that produced by NSAIDS such as Indomethacin. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, secreted by the cells after challenging with bacterial LPS (2 µg/ml) and subsequent treatment with 50 µg Ficus hispida has been found to reduce the production of all the three pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α as compared to the LPS control. The activity, in fact, is comparable to the standard NSAID Indomethacin.Conclusions: All these findings and phytoconstituents present in the extract could be the possible chemicals involved in the prevention of inflammations.

Herbal plants are arguably poised for a comeback as like sources of ethnic health products in the main due after their vast desire in accordance with synthesize complicated combinations on structurally diverse compounds, which ought to furnish a safer than more holistic approach in conformity with disease cure and prevention. Ficus hispida (FH) Linn belonging to the family Moraceae, who have various pharmacognostic properties. The class Ficus constitutes a necessary crew on trees, now not solely concerning their extensive medicinal virtue however also of their growth habits yet religious significance. Almost every part over those plants is ancient as a traditional belief on treatment because of the treatment on a variety of ailments through Indian traditional healers. The goal on the existing instruction is to accumulate competencies over ethno-medicinal and pharmacognostic importance about FH. FH includes extensive sorts on bioactives compounds as alkaloids, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, sterols, phenols, glycosides, gums and mucilage, saponins and terpenes. Multiple scientific researches have been published to establish the scientific foundation over common medicinal values attributed in conformity with FH of terms on ayurvedic usage the plant for blood disorders, anemia, dysentery, hemorrhoids, stomatorrhagia, jaundice and ulcers. The crop fruits are used namely aphrodisiac, lactagogue, emetic and tonic. Furthermore, pharmacological activities like anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory have been additionally acknowledged recently. Till now, no action has been published in conformity with elaborate the pharmacognostic functions of FH Linn. The existing decrial is, therefore, an endeavour to relinquish a clear estimate of its pharmacognosy and phytochemistry and a considerable survey over its pharmacological activities.

Ficus hispida L. belongs to the Moraceae family and is used by the maaiba trible (indigenous medicine - man of Manipur, India) as an indigenous traditional medicine. Present study deals with the successive extraction of the aerial parts of Ficus hispida and in-vitro screening of anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity. The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of Ficus hispida shows the presence of secondary metabolite groups like alkaloid, phenolic compounds, flavonoid, glycosides, protein etc. Phenolic compounds are commonly found in both edible and nonedible plants and are responsible for various medicinal activities of plants, so our study is based on determining antioxidant activity and anti-microbial activity. Beside these, we also measured the total flavonoid and total phenolic content of the respective sample to understand the effect of polyphenolic compound on different pathophysiological state associated with high free radical production. The in-vitro investigation proves the efficiency of this plant in various diseases states.

