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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tourism on Land Surface Temperature (LST), an issue which has rarely been considered in the tourism development literature. In this research, remote sensing techniques have been used to analyze the changes in the LST and spectral indices including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI). The data used were based on Landsat Collection 1 Surface Reflectance (SR) images taken in June and August. They were analyzed over 32 years in the years 1987, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2014 and 2019. The study area included the cities of Babolsar and Fereydonkenar and their suburbs in Mazandaran Province in the north of Iran and south of the Caspian Sea. First the tourism zones were separated from other land use zones and then the changes in land use and LST in each of the zones were studied for each year based on the trend of 32-year change. The results of Pearson correlation in the whole area for each main land use zone showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between the LST and the NDVI and MNDWI indices. This relationship was direct and significant for the EBBI index. Moreover, the results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test showed that the LST changes in the tourism zones during the study period were significantly different from the other zones, so that the tourism zones always experienced lower LST. The findings also showed that, in the tourism zones, the values of the NDVI and MNDWI indices showed an increasing trend compared to the urban zone. Therefore, increasing the values of these indices due to the development of green space and its regular irrigation in tourism zones has led to a significant decrease in the LST. The applied results of this research in the urban planning and tourism literature indicate that any model of physical development such as urban development does not necessarily lead to an increase in the LST, and this is entirely dependent on the physical design strategies.

According to the hygiene and biodiversity hypotheses, increased hygiene levels and reduced contact with biodiversity can partially explain the high prevalence of immune-mediated diseases in developed countries. A disturbed commensal microbiota, especially in the gut, has been linked to multiple immune-mediated diseases. Previous studies imply that gut microbiota composition is associated with the everyday living environment and can be modified by increasing direct physical exposure to biodiverse materials. In this pilot study, the effects of rural-second-home tourism were investigated on the gut microbiota for the first time. Rural-second-home tourism, a popular form of outdoor recreation in Northern Europe, North America, and Russia, has the potential to alter the human microbiota by increasing exposure to nature and environmental microbes. The hypotheses were that the use of rural second homes is associated with differences in the gut microbiota and that the microbiota related to health benefits are more diverse or common among the rural-second-home users. Based on 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing of stool samples from 10 urban elderly having access and 15 lacking access to a rural second home, the first hypothesis was supported: the use of rural second homes was found to be associated with lower gut microbiota diversity and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway levels. The second hypothesis was not supported: health-related microbiota were not more diverse or common among the second-home users. The current study encourages further research on the possible health outcomes or causes of the observed microbiological differences. Activities and diet during second-home visits, standard of equipment, surrounding environment, and length of the visits are all postulated to play a role in determining the effects of rural-second-home tourism on the gut microbiota. publishedVersion

International audience; Since the beginning of the 21st century, we have been observing in some seaside resorts aging demography, combined with an increase in second homes. These seaside resorts are said to have become places undergoing profound changes, leading to hybridization of functions (personal services, health, residential, etc.) and practices.All of these issues are part of the challenges of silver tourism, which stems from the silver economy. The Hauts-de-France region is made up of numerous seaside resorts that have a significant proportion of second homes in their real estate stock. The seaside resorts have tourist offers based on sports and leisure activities. They also offer a suitable environment for the installation of this category of the population. This set of attractive criteria in the choice of installation in seaside resorts is likely to be replaced by personal and health services due to theadvanced age of the population. The resorts of Le Touquet Paris-Plage, Bray-Dunes, Neufchâtel-Hardelot and Le Crotoy seem to be evolving towards other functions of residential resorts, as opposed to seaside resorts This paper will be an opportunity to present the results of the surveys we conducted in 4 seaside resorts in the Hauts-de-France region, where more than 420 retired secondary residents were questioned. The results show that nearly 90% of retirees spend their time in their second home at any time of the year. The criteria that leadthem there are school vacations and the weather. More than 40% of them have been living there for more than 20 years. The reasons for the installations are the living environment (83%) and the quality of life (79%). Their activities are walking and strolling, as well as sports. More than 99% of the respondents do not take into account the health service offers. Personal services are also little taken into account - around 60% of respondents say they do not know whether personal services exist in the resort. 80% of respondents answer that theirgrandchildren benefit from activities organized by the commune and the tourist offices during their stay. To conclude, the influx of retired secondary residents will not lead to a change in the functions of the seaside resorts. Their classic tourist offers - leisure and sports activities, the environment - will remain the attractive criteria of the seaside resorts. The results of the study prove that personal services and health services are not the first choice criteria in the installation of retired secondary residents, quite the contrary. We can even completethat retirees in secondary residences are demanding and concerned about living in a calm, safe and clean environment and quality of life.

Contact with nature is associated with numerous psychological, physiological and social health and well-being benefits. Outdoor recreation, such as rural second home tourism, provides extensive exposure to the natural environment, but research around health impacts of this exposure is scattered. We review current research on health and well-being impacts of nature and discuss how the characteristics of rural second home environments and their use and users can affect these potential impacts in Finland. We discover four key issues affecting the impacts. First, health and well-being impacts depend on the users; urban people can especially benefit from rural second homes, while child development and the performance of elderly people can also be supported by contact with nature at second homes. Second, the regularity, length and season of second home visits influence the potential to receive benefits as they have an impact on the intensity of nature exposure. Third, the type and quality of second home environment affect contact with nature, such as exposure to health-supporting environmental microbes. Fourth, practices, motives and meanings modify activities and attachment and crucially affect both physical and mental well-being. We conclude that rural second homes have extensive potential to provide nature-related health and well-being benefits and further research is needed.

Estimations for the Nordic population is that half of the 27 million inhabitants have access to a holiday home, via ownership, family or friends. People use second homes during the summer or winter season and increasingly at weekends; therefore, our analyses find that a continuous counter-urbanisation process exists in the Nordic Region. We conclude that second homes and seasonal tourists are primarily considered a positive asset for job creation, planning of cultural activities and provision of services. At the same time, the central challenges are adapting the welfare system and services to these large flows of voluntary temporary inhabitants. This motivates us to recommend policymakers and decision-makers in the Nordic Region to discuss whether municipal income taxes should be shared between municipalities, based on the locations of the permanent home and the second home. The main rationale behind this recommendation is that the infrastructure and welfare system could then be better adapted to the actual number of people who spend time in each municipality and make use of the local welfare system. Errata to the map Second Homes in 2017 (p.13 in the report): The statement “In total, there are 67 secondary homes per 1000 inhabitants in the Nordic Countries.” Should be “ In total, there are 65 secondary homes per 1000 inhabitants in the Nordic Countries.”

L’article se propose d’analyser la mise en tourisme du bassin d’Arcachon et son développement sur le temps long en mobilisant une approche géographique du tourisme. Fréquenté depuis près de deux siècles par les touristes, le bassin d’Arcachon s’est vu assigner dans la période récente, de nouveaux usages résidentiels liés à ses aménités touristiques et à la proximité de Bordeaux. L’attractivité touristique alimente une attractivité résidentielle qui accentue l’urbanisation de l’espace et complexifie l’appréhension des dynamiques en cours posant à terme la question de la pérennisation de sa fonction touristique. Ces dernières seront analysées à travers la dynamique spatiale des lieux et l’analyse de l’évolution du taux de fonction touristique résidentielle des communes du bassin. This article purpose is to analyze the tourism development of the Arcachon basin over the long term by mobilizing a geographical approach to tourism. Visited indeed by tourists for almost two centuries, the Arcachon basin has recently been assigned new residential uses linked to its tourist amenities and its proximity with Bordeaux. The attractiveness of tourism leads to a residential attractiveness that accentuates the urbanization of space and complicates the apprehension of the dynamics in progress, questioning the future of its tourist function. They will be analyzed through the spatial dynamics of the sites and the analysis of the evolution of the rate of residential tourist function of the municipalities of the basin. El artículo propone analizar el turitificación del turismo in el bassin d’Arcachon y su desarrollo histórico en el largo plazo mediante la movilización de un análisis geográfico aplicado al turismo. Frecuentado durante casi dos siglos por los turistas, el bassin d’Arcachon ha sido asignado en el período reciente, nuevos usos residenciales relacionados con su attractivo turístico y la proximidad de Burdeos. El atractivo turístico alimenta un atractivo residencial que acentúa la urbanización del espacio y complica la aprehensión de la dinámica actual planteando a largo plazo la cuestión de la perpetuación de su función turística. Estas dinámicas seran analizadas a través de la dynamica espacial de los sitios y el análisis de la evolución de la tasa de la función turística residencial de lugares principales del bassin d’Arcachon.

