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The search for sustainable alternative food sources has led to the expansion of aquaculture, with the proliferation of marine farms in more and more places, some of them very touristic. The installation of these farms in the waters of consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations represents a planning challenge, which requires consideration of the potential environmental and economic impacts of those activities on tourism attractions. This article critically analyzes the implementation of marine farms in the Costa Blanca (Alicante), one of the most consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. The case study shows that the environmental impact studies and other documentation accompanying these projects do not include tourism aspects, which represents a deficiency that jeopardizes the economic and social sustainability of the projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most widely used indicator for measuring the COVID-19 pandemic is the 14-day rate, calculated as the ratio per 100.000 inhabitants between the number of confirmed cases in the last 14-day period and the registered population of a destination. However, this indicator is not appropriate for the reality of tourist destinations where, in the absence of mobility restrictions, seasonal fluctuations of the population are experienced. This article calls for the adaptation the indicator so that it contemplates the population increases that occur during the peak season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes the first step in analysing the impact of climate change on international tourist arrivals to Kazakhstan from 121 origin countries for the period 2000–2018. Despite this interest, little effort has been made to examine the relationship between time-variant climate variables and tourism demand. The study captures the destination choice of tourists based on temperature in the origin and destination countries over time by incorporating time-variant climate variables. The results reveal that the optimal temperature of international tourists visiting Kazakhstan is obtained at 7°C. Moreover, international tourists prefer to travel to Kazakhstan at a moderate temperature, that is neither too hot nor too cold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, policymakers worked to counteract the adverse effects of tourism on destinations, such as the problems of sustainability, wealth distribution or overtourism, among many other external issues. The answer seems to come from the so-called 'intelligence' in the destinations, that is, a necessary renewal to avoid losing competitiveness. In this research, we work on the hypothesis that smart or intelligent solutions applied in Spanish tourist destinations are having positive effects on their competitiveness. Hence, we apply a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) model to address tourism smartness by taking two concrete strategies that are continuously repeated in the literature, that is the promotion of accessibility and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers generally accept that satisfaction is a determinant of tourist expenditure in destinations. This article explores the relationship between satisfaction and tourist expenditure in Calp, a consolidated 'sun and beach' tourist destination located on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline. Using survey data and structural equation modelling, the main result indicates that, in general, after controlling for relevant (socio-economic, socio-demographic and trip characteristics) variables, there is a weak relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, tourism literature has been incorporating tourist satisfaction as a determinant of competitiveness and expenditure in destinations. It was expected a direct relationship between the variables: the better the experience, the greater the expenditure. However, previous literature has not found a strong relationship between them. This study attempts to address this gap by analysing a data survey from Calp, a consolidated destination on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, using a static comparative exercise between different tourism seasons. As a novel theoretical contribution, seasonality and the different items of expenditure are included in the analysis. In accordance with the previous literature, the result obtained does not confirm a close relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. Some managerial implications are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note explores the differences existing in the level of per capita income and employment creation in residential and hotel-based tourist destinations. The exercise is conducted on a pool of 136 tourist destinations of the Spanish coastline, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. The results point out that in terms of income and employment generation no model clearly outperforms the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most challenging tasks for tourism scientists is the prediction of potential overtourism situations in the tourist destinations. Until now, some efforts have been proposed for the purpose of establishing early warning systems. However, none of the attempts has tried to make use of a powerful prediction tool that is currently available: machine learning techniques. This article seeks to fill this gap in the existing literature by proposing the use of machine learning techniques in order to predict overtourism issues on a sample of Spanish tourist cities specialized in both, urban and sun and beach tourism products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study establishes a classification of the tourist destinations of the Region of Valencia in Spain. A cluster analysis has been conducted on a wide range of indicators related to the tourism activity of the destinations, which has then been applied a set of 60 coastal destinations and 482 inland municipalities in the region. Spatial reference frameworks are essential for applying and developing tourism planning and promotion policies. The results obtained reveal their sensitivity to the configurations generated by these data analysis techniques, the variables used in the analysis and the group of destinations taken as a reference for the classification. They also confirm the exceptionality of the case of Benidorm and the existence of tourism dynamics and processes that are manifested unequally across the territory. The latest advances within this technique are applied which will improve the robustness of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different tourism development models have different implications in terms of their economic, social and environmental impact. This article analyses the sustainability of tourism development models and, specifically, the extent to which private vehicles are used in view of the urban configuration arising from the implementation of either a more intensive model (holiday) or a more extensive one (residential). To do this, the degree of motorization has been analysed in a sample of tourist destinations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. The results obtained indicate that residential destinations uses more intensively the private vehicles than holiday ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Catalonia is one of the most successful tourist regions in Spain. This article analyses the immediate impact that the instability associated to the recent political situation in Catalonia has had on the arrivals and spending