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The reduction of TiO2 and CaTiO3 in a mixture with calcium has been studied in an argon atmosphere and vacuum at temperatures in the range 1023–1123 K. The adiabatic temperature of the reduction reactions involved has been calculated as a function of the excess of calcium in the starting mixture and its initial temperature. The presence of a thin CaCl2 film on calcium particles and the use of calcium titanate as a precursor have been shown to increase the reduction rate. The use of a CaTiO3 precursor and CaCl2-activated calcium has made it possible to obtain titanium powders containing 0.5 wt % oxygen and having a specific surface area of 1.2 m2/g via reduction at a temperature of 1073 K for 6 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reactivity and properties of many silicon and titanium compounds are very similar. The mostly molecular compounds MX4 (M = Si, Ti; X = electronegative substituent) hydrolyse very rapidly to give silicon/titanium‐oxygen compounds. SiO2 and TiO2 can be prepared by the same processes (precipitation from aqueous solutions, flame hydrolysis, sol‐gel processes) and are insoluble or hardly soluble in acids. Silicates and titanates are formed when the oxides are reacted with bases. Because of the higher reactivity of titanium compounds towards water, different strategies have to be used for the preparation of organically modified derivatives of oxidic compounds. The greatest differences in the chemistry of silicon and titanium are found in the structures of analogous compounds and can mainly be traced back to the greater radius and lower electronegativity of titanium atoms. Titanium prefers octahedral coordination for this reason, but silicon tetrahedral coordination. The different possibilities to connect tetrahedral and octahedral building blocks with each other result in different construction principles of solid state structures. The latter are discussed for oxygen compounds as examples, such as the oxides, silicates/titanates and oxidic cage compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium copper titanate (CaCuTiO, CCTO) thin films have been deposited on platinized silicon [(111)Pt/Ti/SiO/Si] substrate through a sol-gel spin coating technique and annealed at 600-900°C with a variation of 100°C per sample for 3 h. The activation energy for crystalline growth, as well as optimal annealing temperature (900°C) of the CCTO crystallites was studied by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Thickness dependent structural, morphological, and optical properties of CCTO thin films were observed. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) verified that the CCTO thin films are uniform, fully covered, densely packed, and the particle size was found to be increased with film thickness. Meanwhile, quantitative analysis of dielectric properties (interfacial capacitance, dead layers, and bulk dielectric constant) of CCTO thin film with metal-insulator-metal (M-I-M) structures has been investigated systematically using a series capacitor model. Room temperature dielectric properties of all the samples exhibit dispersion at low frequencies, which can be explained based on Maxwell-Wagner two-layer models and Koop's theory. It was found that the 483 nm thick CCTO film represents a high dielectric constant ( ε = 3334), low loss (tan δ = 3.54), capacitance ( C = 4951 nF), which might satisfy the requirements of embedded capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosheet-assembled hierarchical flower-like titanium phosphate (TiP) is synthesized via hydrothermal treatment of H-titanate nanotubes (Ti-NT) at the optimized conditions of 0.1 M of HPO and hydrothermal temperature of 130 °C. A possible formation mechanism for the TiP flowers, involving the disintegration of Ti-NT and the growth and assembling of TiP nanosheets, is proposed. The main compositions of the uncalcined TiP flowers are titanium hydrogen phosphate hydrates (Ti(HPO)· xHO), which can be transformed to titanium phosphate (TiPO) after high temperature calcination. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared TiP flowers is increased with the increased calcination temperature, which may be attributed to the better photocatalytic activity of TiPO than Ti(HPO)· xHO and the increased crystallization of TiPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colloidal solutions of Ce-doped titanate nanosheets (Ce-TNS) with tiny dimensions (<10 nm) were fabricated through a hydrolysis reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide and Ce(NO3)3, and their annihilation activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated. The obtained Ce-TNS had an akin crystal structure to layered tetratitanate (Ti4O92-) and Ce ions occupied interlayer space between the host layers with a negative charge. The Ce-TNS possessed a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity for disproportionation of superoxide anion radicals (O2-) as target ROS. It was explained that the annihilation of O2- caused a valence fluctuation of Ce ions existing in the interlayer. Moreover, the activity of Ce-TNS exceeded that of CeO2 nanoparticles recently attracting much attention as an inorganic SOD mimic. The superior performance was explained mainly by a high dispersion stability of the Ce-TNS bringing about a huge reaction area. Moreover, the Ce-TNS protected DNA molecules from ultraviolet