Ficus hispida (tropical fig tree) is a moderate sized tree which is commonly known as devil fig, traditionally used in the ailment of pain, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Psidium guajava (Guava/peru)is a wellknown tropical tree and also used as a folk herbal tea used to treat diabetes and leaves were used as astringent, anodyne, febrifuge, antispasmodic, tonic, in wounds, cholera, lactagouge, diarrhoea, vomiting and variety of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, hypertension, gastroenteritis, diabetes, cough, oral ulcers etc., The aim of the present study is set out to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of ficus hispida and psidium guajava on streptozocin induced diabetized rats. The leaf extracts at a dose of 100mg/kg were screened for their blood glucose lowering effectamong streptozocin induced diabetized rats and the blood samples were collected through the tail vein from which blood glucose levels were determinedat 0h, 1h, 2h and 4hafter administration of test samples. Both the leaf extracts of Ficus hispida and Psidium guajava produced significant (p 0.01) decrease in the blood glucose levels. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Ficus hispida and Psidium guava produced synergistic effect when compared with standard by showing an effective response on diabetic rats. These plants supported the folk fore claim of anti-diabetic activity. Further investigations are needed for the proper identification and isolation of these bioactive compounds to produce safer drugs for treatment of harmful diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the bactericidal effect of extract of the Acacia catechu and Ficus hispida which are commonly used by the local quacks for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery in the villages of the state of Manipur where the medical facilities are not available. METHODS: The plant barks are collected from different parts of Manipur during the period of March 2006 to February 2007, dried at room temperature; make powder in the grinder and soxhlated at low temperature to get the yield (extract). In case of Acacia catechu dried power form is available in the market. The powder is soxhlated to get the yield. These extracts are tested for the bactericidal effect in serial dilutions against the known strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and incubated at 37 0 C overnight. After overnight incubation, the tubes are checked for the growth of the organisms and from the tubes sub cultures are made serially corresponding to the dilutions on to the Blood agar, Mac Conkey and Nutrient agar media, incubated at 370C overnight. After overnight incubation, the dilution where the growth of the organisms does not occurred, are noted and tabulated. RESULT: The aqueous extract of Acacia catechu shows bactericidal effect up to the dilution of 1:8 whereas the aqueous extract of Ficus hispida shows no bactericidal effect even at higher concentration. CONCLUSION: These plants extract have been using for the treatment of ailments in the villages of the state of Manipur by the local quacks since time immemorial. In this study it has seen that Acacia catechu has the medicinal properties whereas Ficus hispida has no bactericidal property though the plant has other medicinal properties. It is therefore, necessary to do further studies to identify the ingredients present in this two plants for safe use and large scale production in the state.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of the methanol extract of Ficus hispida against alloxan (150 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats. Methods: In acute study, hypoglycemic potency of methanol extract of Ficus hispida was assessed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and in chronic study of 21 days, extract at different doses ( ie 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was screened for itsanti-diabetic activity. Blood glucose level had been estimated at 0, 7th, 14th and 21st and addition to this serum concentrations of insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, serum glutamate oxaloacetae transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and urea determined at 21st day of the study. Results: In OGTT, standard glibenclamide and extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) have shown significant reduction in blood glucose level compared to control group. In chronic model, the methanol extract was effective in reducing the blood glucose levels (P 0.05). Conclusion: The methanol extract of Ficus hispida posses significant anti-diabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetis in rats model.

In this present study, the various plant parts of Ficus hispida were subjected to thrombolytic and antimicrobial activities. The thrombolytic activities were assessed by using human blood samples and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK). In this study, the methanol soluble fraction (MSF) exhibited highest thrombolytic activity (50.12±1.91). However, significant thrombolytic activity was demonstrated by the crude ethanol extract (CEE) and n-hexane soluble fraction (HSF) of F. hispida (21.74±0.69) and (42.22±1.42) respectively. On the other hand, the n- hexane soluble fraction (HSF) and methanol soluble fraction (MSF) of ethanol extract revealed moderate antibacterial activity against some microorganisms used in the screening. Keywords: Ficus hispida; Thrombolytic activity; Antimicrobial activity. © 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.11988 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 393-397 (2013)

Aim: To investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Chloroform and Pet ether extracts of Manilkara zapota ( MZCE, MZPE ), Polyalthia longifolia ( PLCE, PLPE ), Abroma augusta ( AACE, AAPE ) Ficus hispida ( FHCE, FHPE ), Vitex negundo ( VNCE

The crude ethanolic extract of the fruits of Ficus hispida Linn. (Family: Moraceae) growing in southeast part of Bangladesh has been evaluated for its possible antinociceptive and neuropharmacological properties. The ethanolic extract of the fruits of F. hispida exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.001) writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing model in white albino mice (Swiss-webstar strain). The crude extract produced 30.41% inhibition of writhing at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight and 62.84% inhibition of writhing at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, while the standard drug diclofenac inhibition was found to produce 75.68% at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. The extract of F. hispida fruits also potentiated the pentobarbital induced sleeping time in mice, decreased the open field score in open field test, decreased the number of hole crossed from one chamber in the hole cross test and decreased the head dip responses in hole board test. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant might be safe for pharmacological uses. Therefore, the obtained results tend to suggest the antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities of the ethanolic extract of the fruits of F. hispida and thus, provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant part as a remedy for pain and depression. The obtained results provide a support for the use of this plant in traditional medicine and its further investigation. Key words: Ficus hispida, antinociceptive, acetic acid-induced writhing model, neuropharmacological.