of international tourists in the region using the classical Box-Jenkins method (ARIMA) and the more recent Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models. The results obtained indicate that during the final quarter of 2017, political events led to a reduction in the arrivals and spending of tourists in the region, although whether this impact reached statistical significance depends on the estimation method used. Highlights • Catalonia is the leading tourism destination in Spain. • We analyse the impact of the political instability in Catalonia's tourism sector. • The results of ARIMA and BSTS techniques are compared. • Political instability negatively affects the performance of tourist destinations. • Bayesian techniques find difficult to get statistically significant impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the economic performance of holiday and residential tourism destinations in Spain, as measured by the level of retail activity, from a quantitative perspective. Differences between destinations are explored. A positive association between the economic development of destinations and their retail index was expected. However, no significant differences were found between residential/second-home tourism and holiday/leisure tourism destinations. The results obtained contradict the conventional assumptions that holiday destinations perform better economically than residential ones due to a higher level of tourist spending of people accommodated in hotels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effects of the recent Arab uprisings on tourism destinations located along the Mediterranean coastline. It uses time-series analysis to model international tourist arrivals. First, autoregressive integrated moving average models are estimated for the period 1980-2009 and predicted for 2010-2014 to establish suitable country controls. Second, Bayesian structural time-series models - designed primarily to determine causal impacts in on-line marketing campaigns - are used to establish the effects of the events in Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Spain and Greece. The main conclusion is that the models clearly capture the negative impact of the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt and their positive impacts on Morocco and Turkey. However, the effects on Spain and Greece are less clear and depend crucially on the set of controls used in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how the slowdown in the real estate market during the most recent economic and financial crisis has affected residential tourism destinations on the Spanish coast. The afore-mentioned crisis, which gave rise to a standstill in residential activity, coincided with the turbulences experienced in the competing destinations of Northern Africa, which brought about a record number of international tourist arrivals to Spain. The resulting situation enables us to explore the future scenario of all the Spanish destinations that, due to the depletion of available land, are reaching their maximum levels of urban growth. Examining the case of Calpe, a destination which is representative of the Spanish Mediterranean, the study analyses whether the foreseeable dynamics for the future are conceptualized in the favourable terms that characterize “sustainable development” or, on the contrary, exhibit negative implications which the classic economists refer to as the “steady state”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential tourism and second homes are two closely related phenomena that constitute a growing research field, but the different names given to the concepts by researchers have led to a fragmented and disconnected literature. These two categories are essentially the same -- or share many elements -- but the research seems to be disjointed, which, in our opinion, has created a gap in the existing literature on this subject. Specifically, the research on "residential tourism" has expanded to integrate not only second home ownership issues, but the rental of holiday homes to tourists. This commercial use of second homes has been only occasionally referred to by second home authors. Mainstream literature, mainly focused on North American-Canadian and Scandinavian destinations, uses the term "second homes". Conversely, researchers in Mediterranean countries -- e.g. Spain or France -- prefer the term "residential tourism". Both phenomena are also related with a third concept, to take into account in this context, the visiting friends and relatives tourism (VFR). This note advocates an unified approach to studying this kind of tourism that will extend knowledge in the field and optimise future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note analyzes the relationship between economic crises and tourism performance in Spain during the period 1970-2013 using machine learning techniques. Specifically, a regression tree is estimated to confirm that, although the dynamics of Spanish tourism performance is influenced by the general variables established by the literature, the crisis periods disrupt the natural functioning of these dynamics, provoking disturbances that affect the tourism market position of destinations to a greater extent than expected. Conversely, to other econometric techniques, machine learning approach allows us to achieve greater flexibility and enriches the information, estimating the interrelations and thresholds operating in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effects of economic crises on tourism destinations from a city and regional point of view. The objective is to determine which kind of Spanish “Sun and Beach” tourism destinations, residential or hotel, has better weathered the most recent economic crisis in Spain, linked to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007/8. For this purpose, the authors have analysed the increases in the unemployment rates of a pool of 138 tourist destinations located on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline. The main finding of the paper is that during the crisis, residential destinations experienced a greater destruction of employment than hotel destinations. This result is consistent with previous literature that indicates a better economic performance of the hotel tourism development model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a theoretical model of the influence of economic crises on tourism destination performance. It discusses the temporary and permanent effects of economic crises on the global market shares of tourism destinations through a series of potential transmission mechanisms based on the main economic competitiveness determinants identified in the literature. The proposed model explains the non-neutrality of economic shocks in tourism competitiveness. The model is tested on Spain's tourism industry, which is among the leaders of the global tourism sector, for the period 1970-2013 using non-linear econometric techniques. The empirical analysis confirms that the proposed model is appropriate for explaining the changes in the market positions caused by the economic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to estimate a model of hedonic prices that is applied to apartments that are rented in the Spanish coastline, based on data that has been provided by Tecnitasa. The results confirm the relevance of the determinants that were previously identified by the literature and point to new determinants, such as tourism competitiveness and online reputation, as future drivers of prices in the new tourist environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]