31 results on '"Ferketich, Amy K."'
Search Results
2. Effects of "Tobacco Free" Language in Warning Labels on Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes and Nicotine Pouches among Young Adult Men: A Randomized Trial.
- Author
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Keller-Hamilton B, Curran H, Stevens EM, Zettler PJ, Mays D, and Ferketich AK
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- Male, Young Adult, Humans, Nicotine, Cohort Studies, Product Labeling, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Background: Manufacturers of Puff Bar electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and Fre nicotine pouches claim that their products contain synthetic nicotine. The packages for Puff Bar and Fre have modified versions of the warning labels required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tobacco products, which specify that Puff Bar and Fre products contain "tobacco free" or "non-tobacco" nicotine, respectively. We evaluated whether exposure to these "tobacco free" warning labels was associated with differing perceptions about the products. Method: N = 239 young adult men who were enrolled in a cohort study completed a short online experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to view either packages of Puff Bar and Fre nicotine pouches with the standard FDA warning or packages with the standard FDA warning + the tobacco free descriptor. We compared harm and addictiveness perceptions and products' perceived substitutability for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) by exposure to a "tobacco free" warning. Results: Viewing a Puff Bar package with a "tobacco free" warning label was associated with increased perceived substitutability of the product for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (p' s <.05). Viewing a Fre package with a "non-tobacco" warning label was associated with thinking the product was less harmful than SLT ( p <.01). Conclusions: "Tobacco free" descriptors in warning labels for e-cigarettes and nicotine pouches affect young adults' perceptions of the products. To date, it is unclear whether the FDA will continue to permit "tobacco free" descriptors in warning labels. As e-cigarettes and nicotine pouches are increasingly marketed with "tobacco free" language, urgent action is needed.
- Published
- 2023
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3. Testing if attitudes mediate the association between advertising exposure and adolescent tobacco use.
- Author
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Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, and Ferketich AK
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- Humans, Male, Adolescent, Prospective Studies, Tobacco Use, Nicotiana, Advertising, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Introduction: A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to tobacco advertising among adolescents increases the likelihood of subsequent tobacco use. It is important to understand the process by which this occurs, in order to appropriately target factors for intervention. The objective of this study was to test whether attitudes towards tobacco advertising mediates the impact of advertising exposure on tobacco use., Methods: From an ongoing prospective cohort study of male adolescents (aged 11-16 at baseline), we recruited a subset of tobacco users and non-users to participate in an additional ecological momentary assessment (EMA) project (N = 164). Adolescents completed smartphone-based surveys 2-3 times/day over a 10-day period with items assessing their exposures and attitudes towards tobacco-related advertising. If participants reported exposure to tobacco advertising, they were asked about their attitudes toward it (how much they enjoyed it, liked it, and found it appealing)., Results: Adolescents who reported a greater amount of advertising exposure during the EMA period were more likely to report past-30-day tobacco use at their next cohort follow-up (6-12 months later). Moreover, the impact of advertising exposure on subsequent use was mediated by attitudes toward the tobacco advertisements, as reported during the EMA. This effect remained after controlling for baseline tobacco use., Conclusions: By pairing EMA with long-term follow-up, we identified attitudes as a mediator between adolescent advertising exposure and subsequent tobacco use. Interventions to lessen adolescents' positive attitudes toward tobacco advertisements may help disrupt this impact., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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4. Visual attention to blu's parody warnings and the FDA's warning on e-cigarette advertisements.
- Author
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Keller-Hamilton B, Fioritto M, Klein EG, Brinkman MC, Pennell ML, Nini P, Patterson JG, and Ferketich AK
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- Advertising, Humans, Product Labeling, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Young Adult, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Objectives: In 2017, the e-cigarette brand, blu, released advertisements featuring large, boxed, positively-framed messages. These messages mimicked the format of FDA-mandated warnings that would appear on e-cigarette advertisements in the United States in 2018. We compared attention to blu's parody warnings and FDA-mandated warning appearing on blu advertisements., Methods: N = 73 young adults who had used tobacco participated in an eye-tracking study. Participants viewed three blu e-cigarette advertisements in random order: one with a parody warning and two with the FDA-mandated warning (one with a model's face and one without). Areas of interest (AOIs) were the parody or FDA-mandated warning. We compared dwell time on AOIs between the three advertisements., Results: Participants viewed parody warnings longer than each FDA-mandated warning on average (254 and 608 ms longer; p's < 0.02). Comparing the advertisements with FDA-mandated warnings revealed that participants spent less time looking at the warning in the advertisement with a model's face (354 fewer milliseconds; p = 0.001)., Conclusions: Parody warnings attracted more visual attention than FDA-mandated warnings, and the presence of a face in the advertisement drew attention away from the FDA-mandated warning. Results underscore the need for advertisement regulations that support increased attention to health warnings., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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5. Juul and the upsurge of e-cigarette use among college undergraduates.
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Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, Ferketich AK, and Berman ML
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- Humans, Students, Universities, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products, Tobacco Use Disorder, Vaping epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: Examine trends in e-cigarette use, and Juul use specifically, among U.S. college students., Participants: In 2016, we established a cohort of 529 incoming first-year students to a large Midwestern University. In 2018, these students (now third-years) were re-contacted, and a new sample of 611 incoming first-year students was enrolled., Methods: First-year students in 2016 completed a survey assessing their e-cigarette use; in 2018, first- and second-year students reported on e-cigarette use, and use of Juul specifically., Results: From 2016 to 2018, past 30-day e-cigarette use rose from 5.9% to 27.7%. In 2018, for Juul alone, ever use was above 35% and past 30-day use was above 20% for both cohorts. Juul use did not differ by gender, but was associated with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and being White., Conclusions: Findings present disturbing possibilities for long-term nicotine addiction among the next generation, and underscore the need for a rapid public health response.