Despite the importance of collaborative accommodation in practically every tourist destination, to date the majority of studies have focused on large cities and urban destinations. This article distinguishes the factors that explain the added value of Airbnb properties, differentiating between urban and sun-and-beach holiday destinations. To do this, nine destinations from one of the most important European tourism regions have been studied using a hedonic pricing model that includes some variables related to the characteristics of the properties and others that define the online reputation of the hosts and properties and the tourism environment. The results reveal that the sharing economy fosters the emergence of private rentals, expanding the overall size of the accommodation market with some clear differences between the two types of tourist destinations, which emphasize the idea that the decisions made by stakeholders should be considered from a local perspective. This research was carried out within the framework of the project 'Destinos inteligentes y economía colaborativa: un análisis aplicado a la Comunitat Valenciana', which received funding from the Agència Valenciana del Turismo. It also received financial support from the Instituto de Economía Internacional (University of Alicante).

Türkiye'de ikinci konut olgusu 20. yüzyılın başlarında meydana gelmiştir. 1950'li yıllardan sonra, özellikle Ege ve Akdeniz kıyıları başta olmak üzere, ikinci konutların sayısı hızlı bir artış göstermiştir. İnsanların kentlerin karmaşasından kurtulma ve yeni bir konut sahibi olma ve özellikle emekli olunca daha küçük yerlere yerleşebilme isteği, birçok rekreasyonel faaliyete olanak sağlayan özellikle kıyı kesimlerin çekiciliği ikinci konut sayısının artışını etkilemiştir. Rekreatif amaçlarla belirli dönemlerde kullanılan ikinci konutlar; konumları, kullanım alanları ve nitelikleri ile birlikte günümüzde birçok bilim alanında çalışma konusu olmaya başlamıştır.Araştırma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar; Giriş, Turizm ve İç Turizm Kavramlarina Genel Bir Bakiş, Turizm ve İkinci Konut İlişkisi, Yöntem, Bulgular ve Yorumlar, Sonuç ve Öneriler şeklinde çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Edremit körfezi'nde ikinci konut sahiplerinin bu konutlara olan yaklaşımlarının incelendiği bu çalışmada, araştırmanın literatür taraması bölümünde genel kavramlar incelenerek, analizlere geçiş için temel bilgiler işlenmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama araçlarından anket formu kullanılmıştır. Anketin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği sınanarak yüksek sezon içerisinde 250 kişilik örneklem üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi kısmında anket sonucunda elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortamında sosyal bilimler alanında kullanılan analiz programı ile test edilmiştir.Anket soruları faktör analizi ile boyutlarına ayrılarak, bu alt boyutlarla katılımcıların özellikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla parametrik analiz tekniklerinde kullanılan Bağımsız İki Örnek T Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi testlerinden yararlanılmıştır.Araştırmada, İkinci Konut için önemli yerleşim yerlerinden biri olan Edremit Körfezi'nde yapılmıştır. Bu bölgede olan konutların turizme kazandırılması üzerinde durulmuş yalnızca yılın belli dönemlerinde kullanılarak atıl kalmamaları için çeşitli pazarlama unsurları sunulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, konut sahiplerinin sosyo-demografik özelliklerine, destinasyonu ziyaret sıklıklarına ve ziyaretleri sonunda algıladıkları memnuniyet düzeylerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. The subject of second houses began appearing by the beginning of the 20th century in Turkey, has been through several alterations in quality at the end of 1950s. Qualitative and quantitative alterations in the concept have been especially significant in 1980s. After 1950s, a significant increase in the number of second home have been noted especially in Aegean and Mediterranean coastal regions. There are several reasons influencing the significant elevation in the number of second home for instance, the will of isolation from large city's chaos, owning a secondary new property and coastal regions providing several opportunities for recreational activities. Second home which are used for several recreational reasons have influenced many scientific studies concentrating on their location, qualities, and the way that they are used.This research contains five sections. These are, Introduction, A General Overview of Tourism and Internal Tourism Concepts, Relationship between Secound Houses and Tourism, Method, Findings and Comments, Climax and Suggestions. In this study, the approach of thel local people living in Edremit Bay Region to the second houses has been examined. In the literature search of this study, general notions have been reviewed and basic information to access to the analysis have been processed. A questionnaire form which was validated and relied, has been conducted to 250 people in high season has been used to gather data.In the analysis part of the data, the data obtained as a result of the questionnaire were tested with the analysis program used in the field of social sciences in the computer environment. The questionnaire was divided into dimensions by factor analysis and the characteristics of participants were compared with these sub-dimensions. For this purpose, hypotheses have been developed by using Independent Sample T tests and One Way ANOVA tests used in parametric analysis techniques.This thesis research has concentrated on one of the most popular second dwelling areas; Edremit Bay. Properties in this area have carefully been evaluated and several marketing strategies have been suggested to re-instate touristic attraction which ultimately intends to prevent abandonment in these estates. In addition to this, differences in socio-demographic properties of second dwelling owners, the frequency of their visits, and their satisfaction rates have been evaluated and these differences have been highlighted in detail. 105

Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Türkiye’de ikinci konut olgusu 20. yüzyılın başlarında meydana gelmiştir. 1950’li yıllardan sonra, özellikle Ege ve Akdeniz kıyıları başta olmak üzere, ikinci konutların sayısı hızlı bir artış göstermiştir. İnsanların kentlerin karmaşasından kurtulma ve yeni bir konut sahibi olma ve özellikle emekli olunca daha küçük yerlere yerleşebilme isteği, birçok rekreasyonel faaliyete olanak sağlayan özellikle kıyı kesimlerin çekiciliği ikinci konut sayısının artışını etkilemiştir. Rekreatif amaçlarla belirli dönemlerde kullanılan ikinci konutlar; konumları, kullanım alanları ve nitelikleri ile birlikte günümüzde birçok bilim alanında çalışma konusu olmaya başlamıştır. Araştırma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar; Giriş, Turizm ve İç Turizm Kavramlarina Genel Bir Bakiş, Turizm ve İkinci Konut İlişkisi, Yöntem, Bulgular ve Yorumlar, Sonuç ve Öneriler şeklinde çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Edremit körfezi’nde ikinci konut sahiplerinin bu konutlara olan yaklaşımlarının incelendiği bu çalışmada, araştırmanın literatür taraması bölümünde genel kavramlar incelenerek, analizlere geçiş için temel bilgiler işlenmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama araçlarından anket formu kullanılmıştır. Anketin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği sınanarak yüksek sezon içerisinde 250 kişilik örneklem üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi kısmında anket sonucunda elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortamında sosyal bilimler alanında kullanılan analiz programı ile test edilmiştir.Anket soruları faktör analizi ile boyutlarına ayrılarak, bu alt boyutlarla katılımcıların özellikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla parametrik analiz tekniklerinde kullanılan Bağımsız İki Örnek T Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada, İkinci Konut için önemli yerleşim yerlerinden biri olan Edremit Körfezi’nde yapılmıştır. Bu bölgede olan konutların turizme kazandırılması üzerinde durulmuş yalnızca yılın belli dönemlerinde kullanılarak atıl kalmamaları için çeşitli pazarlama unsurları sunulmuştur. Buna ek olarak, konut sahiplerinin sosyo-demografik özelliklerine, destinasyonu ziyaret sıklıklarına ve ziyaretleri sonunda algıladıkları memnuniyet düzeylerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir., The subject of second houses began appearing by the beginning of the 20th century in Turkey, has been through several alterations in quality at the end of 1950s. Qualitative and quantitative alterations in the concept have been especially significant in 1980s. After 1950s, a significant increase in the number of second home have been noted especially in Aegean and Mediterranean coastal regions. There are several reasons influencing the significant elevation in the number of second home for instance, the will of isolation from large city’s chaos, owning a secondary new property and coastal regions providing several opportunities for recreational activities. Second home which are used for several recreational reasons have influenced many scientific studies concentrating on their location, qualities, and the way that they are used. This research contains five sections. These are, Introduction, A General Overview of Tourism and Internal Tourism Concepts, Relationship between Secound Houses and Tourism, Method, Findings and Comments, Climax and Suggestions. In this study, the approach of thel local people living in Edremit Bay Region to the second houses has been examined. In the literature search of this study, general notions have been reviewed and basic information to access to the analysis have been processed. A questionnaire form which was validated and relied, has been conducted to 250 people in high season has been used to gather data. In the analysis part of the data, the data obtained as a result of the questionnaire were tested with the analysis program used in the field of social sciences in the computer environment. The questionnaire was divided into dimensions by factor analysis and the characteristics of participants were compared with these sub-dimensions. For this purpose, hypotheses have been developed by using Independent Sample T tests and One Way ANOVA tests used in parametric analysis techniques. This thesis research has concentrated on one of the most popular second dwelling areas; Edremit Bay. Properties in this area have carefully been evaluated and several marketing strategies have been suggested to re-instate touristic attraction which ultimately intends to prevent abandonment in these estates. In addition to this, differences in socio-demographic properties of second dwelling owners, the frequency of their visits, and their satisfaction rates have been evaluated and these differences have been highlighted in detail.

Second homes create welfare for the owner who uses the home for own recreational purposes and for tenants when the home is rented out. In addition, second homes typically generate positive externalities locally, such as seasonal job creation. The letting of second homes opens for a more intensive use of the homes and for their importance for a country’s tourism industry. This paper investigates the drivers of the decision to rent out private second homes, an area which is much less studied than second homeownership. The empirical analysis is carried out on survey data from 2386 randomly selected Danish households combined with data from administrative registers. The analysis reveals that the strongest drivers of the decision to rent out are the age of the owner of the second home and the equity of the home. Young households with low equity have a high propensity to rent out.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yabancı ülke vatandaşlarının Yalova ilinde konut edinimlerinin çeşitli yönlerden turizme etkilerinin tespit edilmesi, konaklama sektörüne etkilerinin belirlenmesi ve yabancıların gayrimenkul ediniminin kısıtlanması veya kolaylaştırılmasına ilişkin olarak konaklama sektörü yönetici/sahiplerinin önerilerinin alınarak elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda tamamlayıcı öneriler sunulmasıdır. Araştırmada, Marmara Bölgesi'nin güneyindeki önemli turizm destinasyonlarından birisi olan Yalova İli çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Yüzölçümü ve nüfus itibârıyla Türkiye'nin en küçük illerinden biri olmasına rağmen 2013-2016 yılları arasında yabancılara en fazla konut satışı yapılan iller arasında 6'ncı sırada yer alması ve 2014-2016 yılları arasında yabancılara yapılan satışların ildeki toplam konut satışına oranlandığında 81 il içinde 1'inci sırada bulunması, Yalova ilini yabancılara konut satışının etkileri açısından incelemeye değer bir örnek haline getirmektedir. Bu araştırmada öncelikle mevcut literatür taranmış ve konaklama sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletme sahipleriyle derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmış ve elde edilen bulgular ışığında yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu hazırlanmıştır. Konaklama işletmesi sahibi/yöneticilerinden oluşan 10 kişiden elde edilen veriler betimsel analize ve içerik analizine tâbi tutulmuştur. Yapılan analiz neticesinde; yabancıların Yalova'da konut ediniminin ekonomik açıdan konaklama sektörüne olumsuz etkilerinin olumlu etkilerinden daha fazla olduğu, edinimlerin ekonomik katkılarının inşaat ve emlak sektörleriyle sınırlı kaldığı, turizm sektörünün genel olarak bu katkılardan faydalanamadığı, sosyo-kültürel açıdan olumsuz sonuçlar henüz ortaya çıkmasa da bu konuda ciddi risklerin olduğu, çevresel açıdan ortaya çıkan olumsuz tarafların ise hissedilir boyutta olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, katılımcıların tamamına yakını yabancıların satın aldığı konutlarda kayıt dışı olarak konaklama yapıldığını ileri sürerek İldeki konut ediniminin artık kısıtlanması veya çok sıkı takip edilmesi gerektiğini ifade etmişlerdir., The acquisition of houses by foreigners may have some effects on tourism sector. The aim of this research is to identify these effects in Yalova province and to provide complementary suggestions about legal arrangements. Yalova, one of the major tourism destinations in the south of the Marmara Region, was selected as the study area. Despite being one of Turkey's smallest provinces in terms of surface area and population, it is in the 6th place among the provinces with the highest house sales to foreigners between the years 2013-2016, and when the sales to foreigners are compared to the total sales in the city between the years 2014-2016, it will clearly be seen that Yalova is the first among 81 cities, which makes Yalova a good example to examine in terms of the effects of foreigners' acquisition of residences. In this research, the existing literature was firstly scanned, and business owners operating in the accommodation sector were profoundly interviewed, and a semi-structured interview form was prepared in the light of obtained findings. The data obtained from 10 people who are the owners/directors of accommodation industry were subjected to descriptive and content analysis. As a result of the analysis; it was concluded that acquisition of houses by foreigners in Yalova has economically more negative effects than positive ones on accommodation industry, and that the economic contribution of acquisitions are limited to construction and real estate sectors, and that tourism sector generally does not have much benefit from these contributions, and that even though negative consequences in respect to socio-cultural aspects have not appeared yet, negative impacts of this issue on environment have come to a noticeable level. Moreover, nearly all participants in the research have stated that many of the houses bought by the foreigners are illegally accommodated by foreign tourists, and added that house acquisition by the foreigners should be limited or/and strictly be supervised in this province.

WOS: 000403984600002, The Bodrum peninsula is one of the more important tourist locations in Turkey. Due to an increasing population and tourism demand, water shortages have emerged as a significant problem during the summer months in recent years. It has now reached the point where the peninsula no longer has a sufficient, safe and continuous water supply to meet its needs. In this study, population projections of the peninsula until the year 2060 are provided along with estimates of the water needs of the population, the amount of water resources available and the resources that need to be developed to supply water of the required quality. It is concluded that, given population growth and tourist demands, in each of 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060 water needs will be 23.47; 32.46; 45.52; 60,76 and 83.18 hm(3)/year

Second home tourism has been a primary cause of real estate development of the Spanish coasts since the 1970s. Historically, Northern Europeans have been the driving force influencing the "second home residential tourism" market in Spain, which attracts thousands of foreign customers per year. Spain’s coastal region has undergone dramatic development due to this demand and in recent has become famous for being a prime destination for international retirees who tend to have their own specific demands and requirements when looking to purchase property abroad. Taking into account that the "baby-boomer" generation is poised for retirement within the next decade, Europe and its planners will need to develop proper responses through guidelines and planning of its territory, housing, and development, particularly those along the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, this research seeks to evaluate the territorial, cultural and natural attributes that underpin the decisions of the target group in case they search for a second home. The study area selected is situated along the Costa Brava on the Mediterranean Sea in the northeastern part of Spain, meanwhile the methodology consists of a 2016 self-administered questionnaire involving 191 European tourists, of which most were over the age of 50. A set of attributes were provided and categorized into the three categories mentioned previously, with a Likert Scale related to levels of importance. At first, the result’s rank was based on the attributes´ average weighted score. The top three considerations influencing the participant’s selection were cultural offerings including friendly people, security and cultural diversity, following by two of built environment attributes of proximity to shopping and well-maintained streets and sidewalks, and the natural environment attributes. Having evaluated the participants stated choices, further statistical differences were analyzed using a Pearson Chi-Square test which highlights the degree to which the specific stated characteristics of the participants influence their choices; for instance, the presence of a mild winter is more important for this group than others, which is further supported by previous studies. The final step is the use of a logistic regression model to ascertain the effects of the territorial, natural and cultural factors on the likelihood that participants choose a second home on the Costa Brava.