light induced oxidative damage, demonstrating effectiveness as one of the new inorganic protecting agents for biomolecules and tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A bioactive coating was produced on porous Ti surface by an amendatory chemical method. [•] The structure of coating consisted of three layers: Ti substrate, intermediate layer and the outer surface. [•] The coating cross-sectional showed a compositional gradient from the intermediate layer toward the outer surface. [•] The coating exhibits a high ability to form apatite because of the hydroxyl functionalized surface with numerous Ca ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and the characterization of a new octanuclear carboxylated titanium oxo-cluster [Ti8O10(OOC R)12] [ R = CH(CH3)2 and CCl3] is reported. The structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It consists in four vertices-linked pairs of edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra, presenting μ2 and μ3 oxygen atoms. 17O and 13C liquid state NMR was performed with results in full accordance with the structure determined by X-ray diffraction. During synthesis, solvothermal conditions and a large excess of carboxylic acid allow to remove all alkoxo ligands of the titanium alkoxide precursor and lead to stable purely carboxylate clusters. This family of clusters can therefore be considered as interesting SBUs to elaborate new metal-organic frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thick-film piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic resonators with thicknesses down to tens of micrometers have been fabricated by tapecasting processing. PZT ceramic resonators with composition near the morphotropic phase boundary and with different dopants added were prepared for piezoelectric transducer applications. Material property characterization for these thick-film PZT resonators is essential for device design and applications. For the property characterization, a recently developed normalized electrical impedance spectrum method was used to determine the electromechanical coefficient and the complex piezoelectric, elastic, and dielectric coefficients from the electrical measurement of resonators using thick films. In this work, nine PZT thick-film resonators have been fabricated and characterized, and two different types of resonators, namely thickness longitudinal and transverse modes, were used for material property characterization. The results were compared with those determined by the IEEE standard method, and they agreed well. It was found that depending on the PZT formulation and dopants, the relative permittivities εT33/ε0 measured at 2 kHz for these thick-films are in the range of 1527 to 4829, piezoelectric stress constants (e33 in the range of 15 to 26 C/m2, piezoelectric strain constants (d31) in the range of -169 ?? 10-12 C/N to -314 ?? 10-12 C/N, electromechanical coupling coefficients (kt) in the range of 0.48 to 0.53, and k31 in the range of 0.35 to 0.38. The characterization results shows tape-casting processing can be used to fabricate high-quality PZT thick-film resonators, and the extracted material constants can be used to for device design and application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Nano-sized Lu2Ti2O7 powders have been prepared successfully by a chloride salt modified sol–gel process, by using tetrabutyl titanate and lutecium nitrate as precursors. The results indicate that salt precipitated during the synthesis process can form a thin layer of salt crust on the surface of the newly formed nano-particles and prevent re-agglomeration and hinder the particle growth resulting in well-dispersed Lu2Ti2O7 nano-crystals. However, the increased salt contents can also lead to the significant size increase of the formed particles. Meanwhile, different types of salt species differently affect on the particle morphologies. Based on the above observation, well-dispersed spherical Lu2Ti2O7 nano-crystals with an average particle size of about 50nm can be obtained at 850°C by the modified sol–gel process with precursor to NaCl ratio of 1:15. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To explore the possibility of bandgap engineering in Ti-oxide based insulators, we investigated the effect of added cations of another kind (Hf, Ta, Sr) on the optical absorption and photoconductivity of thin titanate films. A bandgap of 3.1–3.4eV, typical for pure polycrystalline TiO2, was found in crystallized SrxTiyOz of different composition as well as in amorphous Ta2Ti3Oz. By contrast, the gap width of Hf titanates increases starting from 3.5eV for 30% Hf/(Hf+Ti) to 4.2eV for 84% Hf/(Hf+Ti). We suggest that this gap widening is associated with reduced interaction between electron states of neighboring Ti cations as influenced by a wide-gap (Eg =5.6eV) HfO2 sub-network. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We attempted to fabricate a composite coating comprising bioactive calcium and sodium titanates on titanium (Ti) using a calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) slurry containing sodium ions (Na+). The coating procedure was as follows: a Ti substrate was buried in the slurry, which was prepared by mixing Ca(OH)2 powder with NaOH and/or NaCl solution, and the slurry was then heated at 923K in air. This procedure resulted in the formation of a composite coating comprising CaTiO3 and Na4Ti5O12 with a thickness of ca. 430nm on the substrate. When the composite coating was soaked in a simulated body fluid, calcium phosphate precipitated on the surface more rapidly than on a monolayer of CaTiO3. It is likely that dissolved Na+ from the coating promoted the formation of the calcium phosphate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Porous lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics with three-dimensionally interconnected pores were prepared using a novel tert-butyl alcohol-based gel-casting process, an unconventional technique in acquiring high-porosity ceramics. In the present work, PZT ceramics with porosity ranging from 31.3% to 58.6% were fabricated by adjusting the initial solid loading and sintering temperature. The fabricated samples were characterized in terms of both porous structure and functional properties to clarify the underlying correlation. With the increase of porosity, relative permittivity (ℇr) decreased to a significantly low value compared with dense PZT ceramics while the longitude piezoelectric coefficient ( d33) exhibited a moderate decline, which could be attributed to the unique structure with homogeneous pore distribution. As a result, the resultant samples possessed a high value of hydrostatic figure of merit, >100 times higher than that of dense materials. The acoustic impedance ( Z) showed a linear dependence on porosity with the lowest magnitude reaching 3.0 MRayls (106 kg·(m2·s)–1), hopefully leading to enhanced coupling with biological tissue or water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal-like mesoporous strontium titanate (SrTiO3) submicrometer spheres with a wormhole-like structure were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as additive. The microstructure was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and N2-physisorption techniques. The results demonstrated that the average pore size of the as-synthesized SrTiO3 mesoporous spheres can be tuned in the range of 4.5–16.1 nm by varying reaction time and adding PVA of different concentrations. The mesopores structure of the sample synthesized without PVA was different from that of the sample synthesized with PVA. For the former, the pores were contained in single-crystal particles in the presence of thick pore wall; in contrast, for the latter the pores occurred as voids between primary nanoparticles. On the basis of the investigation on the growth process, oriented aggregation of nanocrystallites was suggested to be the dominant growth mechanism, which was accompanied by the ripening process to form the high-quality mesoporous spheres. The photocatalytic activities of series samples were investigated through the degradation of rhodamine-B under exposure to the ultraviolet radiation (λ=200–400 nm). The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities were the function of the reaction time and PVA concentration, Because both of them played an important role in the crystallinity, pore structure, and adsorption capacity in dark of the as-synthesized mesoporous SrTiO3 spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth titanate particles was performed using various titanium sources. Uniform particles of titanium hydroxide, hydrous titania, and anatase were prepared respectively as starting materials. They were treated hydrothermally with bismuth nitrates in NaOH aqueous solution. The obtained crystal phases depended strongly upon the phase of the titanium source. Plate-like bismuth titanate particles were obtained at high-treatment temperatures when hydrous titania was used as the starting material. Spherical particles with a spherulite-like structure were obtained at low temperatures and for long treatments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The laser-induced luminescence studies of the rare earth titanates (R2Ti2O7) (R=La, Nd and Gd) using 355nm radiation from an Nd:YAG laser are presented. These samples with submicron or nanometer size are prepared by the self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) method and there is no known fluorescence shown by these rare earths in the visible region. Hence, the luminescence transitions shown by the La2Ti2O7 near 610nm and Gd2Ti2O7 near 767nm are quite interesting. Though La3+ ions with no 4f electrons have no electronic energy levels that can induce excitation and luminescence processes in the visible region, the presence of the Ti3+ ions leads to luminescence in this region. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The thermodynamic and electrical effects of residual carbon in glass–barium titanate composites were investigated. Thermodynamic arguments are made suggesting that new phases form through carbothermal reactions between carbon and titanate-based dielectrics. Experimentally, it was shown that the reduced dielectric separated by insulating glass in the grain boundaries gave rise to a dielectric relaxation at room temperature consistent with the Maxwell–Wagner model. The conductivity of the dielectric was calculated based on the relaxation frequencies, allowing an estimate of the local oxygen activity due to the presence of carbon. This activity was consistent with the equilibrium oxygen activity for carbon oxidation at the processing temperature, and eight orders of magnitude different from the oxygen activity in the furnace atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferroelectric phase transition behavior in BaTiO3 was investigated for