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- 2022
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6. Associations between Cognitive and Affective Responses to Tobacco Advertisements and Tobacco Use Incidence: A Four-Year Prospective Study among Adolescent Boys.
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Keller-Hamilton B, Curran H, Stevens EM, Slater MD, Lu B, Roberts ME, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Advertising, Child, Cognition, Humans, Prospective Studies, Nicotiana, Tobacco Use epidemiology, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Exposure to tobacco advertisements is associated with initiation of tobacco use among youth. The mechanisms underlying this association are less clear. We estimated longitudinal associations between youths' cognitive and affective responses to advertisements for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco (SLT) and initiation of these products. N = 1220 Ohio-residing boys of ages 11-16 were recruited into a cohort in 2015 and 2016. Participants completed surveys every six months for four years. Surveys assessed cognitive and affective responses to tobacco advertisements (which included health warnings) and tobacco use after an advertisement viewing activity. We used mixed-effects Poisson regression models with robust standard errors to estimate risk of initiating use of each tobacco product according to participants' cognitive (i.e., memorability of health risks) and affective (i.e., likability of advertisement) responses to advertisements for that product. No associations between affective responses to advertisements and tobacco use outcomes were detected in adjusted models. However, finding health risks memorable was associated with reduced risk of ever smoking initiation (aRR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.95) and a reduced risk of ever SLT initiation that approached statistical significance (aRR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.05). Measures to increase saliency of health risks on cigarette and SLT advertisements might reduce use among youth.
- Published
- 2021
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7. Beyond Strong Enforcement: Understanding the Factors Related to Retailer Compliance With Tobacco 21.
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Roberts ME, Klein EG, Ferketich AK, Keller-Hamilton B, Berman ML, Chacko M, Jenkins CF, Segall MH, and Woodyard KC
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- Adolescent, Adult, Commerce, Humans, Social Control, Formal, Tobacco Use, United States, Young Adult, Nicotiana, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Introduction: Tobacco 21 (T21), which sets the minimum legal sales age for tobacco to age 21, is now a national law in the United States. Although T21 is expected to help curb youth tobacco use, its impact may be dampened due to poor retailer compliance. Even within environments where enforcement is strong (ie, compliance checks are conducted with tough sanctions for violations), compliance might vary due to other factors., Aims and Methods: Three studies were conducted in Columbus, OH, where T21 became strongly enforced in 2018. These studies examined how retailer compliance related to features of the neighborhood in which a retailer was located (Study 1), features of the retailer (Study 2), and features of the retail cashier (Study 3)., Results: Study 1 found that, after controlling for race- and age-based factors, retailers located in high (vs. low)-poverty neighborhoods had a lower likelihood of conducting identification (ID) checks. Study 2 found that ID checks were related to whether retailers displayed signage about T21, as required by the city law. Study 3 found that, among cashiers, T21 awareness (which was high) and perceptions about T21 (which were moderate) were not generally related to their retailer's compliance; having (vs. not having) scanners for ID checks was related to a higher likelihood of compliance., Conclusions: These studies emphasize the many, multilevel factors influencing T21 outcomes. Findings also indicate the potential for T21 to widen disparities in tobacco use, indicating the need for strategies to equitably improve T21 compliance., Implications: T21, which sets the minimum legal sales age for all tobacco products to age 21, is now a national law in the United States. Despite optimistic projections about what T21 could achieve, the ultimate impact may be dampened when it is applied in real-world settings. Our project revealed the many, multilevel factors influencing T21 compliance. Findings also indicate the potential for T21 to widen disparities in tobacco use if gaps in compliance persist. Strategies for equitably improving T21 compliance are discussed. This article is of relevance to areas interested in implementing or improving their local T21 enforcement., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2021
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8. Switching stories: user testimonials on juul.com continue to contradict JUUL's switch ≠ cessation narrative.
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Patterson JG, LaPolt DT, Miranda AR, Zettler PJ, Berman M, Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, and Ferketich AK
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- Adult, Humans, Smokers, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Products, Vaping
- Abstract
Background: In January 2019, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) market leader Juul Labs (JUUL) launched an advertising campaign encouraging adult smokers to 'make the switch' from combustible cigarettes to JUUL. Our primary aim was to describe consumer perceptions of JUUL as communicated by members of JUUL's online social community via testimonials promoted on JUUL's website., Methods: User testimonials that were displayed on the JUUL website in December 2019 and January 2020 were collected and coded by three reviewers. A total of 220 testimonials were coded for primary and secondary themes (eight codes within four broader themes)., Results: Testimonial writers were, on average, 43.0 years old (range 28 to 74) and reported using JUUL for an average of 21.8 months (range 9 to 59 months). The most prominent theme, present in nearly half of the testimonials, was a description of how to use JUUL, with a mention of JUUL's benefits and tips on how to use the product. Nearly four in 10 statements encouraged smokers to give JUUL a try or noted that JUUL is a better product compared with cigarettes. About one in 10 statements focused on switching from smoking cigarettes to using JUUL., Conclusion: This study presents a foundation for understanding how adult users describe JUUL, including their experiences using JUUL to 'switch' or stop smoking. Currently, the effectiveness of ENDS for smoking cessation is not supported by substantial evidence; however, if cessation is defined as 'quitting combustible tobacco products', then regulators should be aware that switch and cessation messages may not be distinct., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2021
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9. Electronic cigarette use and risk of cigarette and smokeless tobacco initiation among adolescent boys: A propensity score matched analysis.