Les littoraux sont pour la plupart caractérisés par une forte attractivité. Parmi les populations qui alimentent cette attractivité, les résidents secondaires occupent une place remarquable notamment par leur nombre, leur rôle dans l’hébergement touristique et leur contribution à l’économie locale. Ils forment une population à la fois résidente et touriste, expression des nouveaux modes d’habiter et font l’objet de nombreux débats. Nous posons alors comme hypothèse que, loin d’être « secondaire », cette catégorie d’acteurs participe pleinement aux dynamiques des territoires, notamment littoraux et touristiques. Toutefois, les usages, les représentations et les attentes des résidents secondaires restent encore mal connus, particulièrement sur le littoral. C’est pourquoi une étude sur les usages des résidences secondaires en Charente-Maritime, destination majeure du tourisme littoral en France a été lancée en 2013. Tout d’abord, nous montrerons l’intérêt mais aussi la difficulté d’étudier les résidents secondaires dans le cadre d’une analyse sur le fonctionnement des territoires touristiques littoraux. Puis, nous présenterons et détaillerons la méthodologie de l’étude menée en Charente-Maritime. Enfin, à partir de premiers résultats, nous évaluerons dans quelle mesure les résidents secondaires sont effectivement des acteurs à part entière des territoires touristiques littoraux. Coastal zones are generally concerned with an important attractiveness. Second homes play a major part in this coastal pressure, first of all because of their number, but they also represent numerous touristic accommodations and contribute to the local economy. Second homes owners are somewhere between inhabitants and tourists, they are an example of new arts of dwelling and they are also a very controversial issue. We assume that, far from being “secondary”, this population takes a full part in their territories dynamics, especially in coastal and tourist zones. Nevertheless, owners’ habits, representations and expectations are not very known, especially in coastal and tourist zones. That’s why our research group has conducted in 2013 a study about second homes owners’ habits in Charente-Maritime main destination of coastal tourism in France. To begin with, we propose to show the interest but also the difficulty to study second home owners within the framework of tourism coastal territories. Secondly, we detail the survey protocol we made in the case of Charente-Maritime. Thirdly, we will analyze some of the results collected in 2013 in order to assess to which extent second home owners really are stakeholders of tourism coastal territories.

Desde los inicios del fenómeno del turismo de masas, se han producido transformaciones en el litoral valenciano que han modificado la identidad de los municipios. Este trabajo profundiza en las causas y los procesos de las transformaciones, así como en el reconocimiento de las señas de identidad de los destinos turísticos, con el objeto de ponerlas en valor para utilizarlas como un medio de potenciar la singularización de estos destinos., Since the beginning of the phenomenon of mass tourism, the Valencian Coast has undergone changes, as well as the identity of its municipalities did. This paper is to explore the reasons for the changes and the identifying features of tourist destinations. That features could be used for making them valuable. This way it would be possible to use them in order to achieve the singularity of the tourist destinations.

İkinci konutlar, destinasyonda devamlı olarak ikamet eden halkın ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel yapısında önemli değişimler meydana gelmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Bundan hareketle bu çalışmada, ikinci konutların yol açtığı ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma alanı Yalova iline bağlı Çınarcık ilçe merkezidir. Araştırmada başlıca veri kaynağı, yerel halk (372), ikinci konut sahipleri (370) ve işletmecilere (168) uygulanan anketler olmuştur. Anketlerden elde edilen veriler IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Veriler; sıklık, yüzde değerleri, standart sapma ve ortalama değerleri ile yorumlanmıştır. Fark analizlerinde varyansları homojen olan değişkenler için t-testi ve ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Varyansları homojen olmayan değişkenler için ise Mann Whitney U ve Kruskal Wallis H testleri kullanılmıştır. Nicel verilerin içindeki ilişkileri, açıklamak için 18 katılımcı ile derinlemesine görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen nitel veriler MAXQUDA 12 yazılımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çınarcık Butler'ın teorisine göre düşüş evresinde olan bir destinasyondur. Bu evrede yerel halkın turizmden duyduğu memnuniyette bir azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum turizmden elde edilen gelirlerin zaman içerinde azalması ile ilişkilidir. Turizme bağlı olarak ilçe merkezinde market, kafe, inşaat ve emlakçılıkla ilgili iş kolları gelişmiştir. Sosyo-kültürel anlamda ikinci konutların ilçede çok fazla olumlu ve olumsuz etkide bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Çınarcık'ta diğer turizm faaliyetlerinin canlandırılması önümüzdeki dönemlerde ilçe ekonomisi için önem taşımaktadır. İstanbul, Adapazarı, İzmit ve Bursa'nın hinterlandında olan Çınarcık'ın doğru yatırımlar yapılarak tekrar canlanması, iç turizm için Çınarcık'ın iyi bir hedef haline gelmesini sağlayabilir. Second homes are able to cause significant changes on economic and socio-cultural structure of people who reside permanently in the destination. From this point, in this study is aimed to determine the economic and socio-cultural impacts which are caused by second homes. The study area is district center of Çınarcık where bounded to the Yalova province. The main sources of data in the study are surveys which they have been applied local people (372), second home owners (370) and business manager (168). The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 software package program. Data is evaluated with frequency, percentage values, standard deviation and average values. To the differences analysis t-tests and one-way ANOVA were conducted for variables which have homogeneous variances. For variables which are non-homogeneous variances, it is used Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H test. 18 in-depth interviews were conducted to participants so as to explain the quantitative data relationships. The data was obtained from the interviews, was analyzed with the MAXQDA 12 software. According to Butler's theory, Çınarcık is a destination where is in decline stage. At this stage a decrease is determined about satisfaction of local people. This condition is associated with reduction of income which is acquired from tourism. In the center of district various business branches is developed depending on the tourism, such as grocery stores, cafes, construction real estate. In socio-cultural aspects, it is realised that there are not too many positive and negative effects. In Çınarcık revitalization of other tourism activities is very crucial for the district of economy in the coming period. Çınarcık, where is situated on hinterland of İstanbul, Adapazarı, İzmit ve Bursa, can become a good target for domestic tourism with the right investments. 350