various annealing times, temperatures, and Ba/Ti ratios by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. Coupling these observations with powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy allowed new insights into the barium oxide (BaO)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) phase diagram. The transition temperature was varied systematically with the Ba/Ti ratio at annealing temperatures from 1200° to 1400°C in air. The transition temperature decreased with increasing concentrations of BaO and TiO2 partial Schottky defects, and showed a discontinuous change at the phase boundaries. Beyond the solubility region, two peritectoid reactions were confirmed and revised; first around 1150°C for Ba1.054Ti0.946O2.946→Ba2TiO4+BaTiO3 and second 1250°C for BaTi2O5→Ba6Ti17O40+BaTiO3, respectively. All other regimes of the BaO–TiO2 were found to be consistent with the reported diagrams in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Electrical properties in BaTiO3 based ceramics are strongly dependent on composition and microstructural development. In this work, we studied the effect of the particle coating as doping method on microstructure and electrical properties of Sb-doped BaTiO3. The advanced doping method involved surface-coated BaTiO3 particles with a thin film of a metal-organic precursor solution. Results were compared with the performance obtained on conventional doping method. The particle coating as doping method led to an effective grain growth inhibition as well as significant microstructure improvement. The incorporation of dopant into the perovskite lattice is influenced by the doping method. Results suggested that Sb acted as donor dopant on A or/and B sites, and also as acceptor on B sites, modifying the grain boundaries structure characteristics. Dopant incorporation method affected the defect structure, and therefore, the donor dopant concentration for the semiconductor insulator transition in BaTiO3 ceramics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 particles have been prepared by ambient condition sol (ACS) process starting from soluble precursors of barium and titanium yielding a mixed oxide/hydroxide gel. The gel was peptized and crystallized in water under a refluxing condition. Higher initial pH and Ba/Ti ratio led to smaller crystallite sizes of BaTiO3 powders. Organic mineralizer, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), can adsorb on the BaTiO3 nuclei and inhibited further growth of the particles. Adding a polymer during BaTiO3 synthesis led to a smaller particle size and increased redispersibility of the particles in water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bismuth titanates are of great technological interest because of their applications as non-volatile ferroelectric memories, and high-temperature piezoelectric materials. All of them belong to the Aurivillius bismuth-layer-structure. Some compounds belonging to that family show high-conduction behaviour, which difficult the poling process. On the contrary, the calcium bismuth titanates have shown very high resistivity values, which make suitable the poling process at relatively high temperatures, necessary for a correct polarization step. Compounds of the following composition: Ca x Bi4Ti3+x O12+3x (x =1, 2), has been synthesized by solid-state reaction between the corresponding oxides and carbonates. Lattice parameters, structure crystalline, and space group have been established by XRD techniques. Sintering of isopressed compacts has been studied by Dilatometer tests. High-density bodies have been obtained at relatively low temperature. Curie temperature, T c, room temperature permittivity, conductivity as a function of temperature and piezoelectric parameters have been measured on sintered, well-densified samples. The results seem to indicate that these compounds are very promising piezoelectric materials for high-temperature applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ferroelectric (Bi, La)4(Ti, Ge)3O12 thin films have been prepared on Pt/TiO x /SiO2/Si substrates using metal–organic precursor solutions by the chemical solution deposition (CSD). The Bi3.25La0.75Ti2.9Ge0.1O12 (BLTG) precursor films were found to crystallize into the Bi layered perovskite Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) as a single phase. The synthesized BLTG films revealed a random orientation having strong 00 l reflections. The BLTG thin films prepared at 700°C showed a well-saturated P–E hysteresis loop with a remanent polarization, P r of 12μC/cm2 and a coercive field, E c of 66kV/cm at an applied voltage of 5V. The surface morphology of the BLTG thin films was greatly improved by germanium (Ge) doping compared with that of nondoped Bi3.35La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) films. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents a preliminary investigation of the phase evolution during crystallization of potassium titanates, following calcination or hydrothermal processing of amorphous precipitates resulting from the hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide by aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH). Optimization of the processing variables for the synthesis of crystalline layered titanates in high yield; Dissolution of titanium isopropoxide in propan-2-ol and KOH; Methods of heat treatment used for the resuklting precipitates following filtration and drying.