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Keller-Hamilton B, Lu B, Roberts ME, Berman ML, Root ED, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Appalachian Region, Child, Humans, Male, Ohio epidemiology, Propensity Score, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products, Tobacco, Smokeless, Vaping
- Abstract
Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adolescents is associated with increased risk of subsequent cigarette smoking initiation in observational research. However, the existing research was not designed to answer causal questions about whether adolescent e-cigarette users would have initiated cigarette smoking if they had never used e-cigarettes. The current study used a causal inference framework to identify whether male adolescent e-cigarette users were at increased risk of initiating cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use, compared to similar boys who had never used e-cigarettes., Methods: Boys from urban and Appalachian Ohio (N = 1220; ages 11-16 years at enrollment) reported use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and SLT at baseline and every six months for two years. A propensity score matching design was implemented, matching one e-cigarette user to two similar e-cigarette non-users. This analysis was completed in 25 multiple imputed datasets to account for missing data. Risk ratios (RRs) comparing risk of initiating cigarettes and SLT for e-cigarette users and nonusers were estimated., Results: Compared to non-users, e-cigarette users were more than twice as likely to later initiate both cigarette smoking (RR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.89, 3.87) and SLT (RR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.73, 3.38). They were also more likely to become current (i.e., past 30-day) cigarette smokers (RR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.33, 3.64) and SLT users (RR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.64)., Conclusions: Adolescent boys who used e-cigarettes had increased risk of later initiating traditional tobacco products when compared to similar boys who had never used e-cigarettes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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10. Cigarette Prices in Rural and Urban Ohio: Effects of Census Tract Demographics.
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Keller-Hamilton B, Ferketich AK, Berman M, Conrad E, and Roberts ME
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- Commerce economics, Environment, Humans, Ohio, Prevalence, Public Policy, Residence Characteristics statistics & numerical data, Smoking epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Rural Population statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Products economics, Urban Population statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
The prevalence of smoking among rural Americans and Americans of lower socioeconomic status (SES) remains higher than among their urban and higher SES counterparts. Potential factors contributing to these disparities are area-based differences in the retail environment and tobacco control policies. We describe the association between neighborhood demographics and cigarette prices in rural and urban areas. Prices of one pack of Marlboro Reds, Newport menthols, and the cheapest cigarettes in the store were recorded from a stratified random sample of tobacco retailers in urban (N = 104) and rural (N = 109) Ohio in 2016. Associations between prices and census tract demographics (SES and race) were modeled separately in each region, controlling for store type. In the rural region, as the census tract income increased, the price of Marlboro and Newport cigarettes decreased, and the price of the cheapest pack of cigarettes increased. In the urban region, as the census tract income and percentage of White non-Hispanic people increased, the price of Marlboro decreased; there were no associations between census tract characteristics and the price of Newports or the cheapest cigarettes. Results describe a complex association between cigarette brand, prices, and area characteristics, where the cheapest brands of cigarettes can be obtained for the lowest prices in lower SES rural areas. Tobacco control policies that raise the price of cheap cigarettes, particularly minimum price laws, have the potential to reduce SES-related smoking disparities in both rural and urban populations.
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- 2020
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11. Tobacco Advertising and ID Checks in Columbus, Ohio, in Advance of Tobacco 21.
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Muralidharan N, Ferketich AK, Keller-Hamilton B, and Roberts ME
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- Female, Humans, Male, Ohio, Young Adult, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Products legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Purpose: In autumn 2017, Columbus, Ohio, joined numerous other US locations in raising their legal sales age for purchasing tobacco to 21 (ie, becoming "T21"). The present study sought to establish a baseline for ID checks in Columbus prior to T21 enforcement and to examine whether store type and marketing were associated with better rates of ID checks., Design: Fieldworkers aged 20 to 21 years visited a random sample of 110 tobacco retailers during summer 2017 (drawn from >10 000 licensed retailers in the county). After collecting store-related information, they attempted to purchase cigarettes and recorded whether their ID was checked (federal law requires ID checks for anyone who looks younger than 27 years)., Setting: Columbus, Ohio., Measures: Store type, external tobacco advertising, and ID check outcome., Analysis: Descriptive and inferential statistics., Results: Among stores where cigarettes were purchased, 61.1% did not conduct ID checks. Absent ID checks were associated with the store being a convenience store or tobacco shop, χ
2 (2) = 4.45, P = .035, and having a greater amount of external advertising, t (93) = 2.00, P = .049., Conclusion: Overall, the low rate of ID checks for young adults purchasing tobacco in Columbus is concerning. Continued monitoring of retailer compliance will be important as retailers adjust to the arrival of T21. Targeted enforcement and additional outreach with tobacco shops, convenience stores, and stores with a high amount of external advertising may be particularly needed.- Published
- 2019
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12. The magnitude and impact of tobacco marketing exposure in adolescents' day-to-day lives: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study.