The study analyses the characteristics of developmental dynamics and spatial distribution of the second home phenomenon in the Croatian littoral, the leading receiving second home area in the country, after the Second World War, with particular emphasis on the recent period (after the Homeland War and Croatian liberation). The period of the conversion and adaptation of the existing and abandoned housing stock into recreational second homes (mostly in 1960s and 1970s) and the period of the construction of the purpose-built dwellings for vacation and recreation, i.e. family weekend-houses (in 1970s and 1980s), was followed by the period of a more intensive construction of multi-apartment recreational buildings (from mid 1990s until the present time). The second home phenomenon fi rst spread in the area of the Northern Croatian Littoral. Then, between 1980 and 1990, it made signifi cant inroads also into Dalmatia. After the Homeland War and in the last ten years, it again became more prominent in the Kvarner and Istria. The geographical distribution of dwellings for vacation and recreation in 2001, covering the period between the two censuses of 1991 and 2001, reveals the persistence of earlier trends towards greater concentration of second homes in the leading tourist regions along the Croatian littoral, but also the increased dispersion into the regions which do not have as high value for tourism but are suitable for accommodating second home dwellings., U radu su analizirana obilježja razvojne dinamike i prostornog rasporeda vikendaštva nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata u priobalnom dijelu Hrvatske, vodećem receptivnom vikendaškom području u državi, s posebnim naglaskom na suvremeno razdoblje (nakon Domovinskog rata i hrvatskog osamostaljenja). U njemu je nakon faze prenamjene i adaptacije postojećega i ispražnjenoga stambenog fonda u vikendice (najviše 1960-ih i 1970-ih godina) i faze izgradnje namjenskih objekata za odmor i rekreaciju, tj. obiteljskih vikendica (1970-ih i 1980-ih) nastupila faza pojačane izgradnje višestambenih apartmanskih kompleksa (od sredine 1990-ih do danas). Vikendaštvo je u priobalju najprije zahvatilo prostor Sjevernoga hrvatskog primorja, potom je između 1980. i 1990. znatno ojačalo i u Dalmaciji te se nakon Domovinskog rata u posljednjih desetak godina ponovno jače koncentriralo na Kvarneru i u Istri. Prostorni raspored stanova za odmor i rekreaciju 2001. otkriva da su se i u posljednjemu međupopisnom razdoblju (1991.–2001.) zadržale tendencije koncentracije sekundarnoga stanovanja u vodećim obalnim turističkim područjima, ali i sve izraženija disperzija u turistički manje vrednovana područja pogodna za vikendašku valorizaciju.

"Residenzialtourismus bzw. Zweitwohnungstourismus ist integraler Bestandteil der Erneuerung und Modernisierung der spanischen Tourismuswirtschaft und hat wesentlich zu einer beschleunigten Verbauung und weiteren Verstädterung der gesamten spanischen Mittelmeerküste beigetragen. Der Beitrag stellt diese Entwicklung in den Kontext internationaler Immobilieninvestitionen in Spanien. Die Balearen nehmen die Spitzenposition auf dem spanischen Markt ein, insbesondere bei den Luxusimmobilien. Der strukturelle Bevölkerungs- und Siedlungswandel durch Residenzialtourismus wird als Ergebnis urban-touristischer Raumproduktion verstanden: lebensstilgebundene Mobilität und Multilokalität von Akteuren auf der Nachfrageseite und Zweitwohnsitze sind kausal miteinander verknüpft, aber räumlich nicht unmittelbar zusammenhängend. Residenzialtourismus als urban-touristische Raumproduktion ist zugleich Ermöglichung und Resultat der räumlichen Mobilität internationaler Immobilieninvestitionen. Ferienimmobilien und Residenzialtourismus auf Mallorca sind Teil eines spezifischen ‚spatial fix‘ und dienen der Zirkulation eines Teils des fixen Kapitals in Form von gebauter Umwelt bzw. Urbanisierung im Prozess der Kapitalakkumulation. Ergebnisse zu Bevölkerungszahl, -dichte und -entwicklung, zum Ausländeranteil und der Zahl der Zweitwohnsitze auf Gemeindeebene zeigen Unterschiede in der residenzialtouristischen Erschließung Mallorcas auf und werden mit früheren Studien verglichen. Die hier diskutierten Ergebnisse beleuchten die komplexe Verstädterung einer Ferieninsel durch eine multinational geprägte Ansiedlungsdynamik in Form des Residenzialtourismus. Noch konzentriert sich Residenzialtourismus hauptsächlich auf die touristisch geprägten Küstengemeinden, die jüngere Gesetzgebung in der Stadtplanung ist jedoch ein politisches Signal für die Ausweitung von Siedlungsflächen im Inselinneren, um weiterhin Wirtschaftskraft durch Residenzialtourismus zu entwickeln. Angesichts der lokalen ökonomischen Bilanz und des Flächenverbrauchs wird die Nachhaltigkeit des residenzialtouristischen Modells kritisch hinterfragt." (Autorenreferat) "Residential or second home tourism is an integral part of socio-economic tourist modernization in Spain and has contributed substantially to an accelerated and further urbanisation of the Spanish Mediterranean Coast, with urban and demographic growth being the most significant expressions of the process. This contribution situates this development in the context of international foreign investment into real estate in Spain. The Balearics are in the lead position on the Spanish second home property market, especially for luxury properties. The observed structural changes in population and urban areas through residential tourism are conceptualised as urban-tourist production of space and an example of urban land teleconnections. Changes in distinct urban-tourist locations are linked to distant places through a complex set of processes. Here, the link is between lifestyle mobility and urbanisation dynamics and associated land changes, even though the agents and processes are not colocated. In the built environment, residential tourism has blended with demographic and urban growth. The term urban-tourist landscape is used in this paper to describe the outcome of this development model. Empirical results on population development and density, proportion of foreign nationals and second homes at municipality level show distinct spatial patterns in residential tourism in Mallorca and are compared to previous findings by other authors. The results presented here highlight the complex urbanization of a holiday island through multinational settlement dynamics in the form of residential tourism. While residential tourism is at present more concentrated in coastal municipalities, recent changes in urban and regional planning laws are sending political signals to relax or lift planning restrictions that hitherto prevented further urban growth or sprawl. Consequently, the island’s interior is becoming attractive for residential tourism as socio-economic growth machine. The paper discusses the sustainability of this urban-tourist residential model." (author's abstract)

Il turismo, divenuto un vero e proprio fenomeno sociale, ha richiesto sempre più disponibilità di risorse ambientali. L’industria turistica, così, risulta essere una delle principali attività economiche che contribuisce significativamente alle trasformazioni del paesaggio, normalmente, poi, di quello più attraente. Nell’isola mediterranea di Sardegna, in questi ultimi cinquant’anni, la crescente domanda di turismo balneare, ha messo a dura prova alcuni suoi spazi costieri per la rilevante presenza di strutture ricettive, pararicettive e ricreative. Una urbanizzazione eccessiva, quindi, a cui ha contribuito in modo rilevante la presenza di abitazioni private destinate alle vacanze. Il presente lavoro, dopo una disamina introduttiva sulla valenza geografica del fenomeno delle seconde case, ha considerato lo stesso in un’ottica quantitativa in Gallura, regione storica del nord-est della Sardegna, dove particolarmente importanti sono la domanda e l’offerta del turismo. Infine, la distribuzione dei luoghi più significativi per la presenza di queste abitazioni temporanee è stata osservata utilizzando la cartografia digitale, mentre il processo di urbanizzazione del litorale è stato studiato, con alcune esemplificazioni, nella sua evoluzione storica con il sussidio di ortofoto della Regione Sardegna., Tourism, which has become a real social phenomenon, required more and more availability of environmental resources. Thus, the tourist industry represents one of the major economic activities that significantly contribute to the transformations of the landscape in general, actually it transforms the most beautiful ones. In the past fifty years, in the Sardinia island the growing demand for beach tourism put to the test some of its coastal areas because of significant presence of accommodation facilities and recreational activities. In addition, the presence of private homes for the holidays also produced a massive and intensive urbanization. After an extensive introduction about the geographical value of the second homes phenomenon, the present work deals with the phenomenon itself, under a quantitative point of view, in Gallura. This is an historical region of the Sardinia north-east where the supply and demand of tourism are very important. Furthermore, the distribution of the most significant places for the presence of these temporary accommodations has been observed using digital cartography, whereas the process of coastline urbanization has been studied, with some exemplification over its historical evolution by means of the orthophotos of Sardinia’s region.

