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Dalmatian and yellow toadflax, Linaria dalmatica and L. vulgaris, are exotic weeds in North America, and their classical biological control has been improved by the establishment of seed-feeding (Rhinusa antirrhini) and stem-mining (Mecinus janthinus and Mecinus janthiniformis) weevils. Here, we evaluated the complex of hymenopteran parasitoids attacking these weevils in Colorado. Ten species were identified of the genera Neocatolaccus, Eurytoma, Pteromalus, Brasema, Telenomus and Bracon. Neocatolaccus tylodermae was the most abundant parasitoid of M. janthinus, M. janthiniformis and R. antirrhini. This is the first report of N. tylodermae attacking the weevil genera Mecinus and Rhinusa feeding on the genus Linaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Kateridae) is an inadvertently introduced biological control agent that can reduce seed set in two North American invasive species, yellow ( Linaria vulgaris P. Mill.) (Scrophulariaceae) and Dalmatian toadflax ( Linaria genistifolia (L.) P. Mill. ssp. dalmatica). The beetles are more common on yellow toadflax than on Dalmatian toadflax. To understand their distribution on the two host plants, we investigated whether they prefer one host to the other and whether individuals aggregate toward conspecifics. In field and laboratory experiments where beetles were presented with a choice of both toadflax species, B. pulicarius sampled from both host plants preferred yellow toadflax. However, in the laboratory experiment, beetles collected from Dalmatian toadflax showed a weaker preference for yellow toadflax than beetles collected from yellow toadflax. In the field experiment, all beetle populations sampled showed similar preferences. When given a choice between yellow toadflax plants with and without trapped adult B. pulicarius, beetles preferred plants with conspecifics, suggesting aggregation toward beetle pheromones or host-plant volatiles induced by beetle activity. These results do not support the current practice of redistributing North American B. pulicarius onto Dalmatian toadflax because of their preference for yellow toadflax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The distribution of phytophagous insects is influenced by their preference for and performance on their host plants. Biological control agents of invasive plants that prefer and perform better on their target hosts are more likely to be both effective and safe.Brachypterolus pulicarius is an herbivore used in North America to combat two invasive plants, yellow toadflax and Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria vulgaris and Linaria dalmatica). Adult beetles prefer yellow toadflax over Dalmatian toadflax, and when beetles are redistributed onto Dalmatian toadflax, populations do not consistently establish. This leads to the hypothesis that beetle larvae will perform best on yellow toadflax. A reciprocal transfer experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis. Development rate, pupal mass and percent survival were measured to assess larval performance. Development time was influenced by an interaction between the source host and the test host, a pattern suggesting that it is important to consider both the collection host and redistribution host when releasing this beetle for the control of toadflax. Pupal mass of larvae reared on yellow toadflax was, on average, 13% greater than that of larvae reared on Dalmatian toadflax, supporting the hypothesis. Survival rate was not significantly influenced by source host, test host, or their interaction, suggesting that survival rates will be similar no matter the combination of collection host and redistribution host. These results, along with the preference that adult beetles show for yellow toadflax, do not support the redistribution of B. pulicarius onto Dalmatian toadflax in North America. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]