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Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, Hinton A, Browning CR, Slater MD, Xi W, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Advertising statistics & numerical data, Child, Ecological Momentary Assessment, Humans, Male, Ohio epidemiology, Attitude, Marketing statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Products, Tobacco Use epidemiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Research indicates that tobacco marketing contributes to higher pro-tobacco attitudes and behaviors among adolescents, but no studies have been able to assess the impact of real-world tobacco marketing exposures in real-time. The purpose of this study was to examine the magnitude and impact of tobacco marketing exposure on adolescents using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Our primary hypotheses were that (1) youth would most frequently report tobacco marketing at the retail points-of-sale and (2) greater exposures to tobacco marketing would be associated with more favorable tobacco-related attitudes, use, and expectancies., Methods: Participants were adolescent males from rural and urban Ohio (N = 176, ages 11-16). For ten days, these adolescents were prompted at two-three random times/day to complete a brief smartphone-based survey about their exposures and responses to tobacco-related advertising., Results: Adolescents reported exposures to tobacco marketing an average of 1.9 times over the 10-day EMA period, with over 10% seeing a tobacco advertisement 5 or more times. Reports of marketing exposures occurred most frequently at the point-of-sale; exposures were higher among tobacco users and rural adolescents. Consistent with hypotheses, marketing exposure was related to more positive attitudes to the tobacco advertisements, more tobacco use, and higher expectancies to use in the future., Conclusions: Overall, these findings signal the magnitude of tobacco marketing exposures and their pernicious impact on youth. Findings underscore the importance of federal, state, and local-level tobacco regulatory policies to protect youth from the marketing that puts them at risk for a lifetime of nicotine addiction and tobacco-related diseases., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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13. Tobacco and Alcohol on Television: A Content Analysis of Male Adolescents' Favorite Shows.
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Keller-Hamilton B, Muff J, Blue T, Lu B, Slater MD, Roberts ME, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Child, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Alcoholic Beverages statistics & numerical data, Screen Time, Television statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Introduction: Media tobacco and alcohol portrayals encourage adolescent substance use. Preventing adolescent initiation with these substances is critical, as they contribute to leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Television tobacco and alcohol portrayals have not been examined for more than 7 years. This study analyzed tobacco and alcohol portrayals on adolescents' favorite television shows and evaluated the rate of portrayals by parental rating., Methods: Adolescent males (N = 1,220) from Ohio reported 3 favorite television shows and how frequently they watch them. For each of the 20 most-watched shows in the sample, 9 episodes were randomly selected and coded for visual and verbal tobacco and alcohol incidents. Demographics of characters who used or interacted with the substances were recorded. Negative binomial regression modeled rates of tobacco and alcohol incidents per hour by parental rating., Results: There were 49 tobacco and 756 alcohol portrayals across 180 episodes. Characters using the products were mostly white, male, and adult. The rate of tobacco incidents per hour was 1.2 for shows rated TV-14 (95% CI, 0.4-3.6) and 1.1 for shows rated TV-MA (95% CI, 0.3-4.5). The estimated rate of alcohol incidents per hour was 20.9 for shows rated TV-14 (95% CI, 6.3-69.2) and 7.2 for shows rated TV-MA (95% CI, 1.5-34.1)., Conclusions: Adolescent males' favorite television shows rated TV-14 expose them to approximately 1 tobacco incident and 21 alcohol incidents per hour on average. Limiting tobacco and alcohol incidents on television could reduce adolescents' risk of substance use.
- Published
- 2018
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14. Attitudes toward Tobacco, Alcohol, and Non-Alcoholic Beverage Advertisement Themes among Adolescent Boys.
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Friedman KL, Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, Yates KA, Paskett ED, Berman ML, Slater MD, Lu B, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Alcoholic Beverages, Child, Consumer Behavior, Humans, Male, Ohio, Peer Group, Periodicals as Topic, Prospective Studies, Rural Population, Nicotiana, Urban Population, Advertising, Attitude, Beverages, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Background: Previous studies have examined what adolescents find appealing in tobacco and alcohol advertisements and how different themes in advertisements are used to manipulate consumer behaviors. Yet, we know little about the relationship between the themes portrayed in advertisements and youth attitudes towards those themes., Objectives: This study compared attitudes towards advertisements for different consumer products in a sample of urban and rural adolescent boys in order to examine how key marketing themes impact adolescent attitudes towards those advertisements., Methods: Participants were 11- to 16-year-old boys (N = 1220) residing in either urban or rural Ohio Appalachian counties. Each participant viewed five print advertisements (one each for cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), smokeless tobacco (SLT), non-alcoholic beverages, and alcohol), presented in a random order, for eight seconds each. All advertisements had appeared in magazines that adolescent males commonly read. Attitudes towards each of the five advertisements were assessed. The advertisements were then coded for the presence of various themes, including social acceptance and masculinity. Analyses were conducted to determine associations between advertisement type and the attitude measure, and between the presence of a theme and the attitude measure., Results: Overall, participants preferred non-tobacco advertisements to tobacco advertisements, rural participants had less positive attitudes and participants who had peers who used tobacco had more positive attitudes. Social acceptance and entertainment themes increased the appeal of SLT advertisements, and sex appeal increased the appeal of e-cigarette advertisements. Conclusions/Importance: Findings suggest that advertisements that promote the social nature of use in SLT advertisements may be of particular concern for their influence on adolescent boys.
- Published
- 2018
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15. A Descriptive Report of Electronic Cigarette Use After Participation in a Community-Based Tobacco Cessation Trial.