Like migrants from various southern sending countries, many Moroccan post-war guest worker migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands invested part of their foreign earnings in building a house in Morocco. These houses were often earmarked for eventual retirement, but over the course of years of return visits became the familial vacation home in their place of origin. Their cyclical presence enabled ongoing communion with family in Morocco, while also often exacerbating economic inequalities among family members resulting from migration. As post-migrant generations of Moroccans from Europe are now purchasing homes in Morocco, their choices indicate how diasporic property ownership over progressive generations may tend more towards leisure-oriented second homes rather than the stereotypical image of migrant investment in place-attached ‘hometown’ houses.

FACEPE O tema desta Dissertação de Mestrado tem como objeto central as mudanças socioespaciais observadas no litoral de Ipojuca, na última década, que trata por consolidar este como local de interesse privilegiado dos setores imobiliário e turístico em Pernambuco. Isso é percebido a partir da implantação dos grandes empreendimentos imobiliários vinculados ao turismo que vêm alterando o uso e apropriação dos espaços públicos de praia. O processo a ser analisado se insere na esfera de mudanças que ocorrem, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, no quadro econômico mundial, em que o turismo, mobilizando fluxo de serviços, capitais e população, destaca-se como uma das atividades mais dinâmicas da economia no contexto do processo de globalização. No Brasil, a partir da década de 1990, essas mudanças são retratadas na reestruturação espacial do litoral nordestino com o advento do turismo como atividade central, definindo novos padrões de relações com o setor imobiliário. Tais mudanças têm suas bases na política nacional implementada a partir do ano de 1990 por investimentos públicos no âmbito do Programa de Desenvolvimento Turístico do Nordeste – PRODETUR-NE. No litoral de IpojucaPE, esse processo teve início no ano 2000, quando empreendimentos imobiliário-turísticos foram implantados de modo concentrado na praia de Muro Alto, estabelecendo um novo padrão de uso das faixas de praia, que apesar de se constituírem de domínio público, passam a ter um uso e apropriação predominantemente privados.Iniciando com a análise do processo de ocupação – transformação dos moldes de segunda residência tradicional para a segunda residência vinculada ao imobiliário-turístico no município de Ipojuca, na década de 2000-10, este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar as mudanças no uso das faixas de praia, procurando explicitar como esta nova forma de ocupação espacial voltada para um público específico (classe média alta e alta) gera ambientes excludentes, segmentados. Orientado por bases conceituais desenvolvidas por Michel de Certeau, o estudo focaliza as ações espontâneas da população, suas práticas cotidianas, frente às atitudes de dominação impostas aos espaços de praia por parte dos administradores e proprietários dos Resorts e empreendimentos imobiliário-turísticos. A partir dos diferentes comportamentos dos usuários desse espaço de domínio público, este estudo procura contribuir para o debate sobre o espaço da faixa de praia enquanto bem público de uso comum, porém submetido a diversas estratégias de poder para privatização de seu uso. The theme of this Mastery Degree's dissertation has as central objective the sociospatial changes observed in Ipojuca's coast, in the last decade, consolidating this area as privileged interesting by the real estate and tourism sectors in Pernambuco. This is noticed by the implantation of large businesses linked to the tourism which has been changing the use and appropriation of the public spaces on the beach. The process to be analyzed is inserted into the sphere of changes that occur, since the second half of the 20th Century, in the world's economic scene, where the tourism, mobilizing service's flow, capitals and production, stands as one of the most dynamic activities of the economy in the globalization process' context. In Brazil, from the 90's, these changes are portrayed in the northeastern coast's spatial restructuring with the tourism becoming the central activity, defining new standards in the relationship with the real estate sector. These changes have their bases in a national policy, implemented in 1990, for public investment under the “Northeast Tourism Development's Program” - PRODETUR-NE. In Ipojuca-PE's coast, this process began in 2000, when estate-tourism ventures were implanted in a concentrated way in Muro Alto, establishing a new standard of usage in the coastal strip, which although being public, became to be used and appropriated as private. Starting with the analysis of the occupation process – change of the traditional second home's molds to the second home linked with the estate-tourism in Ipojuca's county, in the 2000-10's decade, this work has as central objective the analysis of the usage changes in the beach strip, seeking to explain how this new spatial occupation form directed to a specific population (upper and upper middle class) generates exclusionary ambients, targeted. Oriented by Michel de Certeau's concept bases, focuses the population's spontaneous actions, its day-life practices, against the domination attitudes imposed to the beach strip by the administrators and owners of the Resorts and estatetourism ventures. From the different behaviors presented by the users of this public space, this study seeks to contribute to the debate about the beach strip area as public property, however subjected to several privatization strategies to its use.