Traditional medicaments, chiefly obtained from plants have played a vital role in sustaining disease free human existence on this planet. In spite of overwhelming influence of modern science and tremendous advances made in the production of synthetic drugs, traditional medicaments designed as herbal drugs in different places in the literature have retained their place in the therapy. In this context the folk medicine Ficus hispida was studied for its nephroprotective activity. The nephroprotective effect of fruits of Ficus hispida (Moraceae) were investigated by acute toxicity studies, estimation of biochemical parameters and in vitro antioxidant studies. In our investigation methanolic extract showed significant nephroprotective activity than nephrocuration on cispaltin induced nephrotoxicity.

In this study, the wound healing activity of methanolic extract of the leaves of plant Ficus hispida Linn. was evaluated on excision wound model. The leaves of F. hispida Linn. were successively extracted by using solvent methanol and screened for phytochemical constituents. Wistar rats (either sex) were given orally doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg body weight at 24 h intervals and their wound contraction area were calculated and wound healing were evaluated at day 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20th. The results of phytochemical screening revealed that methanolic extract showed positive result for carbohydrates, saponins, sterols and tannin. The methanolic extract revealed significance increase in wound healing activity. The present investigation revealed that methanolic extract of F. hispida Linn. leaves increase the number of collagen tissue and this mechanism is responsible for wound healing activity. This could provide a rationale for the use of this plant as wound healer in folk medicines. Key words: Wound healing, herbs, Ficus hispida, phyto-medicines.

Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae), and Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry (Myrtaceae) are three common plants in Bangladesh, the fruits of which are edible. The leaves and fruits of A. carambola and F. hispida are used by folk medicinal practitioners for treatment of diabetes, while the leaves of S. samarangense are used for treatment of cold, itches, and waist pain. Since scientific studies are absent on the antihyperglycemic effects of the leaves of the three plants, it was the objective of the present study to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of the plants in oral glucose tolerance tests carried out with glucose-loaded mice. The extracts at different doses were administered one hour prior to glucose administration and blood glucose level was measured after two hours of glucose administration (p.o.) using glucose oxidase method. Significant oral hypoglycemic activity was found with the extracts of leaves of all three plants tested. The fall in serum glucose levels were dose-dependent for every individual plant, being highest at the highest dose tested of 400 mg extract per kg body weight. At this dose, the extracts of A. carambola, F. hispida, and S. samarangense caused, respectively, 34.1, 22.7, and 59.3% reductions in serum glucose levels when compared to control animals. The standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, caused a 57.3% reduction in serum glucose levels versus control. Among the three plants evaluated, the methanolic extract of leaves of S. samarangense proved to be the most potent in demonstrating antihyperglycemic effects. The result validates the folk medicinal uses of A. carambola and F. hispida in the treatment of diabetes, and indicates that the leaves of S. samarangense can also possibly be used for amelioration of diabetes-induced hyperglycemia.

A new norisoprenoid, ficustriol (1), and the known phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid O-methyltylophorinidine (2), were isolated from a CHCl3 extract of the leaves and twigs of Ficus hispida. O-Methyltylophorinidine showed potent cytotoxic activity when tested against a small panel of human cancer cells, while ficustriol was inactive. The structure and stereochemistry of 1 were determined using chemical and spectral methods.