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Curry E, Nemeth JM, Wermert A, Conroy S, Shoben A, Ferketich AK, and Wewers ME
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Smoking epidemiology, Community Health Services organization & administration, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Health Education, Psychotherapy, Group methods, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Cessation methods
- Abstract
Introduction: Smokers are using electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, as a cessation aid, despite uncertainty about their efficacy. This report describes the association between use of e-cigarettes before and after cessation treatment and tobacco abstinence at 12 months. It also presents characteristics of e-cigarette users and reasons for use., Methods: A longitudinal observational secondary analysis of self-reported e-cigarette use was conducted among adult Appalachian smokers enrolled in a community-based tobacco dependence treatment trial (n = 217). Data were collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months following treatment. The primary outcome measure was biochemically-confirmed 7-day point prevalence tobacco abstinence at 12 months post-treatment., Results: One in five participants reported using e-cigarettes post-treatment. Baseline sociodemographic and tobacco-related characteristics did not differ by e-cigarette use. Primary reasons for e-cigarette use included help in quitting, help in cutting down on cigarettes, and not as bad for health. At the 12 month follow-up, tobacco abstinence was significantly lower among post-treatment e-cigarette users (4.7%) than nonusers (19.0%); (OR = 0.21 95% CI: 0.05-0.91, p = .021). Baseline use was not associated with 12-month abstinence., Conclusions: Among adult Appalachian smokers enrolled in community-based tobacco cessation treatment, use of e-cigarettes post-treatment was associated with lower abstinence rates at 12 months., Implications: This descriptive report of electronic cigarette use after participation in a community-based group randomized tobacco dependence treatment trial adds to the body of science examining e-cigarette use and cessation. Post-treatment e-cigarette use was associated with less success in achieving abstinence at 12 months, as compared to nonuse. At 3 months post-treatment, the majority of those who reported use of e-cigarettes did so to assist with cessation., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2017
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16. Ending tobacco sales in pharmacies: A qualitative study.
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Jin Y, Berman M, Klein EG, Foraker RE, Lu B, and Ferketich AK
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- Attitude of Health Personnel, Awareness, California, Commerce economics, Community Pharmacy Services economics, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Policy economics, Health Promotion legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Massachusetts, Pharmacies economics, Pharmacists economics, Pharmacists psychology, Policy Making, Program Evaluation, Public Opinion, Qualitative Research, Smoking Prevention economics, Tobacco Products economics, Tobacco Products supply & distribution, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Community Pharmacy Services legislation & jurisprudence, Health Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Pharmacies legislation & jurisprudence, Pharmacists legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking Prevention legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objective: The states of California and Massachusetts are leading the effort to prohibit the sale of tobacco products in pharmacies in the United States. The process of adopting these tobacco-free pharmacy laws remains understudied. This study qualitatively explores the process of adopting and enforcing tobacco-free pharmacy laws., Methods: Researchers performed qualitative semistructured telephone interviews with 23 key informants who were involved in the effort to adopt and implement tobacco-free pharmacy laws in California and Massachusetts. A content analysis was used to study the process of adopting tobacco-free pharmacy laws as well as barriers and facilitators during the process. Two researchers independently coded the interview transcripts and written responses to identify key categories and themes that emerged from the interviews., Results: The qualitative study results suggest that the process of adopting the tobacco-free pharmacy laws was fairly smooth, with a few barriers. Local youth groups and independent pharmacies played an important role in raising public awareness and attracting media attention. The results also highlighted the need to regulate the sale of e-cigarettes as a part of tobacco-free pharmacy laws., Conclusion: As the number of cities that have adopted tobacco-free pharmacy laws grows, banning tobacco sales in pharmacies is becoming less controversial and more normative to both pharmacy retailers and the public. Our findings inform the ongoing discussion about tobacco-free pharmacy laws and are useful for decision-makers from communities that are considering such laws., (Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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17. Tracking Young Adults' Attitudes Toward Tobacco Marketing Using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA).
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Roberts ME, Lu B, Browning CR, and Ferketich AK
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- Adolescent, Adult, Ecological Momentary Assessment, Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Attitude, Marketing, Smoking psychology, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Products
- Abstract
Background: Decades of research demonstrate the pernicious effects of targeted cigarette marketing on young people. Now, with tobacco marketing shifting toward greater incorporation of alternative products, it is critical to identify current attitudes toward the new landscape of tobacco advertisements., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the present landscape of tobacco marketing to which young adults are exposed, and to assess how they respond to it., Method: During 2015-2016, we used ecological momentary assessment (EMA), in which 44 young adults (aged 18-28) carried smartphones equipped with a survey app. Seventy-seven percent were ever-users of tobacco and 29.5% were intermittent users of tobacco (someday users of cigarettes and/or those who used another tobacco product >5 times within the past year). For ten days, participants were prompted at three random times/day to complete a brief survey about their exposures and responses to tobacco-related advertising. Analyses used t-test and multilevel modeling., Results: Intermittent users reported greater exposure than non-intermittent users to tobacco advertising. Further, both intermittent and ever-users reported more positive attitudes toward the tobacco advertising. Of the tobacco advertisements reported, 22% were for products unregulated by the FDA at the time of data collection. Conclusions/Importance: These findings indicate that young adults, and especially young adults who use tobacco, are exposed to a fair amount of tobacco advertising on a weekly basis. As the tobacco users in our sample were largely experimental and occasional users, these marketing exposures could put young adults at risk for progression toward regular use.
- Published
- 2017
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18. Are retailers compliant with zoning regulations that ban tobacco sales near schools in Changsha, China?
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Wang L, Lu B, Wewers ME, Foraker RE, Xie M, and Ferketich AK
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- Advertising statistics & numerical data, China, Humans, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Government Regulation, Law Enforcement, Schools legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Background: Tobacco retail sales are prohibited within 100 m of schools in many large cities in China. However, little is known about the enforcement of this zoning regulation. The objectives of this study were to estimate tobacco retailers' compliance with the regulation, examine the density of tobacco retail stores, describe the types of tobacco products sold in stores and how they are marketed, and determine if there are displays of warning messages in retail stores around schools and in neighbourhoods in Changsha, China., Methods: Tobacco retail stores located within 200 m of 36 schools and 36 residential neighbourhoods were audited by trained students with a validated audit form., Results: On average, there were about 3 tobacco retail stores within 100 m of the front entrance of schools. The density of the stores and the types of tobacco products sold in the stores were similar near schools and in neighbourhoods. Over one-fourth of the stores had exterior tobacco advertisements. Interior advertising was slightly less prevalent, and it was most prevalent among tobacco shops (62.5%). Tobacco displays that target children were pervasive, with about 83% of tobacco retail stores displaying cigarettes within 1 m of the floor and 59% displaying cigarettes within 0.3 m of toys and candy. About 40% of stores within 100 m of a school had a visible retail licence. Only 19.6% of the stores had a 'smoke-free' sign and 22.2% had a 'no sales to minors' sign., Conclusions: We observed low enforcement of the regulation that bans tobacco retail sales near schools and high prevalence of tobacco displays that target children in Changsha, China. Chinese officials should act to effectively enforce the regulation bans of tobacco sales near schools. In addition, regulations are urgently needed to limit tobacco marketing practices at the point of sale, especially those targeting youth., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Spousal concordance in the use of alternative tobacco products: A multi-country investigation.