Strontium- and titanium-doped lanthanum scandates (La1−xSrxSc1−yTiyO3−δ) have been prepared and their electrical properties studied over the temperature range 170–1000 °C and in varied oxygen partial pressures. The electrical conductivity was measured by four-point dc technique in atmospheres of N2/H2/H2O or N2/O2/H2O. For all compounds, an ionic regime is seen and, at high oxygen partial pressures, a mixed ionic/p-type regime is observed. At low oxygen partial pressures, a slight increase in conductivity is observed, which may be due to n-type or increased protonic conduction. In air with ∼1% H2O at 800 °C, the highest total conductivity achieved was for (La0.8Sr0.2)0.99Sc0.9Ti0.1O3−d of 23 mS cm−1 of which 6 mS cm−1 was ionic. The A-site deficiency led to increased ionic and p-type conductivity over La0.8Sr0.2Sc0.9Ti0.1O3−d. The ceramic processing procedure affected the conductivity of La0.6Sr0.4Sc0.7Ti0.3O3, particularly at low temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

TiN–Si3N4 nanocomposite powders were prepared by in situ direct nitridation of TiO2–Si3N4 nanocomposite powders prepared by a heterogeneous precipitation method using tetra-butyl titanate and silicon nitride as raw materials. TiN–Si3N4 dense composites were obtained by hot-pressing at 1550–1800 °C and 30 MPa for 1 h. The morphology of TiN–Si3N4 nanocomposite powder was observed by transmission electron microscopy, which showed that the average size of TiN nano particles was about 40 nm, and the surfaces of Si3N4 particles were uniformly coated with TiN nano particles. The effects of nano TiN particles on the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of TiN–Si3N4 composites were studied. The addition of 20 vol.% TiN could increase the bending strength of the composite to 1154 MPa. The resistivity of composites decreased with the increase in TiN content and reached a minimum of 0.11Ω cm with 25 vol.% addition of TiN. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The tungstenbronze-type-like Ba6−3xSm8+2xTi18O54 [x=2/3, Ba4Sm9.33Ti18O54 (BST)] is known as an excellent microwave dielectric material. In this study, Ba4Sm9.33Ti18O54 powder having needle-like or columnar shapes were prepared by NaCl–KCl molten salt route at 1100 °C. By this method. The derived BST columnar crystals were then added to calcined BST powder to form oriented ceramics. The columnar crystals acted as seeds for anisotropic grain growth within the specimens. For up to 10 wt.% seed crystals, the specimens demonstrated nearly equivalent &epsiv;r and Q·f values to the specimens prepared without seed particles. In contrast, τf increased monotonously with an increasing amount of seed crystals. It is noteworthy that τf=0 ppm/°C was expected in BST specimens prepared with 5 wt.% of columnar crystals. The relationship between microstructure development and dielectric properties is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four oxalatotitanates have been prepared hydrothermally in the presence of organic amine and their structures solved by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound Ti4O4(C2O4)8·4C2N2H10·4H2O 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a=10.7587(7) A˚, b=11.3180(7) A˚, c=11.5940(8) A˚, α=114.8650(10)°, β=109.2980(10)°, γ=95.7160(10)°, V=1161.07(13) A˚3, Z=1, R=0.0357, wR=0.1019. The compound Ti4O4(C2O4)8·4C4N2H12·8H2O 2 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4(1)/a with a=13.2270(10) A˚, b=13.2270(10) A˚, c=32.799(4) A˚, V=5738.2(9) A˚3, Z=4, R=0.0529, wR=0.1496. The compound Ti4O4(C2O4)8·4C6N2H14·10H2O 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a=13.1613(7) A˚, b=18.2394(11) A˚, c=13.8579(7) A˚, α=90°, β=104.8600(10)°, γ=90°, V=3215.4(3) A˚3, Z=2, R=0.0445, wR=0.1188. These compounds are all composed of Ti4O4(C2O4)8 tetramer anions and protonated organic amine cations. The fourth compound Ti4O4(C2O4)7·3C4N2H12·2H2O 4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (No. 2) with a=9.5187(13) A˚, b=11.4926(15) A˚, c=11.6349(15) A˚, α=67.405(3)°, β=81.407(3)°, γ=66.906(3)°, V=1080.9(2) A˚3, Z=1, R=0.0356, wR=0.0932. For 4, the Ti4O4(C2O4)8 tetramers are connected by sharing the oxalates as bridging ligands and form a one-dimensional chain with negative charges which are neutralized by protonated piperazine cations. The as-synthesized products are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

First-principles calculations have been carried out to study the bulk modulus, the lattice parameters and the bond length of RE 2 Ti 2 O 7 (RE = La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) pyrochlores. The relationship of the bulk modulus and the bond length of RE 2 Ti 2 O 7 have been analyzed qualitatively. Both the bulk modulus and the 〈RE-O 48 f 〉 bond present the “bimodal effect” and 〈RE-O 48 f 〉 bond may have a significant effect on the bulk modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with solution-processed barium titanate (\Ba1.2\Ti0.8\O3) as a gate insulator are demonstrated. The electrical properties of pentacene-based TFTs show a high field-effect mobility of 8.85 \cm^2 \cdot \V^-1 \cdot \s^-1, a low threshold voltage of -1.89 V, and a low subthreshold slope swing of 310 mV/decade. The chemical composition and binding energy of solution-processed barium titanate thin films are analyzed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The matching surface energy on the surface of the barium titanate thin film is 43.12 \mJ \cdot \m^-2, which leads to Stranski–Krastanov mode growth, and thus, high mobility is exhibited in pentacene-based TFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]