Bir konut türü olan ikincil konutlar aynı zamanda, turistlerin konaklamaları için tasarlanmış, özellikle ülkemiz kıyı alanları boyunca konumlanan bir turizm yapısıdır. Geçmişten günümüze gelebilmeyi başarmış ikincil konut kavramı turizmin gelişimine bağlı olarak yıllar içinde değişim ve gelişim göstermiştir. Ülke açısından önemli kıyı alanlarında konumlanan bu konutların; amacına uygun tasarlanması, kullanıcının isteklerine cevap vermesi ve kullanılabilir olması, ülke için gerek ekolojik, gerekse ekonomik açıdan önemlidir. Bu önem neticesinde; ikincil konutları ve ikincil konut mekanlarını tanımak, ikincil konutların yıllar içinde geçirdiği değişimi bilmek gerekmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışma boyunca ikincil konutlar, turizmin gelişimine bağlı olarak mekansal açıdan ele alınmaktadır. İlk olarak çalışma hakkında ana hatlarıyla bilgi sahibi olunması amaçlanarak, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve metodu hakkında bilgi verilmiş, araştırma ile ilgili tanımlar ve kavramlar; turizm, ikincil konut ve mekan başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. Daha ayrıntılı bir araştırma içinse konu; gerek coğrafi özellikleri, gerekse iklimsel ve kültürel özellikleri itibariyle her yıl yerli ve yabancı birçok ziyaretçiyi ağırlayan; bünyesinde bu ziyaretçilerin konaklamaları için tasarlanmış yoğun ikincil konut yerleşkeleri bulunan Manavgat bölgesine indirgenmiştir. Manavgat bölgesi içerisinden farklı dönemlerde inşa edilen beş ikincil konut yerleşkesi seçilerek incelenmiştir. İncelenen örnekler ışığında, turizm gelişime bağlı olarak ikincil konut mekanlarında yaşanan değişim; iç mekan, yarı açık mekan ve dış mekan başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. Yapılan araştırma sonucu; turizmin gelişiminin, ikincil konut kullanıcı profilini değiştirdiği gözlemlenmiştir. İkincil konut kullanıcı profilinde yaşanan değişim, ikincil konut mekanlarına yansımıştır. Yıllar içinde; yaşam alanı m²'lerinde büyüme, yatak odası sayısında artış ve yatak odalarının en az bir tanesinde banyo eklentisi eklendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Turizmindeki gelişimin, sonuç olarak; ikincil konut toplam kullanım alanlarında artışa ve bu konutların bulunduğu yerleşkelerin sosyal donatı alanı açısından zenginleşmesine neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak; turizmin gelişmesiyle birlikte, dış mekan tasarımı açısından amacına uygun tasarımlar yapılırken, iç mekan tasarımı ve özellikle alanı ile ilgili amacına uygun olmayan birincil konut kriterlerinde tasarımlar yapılmaya başlanmıştır., A dwelling which is a type of secondary houses at the same time, designed for the accommodation of tourists, a tourist structure situated along the coastal areas, especially in our country. These homes located in coastal areas important for the country, for the purpose of designing, and be available to respond to user requirements, the need for the country, ecological, and economic aspects are important. As a result of this importance, secondary houses and places of residence to recognize the secondary, the secondary housing is necessary to know its changes over the years. For this purpose, secondary houses throughout the study, depending on the spatial aspects of tourism development are discussed. Being informed about the study as outlined in the first goal was study, we were informed about the scope and method, definitions and concepts related to the research, tourism, the secondary housing and space are discussed under the headings. For a more detailed research topic; its geographical features, climatic and cultural properties as well as many visitors each year welcomes domestic and foreign, within the accommodation is designed for those visitors were reduced to Manavgat in dense secondary house campuses. Manavgat area within the five secondary housing development was built in different periods were chosen. Samples examined in the light, depending on tourism development, the change in the secondary house premises; interior space, is discussed under the headings of semi-open space and outdoor. As a result of this research, tourism development, the secondary housing alters the user profile. The change in the secondary house user's profile, reflected in the secondary housing sites. Over the years, living space, m s of growth, the increase in the number of bedroom and bathroom extension added to the observed in at least one of the bedrooms. Tourism development, as a result, a secondary increase in areas of housing and residential premises, this has led to the enrichment of social reinforcement area. As a result, with the development of tourism, in terms of exterior design for the purpose of making designs and especially non-primary houses criteria for the purposes related to the field started to make designs.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin en önemli turizm destinasyonlarından birisi olan Alanya çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Alanya'nın Türkiye'de olduğu gibi dünya turizm pazarında da önemli bir marka olması, kendi ülkeleri dışında başka bir ülkeden konut satın almak isteyen yabancı kişiler tarafından tercih edilen destinasyonlardan biri olmasını sağlamaktadır. Çalışmada, Alanya'dan konut satın alarak buraya yerleşmiş veya tatillerinin büyük bölümünü satın aldıkları bu konutlarda geçiren yabancıların kentin sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik yapısına olan etkileri üzerinde durulmuş olup, yerel halkın söz konusu bu etkilere yönelik tutumlarıbelirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında toplam 460 kişiyle anket uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiş olup, bu anketlerden 453 tanesi analize tabi tutulmuştur. Anketlerle elde edilen verilerin analizinde ?SPSS for Windows? istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda 5 boyut elde edilmiştir. Bunlar ?Olumlu Sosyo- Kültürel Etki (1)?, ?Olumsuz Sosyo-Kültürel Etki (2)?, ?Olumlu Ekonomik Etki (3)?, ?Olumsuz Ekonomik Etki (4)? ve ?Memnuniyet (5) ? tir. Yapılan analizlerde, birinci boyut ile ikinci ve dördüncü boyut arasında ters yönlü bir ilişki orantı, üçüncü ve beşinci boyut arasında doğru yönlü bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmasının yanı sıra yerel halkın yabancılarla birlikte yaşamaktan duydukları memnuniyet seviyesini artıran en önemli unsurun olumlu ekonomik etkileşim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda elde edilen en dikkat çekici bulgulardan biri ise, yerleşik halkın konut sahibi yabancı kişilerle birlikte yaşamaktan genel olarak memnun olduklarını belirtmelerine rağmen, daha fazla yabancının konut edinmesini ve yabancıların konut edinme şartlarının kolaylaştırılmasını istememeleridir. In this study, Alanya which the most important tourism destinations in Turkey has been selected as the study area. Alanya, as well as being an important brand in Turkey, it is also an important brand in the world tourism market, so it makes it one of the best destinations for people who want to get house from a country other than their own. In the study, it has beentried to understand that what are the effects on the city?s social, cultural and economical structure by the foreigners who settled by purchasing houses and staying there for a long time, especially on their big part of holidays and the local people?s attitudes of these effects have been tried to determine. In this research, questionnaire application has been carried out with 460 people in total and 453 of them have been analyzed in this survey. In the analyze that obtained by the data with questionnaires ?SPSS for Windows` statistical software has been used. In the result of the analysis that obtained from data, 5 different dimensions have been obtained. These are ?Positive Socio-Cultural Impact (1)?, ?Negative Socio-Cultural Impact (2)?, ?Positive Economic Impact (3)?, ?Negative Economic Impact (4)? and ?Satisfaction (5)?. According to the analysis, there is an inverse relationship between the first dimension and the second and the fourth dimension but the accureta ratio between the third and fifth dimensions. It has been concluded that the most important factor is the positive economic impact that raise the satisfaction of local people being with strangers. The most striking finding is derived from analysis of the data that even though the public people report that they are satisfied of living together with foreigners in general, in fact; they are not pleased with the getting housing of much more foreigners and facilitation of conditions for acquiring housing for them. 184

The work deals with amenity migration in a natural park "Bohemian Canada". Amenity migration is one of the current global phenomena. Amenity migration is a specific type of migration which is not motivated by economic prosperity of the target area. It is motivated by an effort to live in more valuable socio-cultural surroundings, and it is mainly directed from metropolitan to rural areas. The main aim of this work is to identify the assumptions of the model area for the creation and existence of the phenomenon of "amenity migration". The part of this finding is the identification of the main reasons of amenity migrants moving into this area. The finding of the results of this work was carried out by using a statistical survey, using the technique of interviewing respondents. The survey was carried out from April to June 2010. It was made 101 questionnaires and 95 of them were used to evaluate the results. The research was conducted in the natural park ?Bohemian Canada?. ?Bohemian Canada? is a popular tourist area. It's a rough area, yet romantic charakter, with excellent conditions for amenity migration. In the area there are many summer huts and cottages, which could constitute a potential base for amenity migration.

Die Gemeinde Calvià nimmt jährlich rund 17 % aller Mallorca-Touristen auf und verabschiedete 1999 eine Lokale Agenda 21 mit dem Ziel einer nachhaltigen Umweltqualität und Gemeindeentwicklung. Anstatt massentouristischen Wachstums wird auf Qualitätstourismus gesetzt. Für die innovative Agenda erhielt die Gemeinde zahlreiche internationale Auszeichnungen und Umweltpreise. Räumliches Leitbild der Agenda ist die Begrenzung von Siedlungsbereichen auf bereits urbanisierte Gebiete und die Freihaltung ökologisch sensibler Küstenzonen. Der Beitrag untersucht und bewertet, ob sich die Zielsetzungen der Agenda und Flächennutzungsplanung in der Siedlungsdynamik Calviàs bereits widerspiegeln. Dazu werden Methoden und Ergebnisse multitemporaler indikatorengestützter Analysen des F lächenverbrauchs vorgestellt und diskutiert. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist die politisch-planerische Steuerung der Siedlungsdynamik und die Umsetzbarkeit der Agenda-Ziele, die mit kurzfristigen Interessen der Gewinnerzielung im Tourismussektor kollidieren. Die Untersuchungen belegen, dass der Qualitätstourismus vor allem in Form des Residenzialtourismus ökologisch nicht nachhaltig ist, sondern in erheblichem Maße zum aktuellen Flächenverbrauch beiträgt. The municipality of Calvià is a very successful tourism destination that hosts annually 17% of all tourists visting Mallorca. Calvià passed a Local Agenda 21 in 1999 that aims at sustainable environmental quality and municipal development. Calvià concentrates on the substitution of mass tourism for quality tourism and its higher expenditures. The innovative Calvià Agenda Local 21 was coined as a sustainable strategy for a tourism destination and won Calvià international environmental awards and prizes. The spatial development objectives include the decrease of urban growth, its limitation to existing built-up areas and the protection of ecologically sensitive coastal areas from further settlement expansion. The article discusses if the development objectives of the Local Agenda 21 and the Town and County Plan are already evident in the municipality’s land consumption dynamics. The critical evaluation is based on a multitemporal and indicator-based analysis of land consumption. Another aspect is the political and planning context of the development and the feasibility of Agenda 21 objectives that collide with short-term economic interests in the tourism sector. The results show that quality tourism is not ecologically sustainable but a primary driver of land consumption for residential construction and second homes at the cost of natural biotopes.