- Author
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Roberts ME, Banse R, Ebbeler C, and Ferketich AK
- Subjects
- Adult, Austria ethnology, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems psychology, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems trends, Female, Greece ethnology, Humans, Israel ethnology, Male, Netherlands ethnology, Ohio ethnology, Slovakia ethnology, Smoking psychology, Smoking trends, Spouses psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use ethnology, Tobacco Use psychology, Tobacco Use trends, Tobacco Use Disorder diagnosis, Tobacco Use Disorder ethnology, Tobacco Use Disorder psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems statistics & numerical data, Smoking ethnology, Spouses ethnology, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Married couples often share similar health-related characteristics and behaviors, including cigarette smoking status. Despite their rising popularity in the U.S., little research has examined the patterns of spousal concordance (SC) for alternative tobacco products (ATPs), such as e-cigarettes, cigars, and hookah., Methods: The purpose of this project was to examine the roles of age, gender, and culture in the strength of SC for these ATPs. Analyses focused on a diverse community sample of married individuals in Ohio, U.S. (N=278), but also examined patterns in Austria, Greece, Israel, the Netherlands, and Slovakia. All participants completed a survey in which they indicated both their own, and their spouse's ever-use of various tobacco products., Results: For the U.S. sample, SC was highest for e-cigarettes, flavored e-cigarettes, flavored cigarettes, and hookah (ϕs=0.48- 0.61); SC appeared to be stronger among younger couples, and when there was only a small female vs. male differences in use. Similar patterns were found in the other countries, with a few key exceptions. In particular, there was low SC for e-cigarettes and flavored e-cigarettes in the other countries, where e-cigarettes had been federally regulated by the time of data collection., Conclusion: Overall, these findings have implications for the continued spreading popularity of these tobacco use behaviors., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The impact of tobacco-free pharmacy policies on smoking prevalence.
- Author
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Jin Y, Lu B, Berman M, Klein EG, Foraker RE, and Ferketich AK
- Subjects
- Adult, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, California epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Massachusetts epidemiology, Pharmacies legislation & jurisprudence, Prevalence, Smoking legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking Prevention, Tobacco Products supply & distribution, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Smoke-Free Policy, Smoking epidemiology, Tobacco Products legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Objectives: California and Massachusetts are the only 2 states in the United States with municipalities that have local laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco products by pharmacies. The impacts of the tobacco-free pharmacy laws remain understudied. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the association between tobacco-free pharmacy laws and smoking prevalence among adults over time in California and Massachusetts., Design: This study used a series of cross-sectional surveys. The data source for this study was the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey for each year from 2005 to 2013., Setting: The longitudinal changes in smoking prevalence at the city or county level were estimated and comparisons were made between cities or counties with tobacco-free pharmacy laws and those without the laws., Participants: The participants used to estimate smoking prevalence were representative of adults within California and Massachusetts., Intervention: The implementation of tobacco-free pharmacy laws was considered to be the intervention in this study., Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were smoking prevalence among adults. Mixed-effects negative binomial models were performed primarily to examine longitudinal changes in outcome measures., Results: The prevalence of smoking decreased in both states over time. In Massachusetts, there was a statistically significant decrease in smoking prevalence among cities with tobacco-free pharmacy laws compared with those without such laws. Despite the presence of an 8.6% decrease in prevalence after the implementation of tobacco-free pharmacy laws, this reduction was not statistically significant after controlling for the negative trend in smoking rates overall and other factors., Conclusion: This study evaluated tobacco-free pharmacy laws with regard to the real-world impacts. Our findings highlight the need for future research on the effects of tobacco-free pharmacy laws with a prolonged time span and a comprehensive understanding of the law's implementation and enforcement., (Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Would a cigarette by any other name taste as good in China?
- Author
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Wang L, Jin Y, Berman M, and Ferketich AK
- Subjects
- China, Government Regulation, Guideline Adherence, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Policy Making, Symbolism, Direct-to-Consumer Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Product Labeling legislation & jurisprudence, Terminology as Topic, Tobacco Industry legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products legislation & jurisprudence
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Tobacco-Free Pharmacy Laws and Trends in Tobacco Retailer Density in California and Massachusetts.
- Author
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Jin Y, Lu B, Klein EG, Berman M, Foraker RE, and Ferketich AK
- Subjects
- California, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Commerce trends, Humans, Licensure legislation & jurisprudence, Massachusetts, Smoking trends, Smoking Prevention, Pharmacies legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Products supply & distribution
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine the impact of local laws prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacies in California and Massachusetts, the only 2 US states in which such municipal laws exist., Methods: We analyzed longitudinally the tobacco retailer density at the city level from tobacco retailer license data in California (2005-2013) and Massachusetts (2004-2014)., Results: After adjustments, the reduction in tobacco retailer density over time was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 1.51) to 3.18 (95% CI = 1.11, 5.25) times greater in cities with a tobacco-free pharmacy law than in cities without such a law., Conclusions: Tobacco-free pharmacy laws are associated with a greater reduction in tobacco retailer density over time in California and Massachusetts.