Ethanolic extract of roots of Ficus hispida was investigated in normal and dexamethasone depressed healing conditions, using incision, excision and dead space wound models in albino rats. The root extract of Ficus hispida has shown the maximum breaking strength compared to control group. The rate of epithelialization and wound contraction in excision model was better as compared to control groups. There was significant increase in granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content in dead space model compared to control group. The antihealing effect of dexamethasone was also reverted by the administration of ethanolic extract of Ficus hispida in all the wound models .The results indicated that the root extract of Ficus hispida has a significant wound healing activity and also promotes healing in dexamethasone depressed healing conditions.O extrato etanólico de raízes de Ficus hispida foi ensaiado em ratos albinos normais e em condições de cicatrização deprimida por dexametasona, utilizando modelos de ferida por incisão, excisão e de espaço morto. O extrato da raiz de Ficus hispida mostrou a força máxima de tensão comparativamente ao grupo controle. A velocidade de epitelização e de contração da ferida no modelo de excisão foi melhor do que a dos grupos controles. Houve aumento significativo no peso do tecido de granulação e no conteúdo de hidroxiprolina no modelo de espaço morto comparativamente ao grupo controle. O efeito anticicatrizante da dexametasona foi, também, revertido pela administração do extrato etanólico de Ficus hispida em todos os modelos de feridas. Os resultados indicaram que o extrato de Ficus hispida tem atividade cicatrizante em feridas e, também, promove a cicatrização em condições de depressão de cicatrização pela dexametasona.

The methanol extract of the leaves of Ficus hispida Linn. (Moraceae) was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing acute liver damage by paracetamol (750 mg/kg, p.o.). The extract at an oral dose of 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transaminase (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. The activity of extract was also comparable to that of Liv-52 a known hepatoprotective formulation.

Study on fruit bat s’ food remains was conducted in Sub Blok Perhutanan Sosial Hutan Pendidikan Konservasi Terpadu Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman in December 2014 – March 2015. Direct survey was done for indirect sign s and mist net for bat species. Three bats species found were family Pteropodidae , Cynopterus horsfieldii, Cynopterus sphinx and Macroglossus sobrinus. Seven food remains identified were six fruits and one leaf. The food plants are luwingan (Ficus hispida), duku (Lancium domesticum), jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense), jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), jambu biji (Psidium guajava), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), and dadap (Erythrina lithosperma). Luwingan (Ficus hispida) is the most consumed. Keywords: Fruit bats, indirect signs, hutan pendidikan konservasi terpadu, Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman

Methanol extract of Ficus hispida L. showed significant inhibitory activity against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and PGE 2 -induced enteropooling in rats. It also showed a significant reduction in gastro-intestinal motility on charcoal meal test in rats. The results obtained establish the F. hispida leaf extract as an anti-diarrhoeal agent.

Lembah Lenggong is a place well known amongst locals as an archaeological site; the valley has been attested as a World Heritage Site. There is an overwhelming variety of plant species that are uniquely used in their cultural and traditional cuisines including Ficus hispida (Senia). Ficus hispida is a well-known species restricted to the native people in Lembah Lenggong. It is recognized as one of the plants used specifically in the traditional cuisine of the locals, especially amongst the old folks. The plant leaves are a major part of a local traditional dish called ‘Masak Pindang’. The fruit of Ficus hispida is also edible, and consumed locally in candied form (halwa). In their traditional herbal remedies, Ficus hispida is used in treating wounds and as a medicine in post and pre natal care (maternal remedies). The desired outcome of this study is to emphasize and promote this specific species as one of the more unique products of Lembah Lenggong in a tourism aspect. The traditional knowledge and practices involving the use of Ficus hispida should be cherished and treasured by future generations to retain the authenticity of their local traditional and cultural products in the light of the awakening tourism industry.

Key words: Ficus Hispida Linn.; DPPH free radical scavenging; antioxidant; cytotoxicityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v3i2.8035 S.J. Pharm. Sci 3(2): 29-36