International audience; Inventeurs du tourisme et première clientèle touristique étrangère en France, les Britanniques sont de plus en plus nombreux à y acquérir des résidences secondaires mais aussi permanentes. Leurs stratégies d'achat en Poitou-Charentes sont au cœur de nouvelles pratiques à mi-chemin entre logiques touristiques et résidentielles. Cette présentation interroge les pratiques résidentielles des Britanniques en Poitou-Charentes.

Amenity migration is a specific type of migration which is not motivated by higher wages - it has been brought about by the desire to render more valuable natural or socio-cultural environment of the target territory, and it is often directed from metropolitan to rural areas. The group of amenity migrants from chosen areas of the Czech Republic was described and identified on basis of collected empirical data set. Results are discussed with relevant authors who currently study amenity migration abroad. It follows from the mentioned results that amenity migrants in model areas are rather university educated, economically strong and more creative. They prefer natural amenities to cultural ones, their in-migration is not related to tourism and second homes phenomenon as it was expected earlier. They use current residential potential for permanent living in the amenity-rich places.

171 ÖZET Turizm ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri ile ülkeler için çok büyük önem taşımaktadır. Devalüasyonlar neticesinde Türkiye'de tatil yapmak dış turistler için ucuz hale gelmiştir ve bunun neticesinde turizm talebi hızla artma göstermektedir. Artan turizm talebinin karşılanması için turizm arzını artırmak ve alternatif tatil imkanlarının oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Tatil yapmak, günümüzde, stres altında yaşayan insanlar için modadan ziyada ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir fakat tatil yapma maliyetinin yüksek olması insanların bu ihtiyaçlarını giderememesine sebep olmaktadır. Tatil yapamayan insanların en büyük engeli, yüksek fiyatlı konaklama maliyetleridir ve bu insanlar daha ucuz tatil yapabilme olanaklarını araştırmaktadır. 1980li yıllardan sonra insanların çeşitli sebeplerle konut sahibi olma isteklerinin sonucu olarak özellikle kıyı şeritlerimizde yüz binlerce konut yapılmıştır. Konut sahiplerinin yılda ortalama bir ay kullandığı bu konutlar geri kalan zamanlarda terk edilmekte ve bu büyük kapasite atıl duruma geçmektedir. Aynı zamanda konutların uzun süre boş kalması sebebiyle bakım ve onarım masrafları da büyük boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Yılda ortalama bir ay kullanılan bu konutların turizme kazandırılması ev sahipleri, turistler ve ülkemiz için son derece faydalı olacaktır. 172 ABSTRACK Tourism is extremely important owing to its favorable influence on the national economy and the social aspect of the country's life. Because of devaluation, Turkey has become a cheaper country, especially for foreign tourists, which has caused significant increase in tourism demand. Therefore, there is a need to find some alternative ways to expand the capacity and to improve the quality of our tourism. In spite of the importance of vacation for people's health and well-being, it is obvious that many citizens of our country can hardly afford staying at expensive resort places. That is why they have to look for a cheaper way out. After the 1 980s, the tendency to have a second house in a tourist place has become widespread in our country owing to its convenience and availability. As a result, we have over 250.000 houses just at the sea side. The house that is used only one month a year should be gained for tourism. It would be an advantageous solution for tourists, homeowners and for the country itself. 184

TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE İKİNCİ (YAZLIK) KONUTLARIN TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN İSTATİSTİKSEL ANALİZİ ÖZET Turizm sektörünün başlıca sermayesi temiz, sağlıklı yaşam koşullan sunan ve doğal özelliklerini korumuş alanlar olmaktadır. Bu koşulları sağlayan turizm olanaklarının büyük bir bölümü kıyı alanlarında bulunduğundan Türkiye'deki turizm gelişimi de doğal olarak kıyı turizmi biçiminde gerçekleşmektedir Hızla gelişen turizm alanlarına karşılık, yılın sadece belirli aylarında kullanılan ve diğer dönemlerde atıl durumunda olan ikinci konutlar da hızla artmaktadır. İkinci konutların ekonomik ve çevresel açıdan olumlu ve olumsuz yönde farklı etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, ikinci konutların çok sayıda yer aldığı bölgelerden biri olarak M. Ereğli'si - Gelibolu sahil şeridindeki yerleşim bölgelerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci konutların genel durumlarını, konut sahiplerinin ikinci konutlar hakkındaki düşüncelerini ve ikinci konutların ekonomik ve çevresel etkilerini saptamak amacıyla bölgede anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ikinci konutların sosyal maliyetlerinin, sosyal faydalarından daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. İkinci konutların daha verimli kullanılabilmesi için gerekli girişimlerde bulunulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler 1- Turizm 2- İkinci konut 3- Konut 4- Ekonomik Etkiler 5- Türkiye 6- İstatistik o A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SECOND HOMES IN TOURISM INDUSTRY IN TURKISH ECONOMY ABSTRACT The principle capital of the tourism industry is the land which offer clean and healty living conditions and protected natural characteristics. Since the most parts of the tourism areas which meets these conditions are states in the sea shore, the progress of Turkish tourism is being as shore tourism. Contrary to rapidly developing tourism areas, second homes which are being used in the spresific times of the year and which arc not being used in the rest of the year are increasing rapidly. Positive and negative effects of the second homes from the economical and environmental point of view are also exist. This research has been undertaken in the M.Ereğlisi- Gelibolu sea shore area because of the reason that most of the second homes are stated in this area. The quuestionnaires were conducted to get information related with general conditions of the second homes, the economical and environmental impacts of second homes. According to the results, the social costs of the second homes are more than their social benefits. Necessary functions are required to be taken in order to use second homes more efficiently. Key Words 1- Tourism 2- Second Homes 3- Home 4- Economic Impacts 5- Turkey 6- Statistics 138

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 151423, Dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de alternatif turizm çeşitlerinin çoğalması tüketici istekleri ve konaklama ihtiyaçlarında meydana gelen şekil değişikliği vb. nedenlerden dolayı, ikinci konut olarak adlandırılan ve yılın belirli zamanlarında kullanılabilen konutların, turizm amaçlı değerledirilmeleri gündeme gelmiştir. Avrupa ve A.B.D.'de geniş bir uygulama alanı bulan ikinci konutların, turizm amaçlı değerlendirilmesi fikri, Türkiye'de yeterince tanınmamış ve uygulanamamıştır. Oysa, özellikle 1980'li yıllardan başlayarak Türkiye'nin enflasyonist bir sistem içine girmesi ile birlikte insanlar tatil faktörünü de göz önüne alarak yatırımlarını ikinci knutlara yapması ile bugün kıyılarımızda 150.000'e yakın ikinci konut bulunmaktadır. Yılın büyük bir kısmında atıl bir şekilde bulunan bu konutların kullanılmadığı zamanlarda turizm amaçlı değerlendirilmesi ile bu yatırımlar korunacak, kıyılardaki betonlaşma hızı kesilecek, ödeme gücü düşük olan ailelere tatil yapma olanağı sağlanacağı gibi yabancı turistler için de değişik konaklama alternatifleri sunulabilecektir. Kapıdağ Yarımadası'nda halen 8.000'e yakın ikinci konut bulunmakla birlikte bu konutların sahipleri tarafından kullanım süreleri 5-10 hafta arasındadır. Yılın büyük bölümünde boş kalan bu konutların turizm amaçlı değerlendirilmesi ile, bölgenin ekonomisi canlanacak, ek yatak kapasitesi sağlanacaktır. Araştırma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde; bölgenin tanıtımı, ikinci konut kavramı, Türkiye'de ve bölgedeki ikinci konutlar, ikinci bölümde; bölgedeki ikinci konutlar incelenecek, araştırmanın son bölümünde ise; bölgedeki ikinci konutların nasıl değerlendirileceği ile ilgili bir model çalışması yapılarak, çözüm önerilerinin getirilmesi sağlanacaktır.