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Switching stories: user testimonials on juul. com continue to contradict JUUL's switch ≠ cessation narrative.
- Author
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Patterson, Joanne G., LaPolt, Devin T., Miranda, Alexis R., Zettler, Patricia J., Berman, Micah, Roberts, Megan E., Keller-Hamilton, Brittney, and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
SMOKING prevention ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,CONSUMER attitudes ,ONLINE social networks ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,TOBACCO products ,THEMATIC analysis ,WORLD Wide Web ,ADULTS - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Warning Size Affects What Adolescents Recall from Tobacco Advertisements.
- Author
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Evans, Abigail T., Peters, Ellen, Keller-Hamilton, Brittney, Loiewski, Christopher, Slater, Michael D., Bo Lu, Roberts, Megan E., and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
SMOKELESS tobacco ,TOBACCO products ,ADVERTISING campaigns ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,TOBACCO use ,TEENAGERS - Abstract
Objectives: In the United States, print advertisements for smokeless tobacco (SLT) feature a large warning covering 20% of the advertisement space, whereas cigarette and e-cigarette advertisements cover approximately 4%. We explored how warning size affects adolescent boys' recollection of the warning, brand-relevant advertisement features, and product risks. Methods: Overall, 1220 adolescent males (ages 11-16) viewed SLT, cigarette, and e-cigarette advertisements and were asked to recall what they remembered most. Coders identified recalls of the warning label, advertisement features, and risks associated with the product in responses. Results: Participants were less likely to recall warnings in the cigarette versus SLT (OR = 0.30, p < .001) and e-cigarette versus SLT (OR = 0.15, p < .001) ads. Separate GEEs revealed that boys who recalled warnings were less likely to mention brand-relevant advertisement features (OR's < 0.32, ps < .001). Logistic regressions revealed that boys who recalled the warnings were more likely to mention risks associated with the products (ORs > 3.50, ps < .001). Conclusions: Adolescent boys are more likely to recall large SLT warnings than small cigarette and e-cigarette warnings. Warning recall is associated with lower likelihood of recalling brand-relevant advertisement features and greater likelihood of mentioning product risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Are retailers compliant with zoning regulations that ban tobacco sales near schools in Changsha, China?
- Author
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Ling Wang, Bo Lu, Wewers, Mary Ellen, Foraker, Randi E., Mengyao Xie, and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
LEGISLATION ,SALES personnel ,SCHOOLS ,TOBACCO products - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The impact of tobacco-free pharmacy policies on smoking prevalence.
- Author
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Yue Jin, Bo Lu, Berman, Micah, Klein, Elizabeth G., Foraker, Randi E., Ferketich, Amy K., Jin, Yue, and Lu, Bo
- Subjects
TOBACCO laws ,TOBACCO products ,DRUGSTORES ,MARKET surveys ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of tobacco ,PRICES ,COMMERCIAL law ,DRUGSTORE laws ,SMOKING laws ,SMOKING prevention ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RISK assessment ,SMOKING ,DISEASE prevalence ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Objectives: California and Massachusetts are the only 2 states in the United States with municipalities that have local laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco products by pharmacies. The impacts of the tobacco-free pharmacy laws remain understudied. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the association between tobacco-free pharmacy laws and smoking prevalence among adults over time in California and Massachusetts.Design: This study used a series of cross-sectional surveys. The data source for this study was the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey for each year from 2005 to 2013.Setting: The longitudinal changes in smoking prevalence at the city or county level were estimated and comparisons were made between cities or counties with tobacco-free pharmacy laws and those without the laws.Participants: The participants used to estimate smoking prevalence were representative of adults within California and Massachusetts.Intervention: The implementation of tobacco-free pharmacy laws was considered to be the intervention in this study.Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were smoking prevalence among adults. Mixed-effects negative binomial models were performed primarily to examine longitudinal changes in outcome measures.Results: The prevalence of smoking decreased in both states over time. In Massachusetts, there was a statistically significant decrease in smoking prevalence among cities with tobacco-free pharmacy laws compared with those without such laws. Despite the presence of an 8.6% decrease in prevalence after the implementation of tobacco-free pharmacy laws, this reduction was not statistically significant after controlling for the negative trend in smoking rates overall and other factors.Conclusion: This study evaluated tobacco-free pharmacy laws with regard to the real-world impacts. Our findings highlight the need for future research on the effects of tobacco-free pharmacy laws with a prolonged time span and a comprehensive understanding of the law's implementation and enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Tobacco-Free Pharmacy Laws and Trends in Tobacco Retailer Density in California and Massachusetts.
- Author
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Yue Jin, Bo Lu, Klein, Elizabeth G., Berman, Micah, Foraker, Randi E., and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
TOBACCO laws ,DRUGSTORE laws ,SMOKING laws ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SALES personnel ,TOBACCO products ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Objectives. To examine the impact of local laws prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacies in California and Massachusetts, the only 2 US states in which such municipal laws exist. Methods. We analyzed longitudinally the tobacco retailer density at the city level from tobacco retailer license data in California (2005-2013) and Massachusetts (2004-2014). Results. After adjustments, the reduction in tobacco retailer density over time was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37,1.51) to 3.18 (95% CI = 1.11,5.25) times greater in cities with a tobacco-free pharmacy law than in cities without such a law. Conclusions. Tobacco-free pharmacy laws are associated with a greater reduction in tobacco retailer density over time in California and Massachusetts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Relation between national-level tobacco control policies and individual-level voluntary home smoking bans in Europe.
- Author
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Ferketich, Amy K., Lugo, Alessandra, La Vecchia, Carlo, Fernandez, Esteve, Boffetta, Paolo, Clancy, Luke, and Gallus, Silvano
- Subjects
- *
INDOOR air pollution laws , *INDOOR air pollution prevention , *SMOKING laws , *TOBACCO products , *GOVERNMENT policy , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *PROBABILITY theory , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *SMOKING , *STATISTICS , *MATHEMATICAL variables , *DATA analysis , *HOME environment , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *SECONDARY analysis , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio , *PSYCHOLOGY , *TOBACCO laws - Abstract
Background Little is known about the relationship between national tobacco control policies and implementation of private home smoking bans. Objective To determine the relationship between the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS), a score measuring national- level strength of tobacco control policies, and the prevalence of in-home smoking bans and beliefs on other tobacco control policies, among the Member States (MS) of the European Union (EU) that participated in the Pricing Policy And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project. Methods A face-to-face representative survey, based on 18 056 individuals aged ≥15 years, from 18 European countries--including 16 EU MS--was conducted in 2010. Multilevel logistic regression models were fit to examine the relationship between the TCS score and in-home smoking ban prevalence and beliefs that other policy approaches are useful. Results In 2010, the TCS scores ranged from 32 in Austria and Greece to 77 in England. The TCS score correlated with the prevalence of in-home smoking bans (rsp=0.65). A 10-unit increase in the TCS score significantly increased the odds of in-home smoking ban (OR=1.33; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.76). The odds of believing that providing cessation services (OR=1.21), raising prices (OR=1.01) and extending bans is useful (OR=0.93) were not significant. Conclusions Government tobacco control policies are positively related to the individual-level tobacco policy of having an in-home smoking ban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Smokeless Tobacco Marketing and Sales Practices in Appalachian Ohio Following Federal Regulations.
- Author
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Klein, Elizabeth G., Ferketich, Amy K., Abdel-Rasoul, Mahmoud, Kwan, Mei-Po, Kenda, Loren, and Wewers, Mary Ellen
- Subjects
- *
SMOKELESS tobacco , *TOBACCO products , *ACQUISITION of data , *HEALTH surveys , *ESTIMATION theory , *MARKETING - Abstract
Introduction: Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is increasingly prevalent among poor and vulnerable groups, especially rural males. Access to tobacco products, as well as marketing messages, is associated with tobacco usage. In June 2010, the Tobacco Control Act (TCA) marked the beginning of federal regulation of the sale and marketing of tobacco products—including ST. The goal of this study was to describe marketing practices over time and to provide early assessment of the federal regulation in rural tobacco-licensed retail outlets. Methods: Observational data were collected from a sample of retail outlets within three Ohio Appalachian counties. From an estimated 300 retail establishments, a stratified random sample was drawn (n = 86). Trained observers surveyed the sales and marketing of tobacco products. Baseline surveys were conducted between November 2009 and May 2010 before the TCA; follow-up surveys were repeated in August 2010. Results: Follow-up surveys were completed for 79 tobacco-licensed retail outlets. The majority of retail outlets were gas stations or convenience stores. Compared with baseline, there was a significant reduction in the frequency of exterior and interior advertisements observed after the TCA (p < .01). Despite the lack of change in the proportion of stores advertising ST, the number of ST brands being advertised doubled between baseline and follow-up. Conclusion: Initial compliance with certain elements of the federal restrictions appears to be high in Appalachian Ohio. The significant increase in ST brands advertised suggests that advertising remains a clear presence in retail outlets in Appalachian Ohio. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Would a cigarette by any other name taste as good in China?
- Author
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Ling Wang, Yue Jin, Berman, Micah, and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
GRAPHIC arts ,PACKAGING ,TERMS & phrases ,GOVERNMENT regulation ,THEMATIC analysis ,TOBACCO products ,INTER-observer reliability - Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Point-of-sale tobacco marketing in rural and urban Ohio: Could the new landscape of Tobacco products widen inequalities?
- Author
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Roberts, Megan E., Berman, Micah L., Slater, Michael D., Hinton, Alice, and Ferketich, Amy K.
- Subjects
- *
TOBACCO marketing , *RURAL geography , *POINT-of-sale systems , *ELECTRONIC cigarettes , *COMMUNITY health services , *STATISTICS on Black people , *BUSINESS , *MARKETING , *RURAL population , *SMOKING , *CITY dwellers , *RESIDENTIAL patterns , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *TOBACCO products , *DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Considerable research has examined how cigarette point-of-sale advertising is closely related to smoking-related disparities across communities. Yet few studies have examined marketing of alternative tobacco products (e.g., e-cigarettes). The goal of the present study was to examine external point-of-sale marketing of various tobacco products and determine its association with community-level demographics (population density, economic-disadvantage, race/ethnicity) in urban and rural regions of Ohio. During the summer of 2014, fieldworkers collected comprehensive tobacco marketing data from 199 stores in Ohio (99 in Appalachia, 100 in Columbus), including information on external features. The address of each store was geocoded to its census tract, providing information about the community in which the store was located. Results indicated that promotions for e-cigarettes and advertising for menthol cigarettes, cigarillos, and cigars were more prevalent in communities with a higher percentage of African Americans. Cigarillos advertising was more likely in high-disadvantage and urban communities. A greater variety of products were also advertised outside retailers in urban, high-disadvantage, African American communities. Findings provide evidence of differential tobacco marketing at the external point-of-sale, which disproportionately targets urban, economically-disadvantaged, and African American communities. There is a need for tobacco control policies that will help improve equity and reduce health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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